MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI.
A
Micro Project Report on
Type of Operating System
ON
Guided By
Faculty:Mohammad Asif

Submitted by
Md Kaif Ansari (Enrollment No.: 2103660039)
Md Wasim Ansari (Enrollment No.: 2103660047)
Najeeb Ahmed (Enrollment No.: 2103660040)
Md Imroz Shauban (Enrollment No.: 2103660045)

Guided By
Afzal Ahmad

Department of Computer Engineering

Jamia Polytechnic
Akkalkuwa – 425415
[2022- 23]
 ANNEXURE 2

EVALUATION SHEET FOR THE MICROPROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 NAME OF FACULTY: Mohammad Asif

COURSE: Operating System

SEMESTER:5 DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER ENGG

TITTLE OF PROJECT: Type of Operating System

Roll Student Name Marks Out Marks Out Of Total Out Of

No. Of 6 4 10

(Name & Signature of faculty)

 Jamia Polytechnic Akkalkuwa

CERTIFICATE

This Is To Certify That Mr./Ms. Of Branch

Enrolment No.
Has Completed His Micro Project Enitled
Of Subject as per
Requirment Of( Semester)
MSBTE I Scheme Curriculum Under The
Guidence Of Satisfactorily
During Academic Year 2023/24.

Micro Project Duide Head Of Dept Principal

 INDEX

Sr
Contain Page No
No.

1. Abstract 4
2. Introduction 5
3. Objective 6
4. Scope 6
5. Type of Operating System

1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS 7
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS To
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS 22
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS

6. Linux vs Windows vs MacOS

23

7. Batch OS vs Time-sharing OS vs Distributed OS vs

Network OS vs RTOS 24 to 25

8. Conclusion
26
 Abstract
The operating system is the performance of a computer system hardware
abstraction, through which people control the hardware, and to use the
resources of the computer system. Course groups is proposed, using a variety
of measures to uphold the theory and practice, both innovative strategies to
improve teaching effectiveness, develop computer applications personnel. In
order to cultivate the students' basic knowledge, practical ability, innovation
and system design capability for the subject to course through software and
hardware as a method, the computer circuit basis, computer composition
principle, embedded system design, operating system, compiler theory melt
together five courses, top-down design course group knowledge, transfer of
knowledge from the bottom up, from the inside out, from parts to whole again
to the system, layers, and eventually fall into place. As a result, links between
courses are strengthened, and the students' computer systems analysis and
design capability and innovation is improved.
 Introduction
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that control the execution of
application programs and act as an intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware. OS is software that manages the computer
hardware as well as providing an environment for application programs to run.
Examples of OS are: Windows, Windows/NT, OS/2 and MacOS.
An operating system is a type of system software that manages and controls
the resources and computing capability of a computer or a computer network,
and provides users a logical interface for accessing the physical computer to
execute applications. Almost all general-purpose computers need an operating
system before any specific application may be installed and executed by users.
The role of an operating system as a conceptual model of a physical computer.
In this project, we will discuss various classifications of operating systems.Most
modern operating systems are based on multi-programmed timesharing
technologies

5
 The objectives of OS are:
(1) To make the computer system convenient and easy to use for the user.
(2) To use the computer hardware in an efficient way.
(3) To execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Scope:
 Have a look at the various types of operating systems.
 Contrast the various classes of operating systems.
 Look at some examples, use cases, benefits, and disadvantages of each
type.
 Draw parallels between:
o Linux, Windows, macOS
o 64-bit OS and 32-bit OS
o Batch OS, Time-Sharing OS, Distributed OS, Real-Time OS,
Networking OS
 Types of Operating System

Batch Operating Systems

A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch
form and then processes them. The main aim of using a batch
processing system is to decrease the setup time while submitting
similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were
implemented in the hard disk and card readers as well. In this case, all
jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the pool of jobs for their
execution as a batch form.

A batch monitor is started for executing all pooled jobs, after reading
them. These jobs are divided into groups, and finally, precede the
same jobs in a similar batch. Now all batched jobs are ready for
execution one by one, and due to this system enhances the system
utilization while decreasing the turnaround time.

