Assignment-02

DATA STRUCTURE

1. Write an algorithm for (Queue):

i. inserting an element into a queue
ii. deleting an element from a queue
iii. traversing a queue

Ans: Certainly! Below are the algorithms for inserting an element into a queue, deleting an
element from a queue, and traversing a queue.

### Algorithm for Inserting an Element into a Queue:

```plaintext
Algorithm: Enqueue(Q, item)
Input: Queue Q, Element item
Output: None

1. Create a new node with data set to the item.

2. If the queue is empty (front and rear are both null):
a. Set both front and rear to the new node.
3. Else:
a. Set the next of rear to the new node.
b. Update rear to be the new node.
4. End.
```

### Algorithm for Deleting an Element from a Queue:

```plaintext
Algorithm: Dequeue(Q)
Input: Queue Q
Output: Element removedItem
1. If the queue is empty (front is null):
a. Display an error message or return a special value indicating underflow.
2. Else:
a. Store the data of the front node in removedItem.
b. If front is equal to rear (i.e., only one element in the queue):
i. Set both front and rear to null.
c. Else:
i. Set front to the next node in the queue.
d. Return removedItem.
3. End.
```

### Algorithm for Traversing a Queue:

```plaintext
Algorithm: TraverseQueue(Q)
Input: Queue Q
Output: None (can display or process each element during traversal)

1. If the queue is empty (front is null):

a. Display an appropriate message indicating that the queue is empty.
2. Else:
a. Set a temporary pointer temp to the front of the queue.
b. While temp is not null:
i. Process or display the data of the node pointed to by temp.
ii. Move temp to the next node in the queue.
c. End While.
3. End.
```

Note: These algorithms assume a basic implementation of a singly linked list-based queue.
Ensure that you have the necessary data structures (like nodes) and pointers (like front and
rear) in your queue implementation.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Write an algorithm for (Singly Linked List)
i. Searching for a specific value in a linked list
ii. Insertion a new node at the beginning
iii. Insertion a new node at the end
iv. Deletion of a node
v. Traversing a linked list

Ans: Certainly! Below are algorithms for various operations on a singly linked list:

### Algorithm for Searching for a Specific Value in a Linked List:

```plaintext
Algorithm: SearchLinkedList(head, target)
Input: Head node of the linked list (head), Target value to search (target)
Output: True if the target is found, False otherwise

1. Set a pointer current to the head of the linked list.

2. While current is not null:
a. If the data in the current node is equal to the target:
i. Return True (target found).
b. Move current to the next node in the list.
3. If the loop completes without finding the target, return False (target not found).
4. End.
```

### Algorithm for Inserting a New Node at the Beginning of a Linked List:

```plaintext
Algorithm: InsertAtBeginning(head, newData)
Input: Head node of the linked list (head), Data for the new node (newData)
Output: Updated head of the linked list

1. Create a new node newNode with data set to newData.

2. Set the next of newNode to the current head.
3. Update the head to be newNode.
4. Return the updated head.
5. End.
```

### Algorithm for Inserting a New Node at the End of a Linked List:

```plaintext
Algorithm: InsertAtEnd(head, newData)
Input: Head node of the linked list (head), Data for the new node (newData)
Output: None (or optionally, the updated head of the linked list)

1. Create a new node newNode with data set to newData.

2. If the linked list is empty (head is null):
a. Set the head to be newNode.
3. Else:
a. Set a pointer current to the head of the linked list.
b. While the next of current is not null:
i. Move current to the next node in the list.
c. Set the next of current to be newNode.
4. End.
```

### Algorithm for Deletion of a Node in a Linked List:

```plaintext
Algorithm: DeleteNode(head, target)
Input: Head node of the linked list (head), Target value to delete (target)
Output: Updated head of the linked list

1. If the linked list is empty (head is null):

a. Display an error message or return the head as is.
2. If the target is in the head node:
 a. Set a temporary pointer temp to the current head.
b. Update the head to be the next node.
c. Free the memory occupied by temp.
d. Return the updated head.
3. Set pointers current and previous to the head of the linked list.
4. While current is not null and the data in the current node is not equal to target:
a. Set previous to current.
b. Move current to the next node in the list.
5. If current is null, the target is not in the list; return the head as is.
6. Otherwise, set the next of previous to the next of current.
7. Free the memory occupied by the current node.
8. Return the updated head.
9. End.
```

### Algorithm for Traversing a Linked List:

```plaintext
Algorithm: TraverseLinkedList(head)
Input: Head node of the linked list (head)
Output: None (can display or process each element during traversal)

1. Set a pointer current to the head of the linked list.

2. While current is not null:
a. Process or display the data of the current node.
b. Move current to the next node in the list.
3. End.
```

These algorithms provide basic operations on a singly linked list. Ensure that you have the
necessary data structures (like nodes) and pointers (like the head) in your linked list
implementation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Explore real-world applications or systems where queues play a crucial role. How do
these applications utilize queue operations to achieve their goals?