Advantages

 In a batch system, all jobs are performed in repeating form

without the user’s
permission.
 Can be feed input data in the batch processing system without
using extra hardware components.
 Small scale businesses can use batch processing systems for
executing small tasks to their benefit.
Disadvantages
 Batch processing system's online sensors are often not available.
 Time-varying process characteristics.
 If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting time.
 Due to any mistake, any job can enter into an infinite loop.
 If your protection system is not well then, anyone's job can affect pending
jobs.

Examples

 Payroll System
  Bank Invoice System
 Transactions Process
 Daily Report
 Research Segment
 Billing System

Time-sharing Operating Systems

Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU
executes multiple jobs by switching, among them, but the switches occur
so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is
running. An interactive computer provides direct communication between
the user and the system. The user gives instructions to the OS or a
program directly, using hardware, and waits for results
A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and
multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time-
shared computer. Each user has at least one separate program in memory.
When a process executes, it executes for only a short time before it either
finishes or needs to perform input/output. In time-sharing operating
systems several jobs must be kept simultaneously in memory, so the
system must have memory management and protection.

Advantages
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.
Disadvantages

 Reliability problem.
 One must have to take of security and integrity of user programs

Examples

 Windows 2000 server

 Windows NT server
 Unix
 Linux

Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system allows the distribution of entire

systems on the couples of center processors, and it serves on multiple
real-time products as well as multiple users. All processors are
connected by valid communication mediums such as high-speed buses
and telephone lines, and in which every processor contains its local
memory along with other local processors.

The Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled

systems. They involve multiple computers, nodes, and sites. These
components are linked to each other with LAN/WAN lines. A
distributed OS is capable of sharing its computational capacity and
I/O files while allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.
Advantages
  A distributed operating system may share all resources from one
site to another, increasing data availability across the entire
system.
 It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is
replicated across all sites.
Examples

 Solaris
 OSF/1
 Micros

Network operating systems

Network Operating System is an operating system that has special

functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network
or Inter-network. Some popular network operating systems are Windows
NT/2000, Novell Netware, Linux, UNIX, Sun Solaris, and IBM OS/2.
The network operating system which was first developed is Novell
Netware, in 1983.

An operating system that provides connectivity among several

autonomous computers is called a network operating system. A
configuration for a network operating system is a collection of
personal computers along with a common printer, server, and file
server for archival storage, all tied together by a local network. There
are two basic types of network operating systems, discussed as
follows:
Advantages

 Highly stable centralized servers

 Security concerns are handled through servers

Disadvantages
 Servers are costly
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly

Real-time Operating Systems

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that runs
multi-threaded applications and can meet real-time deadlines. Most
RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and device drivers.
Note that when we talk about “deadlines”, we do not necessarily mean
“fast”. Instead, meaning we can determine when certain tasks will
execute before runtime.
An RTOS can be a powerful tool if you’re creating complex embedded
programs. They help isolate tasks and give you the ability to run them
concurrently. You can set prioritization levels of tasks in most RTOSes,
which allow some tasks to interrupt and run before other tasks. This is
known as “preemption.” If you need concurrency or are getting into
deeper embedded concepts like IoT or machine learning, it's wise to add
RTOSes and multi-threaded programming to your toolkit
Advantages
 Priority-Based Scheduling.
 Abstracting Timing Information.

Disadvantages
 Limited Tasks.
 Use Heavy System resources.
 Complex Algorithms.

Examples
 Airline traffic control systems.
 Command Control Systems.

Embedded Operating Systems

An embedded operating system is a specialized OS for embedded
systems. It aims to perform with certainty specific tasks regularly that
help the device operate. An embedded operating system often has limited
features and functions. The OS may perform only a single action that
allows the device to work, but it must execute that action consistently and
timely.
Embedded operating systems are built into Internet of Things devices.
They are also part of many other devices and systems.
Advantages
 The OS is often low-cost.
 The OS tends to use few resources, including minimal power
Disadvantages

 The OS can usually only run a single or very few applications.

 It is difficult to modify the OS once you establish a framework
and build it into the device.

Examples

 Windows Mobile/CE (handheld Personal Data Assistants)

 Symbian (cell phones)
 Linux-based OSes.

Multiprogramming Operating System

A multiprogramming operating system runs multiple programs on a

single processor computer. If a program waits for an I/O transfer, the
other programs are ready to use the CPU. As a result, various jobs
may share CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is not
defined to be in the same period. A multiprogramming OS is of the
following two types:
1. Multitasking OS: Enables execution of multiple programs at
the same time. The operating system accomplishes this by
swapping each program in and out of memory one at a time.
When a program is switched out of memory, it is temporarily
saved on disk until it is required again.
  It may help to improve turnaround time for short-time tasks.
 It helps in improving CPU utilization and never gets idle.
 The resources are utilized smartly.

Disadvantages

 It is highly complicated and sophisticated.

 The CPU scheduling is required.
 Memory management is needed in the operating system because all types
Examples

 Apps like office, chrome, etc.

 Microcomputers like MP/M, XENIX, and ESQview.
 Windows O/S
 UNIX O/S

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Multiprocessor Operating System

Multiprocessor operating system utilizes multiple processors, which

are connected with physical memory, computer buses, clocks, and
peripheral devices (touchpad, joystick, etc). The main objective of
using a multiprocessor OS is to consume high computing power and
increase the execution speed of the system.

Following are four major components, used in the Multiprocessor

Operating System:

1. CPU – capable to access memories as well as controlling the entire

I/O tasks.
2. Input Output Processor – I/P processor can access direct
memories, and every I/O processors have to be responsible for
controlling all input and output tasks.
3. Input/Output Devices – These devices are used for inserting
the input commands, and producing output after processing.
4. Memory Unit – Multiprocessor system uses the two types of
memory modules - shared memory and distributed shared
memory.

Advantages

 Great Reliability.
 Improve Throughput.
 Cost-Effective System.
 Parallel Processing.
Disadvantages

 It is more expensive due to its large architecture.

 Its speed can get degraded due to failing any one processor.
 It has more time delay when the processor receives the message
and takes appropriate action.
 It has big challenges related to skew and determinism.
 It needs context switching which can be impacted its performance.
Desktop Operating System

The control program which operates in the machine of a user is

referred to as a desktop system. It is also called a Client Operating
System. The client can be said as a computer in a network where the
user performs some task or activity over the network. Such operating
systems do not have complete control over the resources but use the
network to access them.

These computer systems only use the network to execute tasks such as
downloading a file from the network or browsing the internet.
Desktop systems usually operate with a server computer that has
complete control over the resources. The processing power remains in
the hands of the server OS, which is developed in such a way that it
can fulfill all the requirements of the client or the desktop operating
system.

Advantages

 Centralization of resources as all the resources are present at a common location.

 Better management of resources as the files are stored in a single place. This also
avoids the redundancy of resources such as printers and scanners.
 Remote access to the server gives processing power to every user.
 High security as only the server needs to be secured from threats and attacks.
 The server can play different roles for the different

Disadvantages

 Network congestion as multiple requests from the clients can block the network traffic.
 The architecture of request and response is not robust enough for heavy processing.
 If the server fails, all the desktop systems connected over the network fail.
Examples
 Windows
 Linux
 Unix
 MAC OS
 MS-DOS
 Solaris

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Mobile Operating System

A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps run

application software on mobile devices. It is the same kind of
software as the famous computer operating systems Linux and
Windows, but they are light and simple to some extent. The operating
systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, IOS,
BlackBerryOS, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and
Maemo.

Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone
OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.
It combines the power of a computer and the experience of a hand-
held device. It typically contains a cellular built-in modem and SIM
tray for telephony and internet connections.
Advantages

 Convenience inoperability.
 It also includes open-source platforms.
 Gives notification ease.

Disadvantages

 Instability.
 It also includes poor battery quality.
  Not sufficient computational power.

Examples

 Android
 IOS
 HarmonyOS
 PalmOS

Clustered Operating System

Cluster systems are similar to parallel systems. Both use multiple

CPUs. The primary difference is that clustered systems are made up
of two or more independent systems linked together. They have
independent computer systems and shared storage media, and all
systems work together to complete all tasks. All cluster nodes use two
different approaches to interact with one another, like a message
passing interface and a parallel virtual machine.

There are two clusters available to make a more efficient cluster. These
are as follows:

 Software Cluster: Allows all the systems to work together.