Ans:: Queues play a crucial role in various real-world applications and systems, often
helping to manage and control the flow of data, tasks, or requests. Here are some
examples of how queues are utilized in different domains:

1. **Operating Systems: Job Scheduling**

- **Role of Queues:** In operating systems, a job queue is maintained to schedule
various tasks or processes. The tasks are placed in the queue, and the operating system
schedules them based on their arrival time or priority, using a first-come, first-served
(FCFS) or priority scheduling algorithm.

2. **Print Queue in Print Servers:**

- **Role of Queues:** Printers in a network may be shared among multiple users. Print
requests are placed in a print queue, and the print server manages the order in which the
print jobs are sent to the printer. This ensures a fair and organized printing process.

3. **Breadth-First Search (BFS) Algorithm:**

- **Role of Queues:** In graph theory, BFS is used to traverse or search a graph level
by level. Queues are employed to keep track of nodes to be visited. The algorithm starts
with the root node, explores its neighbors, and then moves on to the next level of nodes.
This process continues until the entire graph is traversed.

4. **Message Queues in Messaging Systems:**

- **Role of Queues:** Messaging systems utilize queues to manage the asynchronous
communication between different components or systems. Messages are placed in a
queue by the sender and retrieved by the receiver when they are ready to process them.
This ensures a decoupled and reliable communication mechanism.

5. **Task Processing in Multithreading:**

- **Role of Queues:** In multithreading environments, task queues are often used to
manage the execution of concurrent tasks. Multiple threads may add tasks to a queue, and
worker threads retrieve and process tasks from the queue. This helps in avoiding race
conditions and ensures a controlled flow of tasks.

6. **Call Centers and Customer Support Systems:**

- **Role of Queues:** In customer support systems, incoming calls or service requests
are often placed in a queue. Call center agents or support staff retrieve tasks from the
queue based on their availability, ensuring that customer queries are addressed in the
order they are received.

7. **Buffer Management in Computer Networks:**

- **Role of Queues:** Queues are used in computer networks to manage data flow
between devices with different processing speeds. Buffers or queues are employed to
temporarily store data packets when the receiving device is busy. This prevents data loss
and ensures efficient communication.

8. **Task Scheduling in Operating Systems:**

- **Role of Queues:** Queues are used in task scheduling algorithms to manage the
execution of processes or threads. Various queues may be employed based on priority
levels, and the scheduler selects tasks from these queues to execute, ensuring fairness and
efficient resource utilization.

These examples demonstrate how queues are fundamental in handling and organizing
tasks or data in various applications, ensuring orderly and efficient processing. The
principles of queue operations, such as enqueue and dequeue, play a key role in achieving
these goals.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Write a C++ program to find the number of times item occurs in a list.

Ans: Certainly! Below is a simple C++ program that finds the number of times an item
occurs in a list. The program uses a function `countOccurrences` to perform the counting.

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

// Function to count the occurrences of an item in a list

int countOccurrences(const std::vector<int>& myList, int item) {
int count = 0;

// Iterate through the list and count occurrences

for (int i : myList) {
if (i == item) {
count++;
}
}

return count;
}

int main() {
// Example usage
std::vector<int> myList = {1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 6, 2, 7};
int itemToFind = 2;

// Count the occurrences of the item

int occurrences = countOccurrences(myList, itemToFind);

// Display the result

std::cout << "The item " << itemToFind << " occurs " << occurrences << " times in the
list.\n";

return 0;
}
```
 In this program, the `countOccurrences` function takes a vector of integers (`myList`) and
an integer (`item`) to search for. It iterates through the list, increments a counter each time
it encounters the specified item, and then returns the count.

In the `main` function, an example list is created, and the count of occurrences for a
specific item is calculated and displayed. You can modify the values in `myList` and
`itemToFind` to test the program with different inputs.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Consider the following queue of characters, where QUEUE is a circular array which
is allocated six memory cells:
FRONT = 2, REAR = 4 QUEUE: ___ , A, C, D, ______ , _____
a) F is added to the queue
b) Two letters are deleted
c) K, L and M are added to the queue
d) Two letters are deleted
e) R is added to the queue
f) Two letters are deleted
g) S is added to the queue
h) Two letters are deleted

Ans: Let's go step by step through each operation on the circular queue:

Initial state:
```
FRONT = 2, REAR = 4
QUEUE: ____, A, C, D, ____, ____
```

a) F is added to the queue:

```
FRONT = 2, REAR = 0
QUEUE: F, A, C, D, ____, ____
```
b) Two letters are deleted:
```
FRONT = 4, REAR = 0
QUEUE: ____, ____, C, D, ____, ____
```

c) K, L, and M are added to the queue:

```
FRONT = 4, REAR = 2
QUEUE: ____, ____, C, D, K, L, M
```

d) Two letters are deleted:

```
FRONT = 0, REAR = 2
QUEUE: ____, ____, ____, ____, K, L, M
```

e) R is added to the queue:

```
FRONT = 0, REAR = 3
QUEUE: R, ____, ____, ____, K, L, M
```

f) Two letters are deleted:

```
FRONT = 2, REAR = 3
QUEUE: R, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____
```

g) S is added to the queue:

```
FRONT = 2, REAR = 4
QUEUE: R, S, ____, ____, ____, ____
```

h) Two letters are deleted:

```
FRONT = 4, REAR = 