 Hardware Cluster: Facilitates high-performance disk sharing among systems.
Advantages

 High Availability
 Cost Efficiency
 Additional Scalability
 Fault Toleran
20
Disadvantages

 Cost-Effective
 Required Resources
 Maintenance

Examples
Oracle provides a Linux-based operating system that is clustered.

Handheld Operating Systems

Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants, and

connectivity to a network such as the Internet. They are usually of
limited size due to which most handheld devices have a small amount
of memory, include slow processors, and feature small display
screens.

Many handheld devices have a memory in a range of 512512 KB to 88

MB. As a result, the operating system and applications must manage
memory efficiently. This includes returning all allocated memory to
the memory manager once the memory is no longer being used. Not
many handheld devices use virtual memory techniques, thus forcing
program developers to work within the confinements of restricted
physical memory.
Another issue programmers deal with while developing software for
handheld devices is their small display screens. One approach for
displaying the content in web pages is web clipping, where only a
small subset of a web page is delivered and displayed on the handheld
device. Some handheld devices may use wireless technology such as
Bluetooth, Wifi, NFC.

21
Advantages

 Portability.
 Pricing.

Disadvantages

 Less computational power.

 Instability.
 Inefficient battery.

Examples

 Android
 Symbian
 PalmOS
 IOS

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 Linux vs Windows vs MacOS
 Security

Microsoft established AI models that scan for possible threats

continuously. It also features the biggest malware signature database
for its OS to ensure its users are guarded against cyber scams and
attacks and keeps your data well-protected.

Mac OS is known for its security provisions. Many of the newer Mac
models even come embedded with the Apple T2 Security Chip. This
chip fits is capable of securing the system even for the lowest levels
of software. Its Secure Enclave coprocessor is the basis for secure
booting, encrypted storage capabilities, Touch ID, etc.

Since it’s open-source, Linux distributions could be the most secure

operating system. When you have hundreds of users analyzing the
source code, vulnerabilities are easily tackled. Linux correctly
estimates the benefits of having security policies that complement
each other. This could be why a growing number of users and analysts
are switching to Linux.
 Software

There's a miriad of application software choices in Windows.

However, the lack of a unified store combined with the abundance of
options can make some users feel overwhelmed, especially since
there’s no guidance or support to walk them through it. PC gamers, as
well as gaming developers and publishers, are also favoring
Windows.

The macOS is dependent on Apple’s mesh of integrated software.

Everything within the Apple enterprise is exclusive to this
ecosystem.

Linux comes with a unified install setup system. Its smaller user base
means fewer options. Yet, its open-source nature is opening up new
possibilities. One of these is in the gaming industry.

 Cons

Windows suffers more from security breaches and hackings. More

people use Windows worldwide than any other operating system,
which provides hackers with a massive pool of targets. With more
users, there’s a wider collection of marks to choose from.

There are vulnerabilities in the MacOS that arise from time to time.
Now since over 10% of the market share is Mac users. This is making
cybercriminals take notice of this system.

Being open-source is both good as well as evil. Having that joint

effort and cooperation makes some people feel their data might be
exposed. Because anyone can access the Linux source code, some
organizations are wary and a bit skeptical of its level of security.
  Network OS

Network Operating System has special functions for connecting

computers and devices into a local-area network or Inter-network.
Some popular network operating systems are Novell Netware, Linux,
IBM OS/2, etc. The network operating system which was first
developed is Novell Netware. There are two basic types of network
operating systems, discussed as follows:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems: allow users to share network resources

saved in a common, accessible network location.
2. Client/Server Network Operating Systems: provide users with access to resources
through a server.

 Real time OS

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (often a

lightweight OS) that runs multi-threaded applications and can meet
real-time deadlines.

Most RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and device

drivers. When talking about “deadlines”, “fast” is not the necessary
implication. An RTOS can be a powerful tool if you’re creating
complex embedded programs. They help you isolate tasks and give
you the ability to run them concurrently. You can set prioritization
levels of tasks in most RTOSes, which allow some tasks to interrupt
and run before other tasks.

25
 Conclusion
 An operating system is a set of programs that enables a user to operate and
interact with a computer.
 Examples of operating systems are Linux distros (ubuntu, arch, open use,
etc), Windows, Mac OS, FreeBSD), Android, IOS, etc.
 Operating systems based on their use cases are categorized as being of the
following types:
1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS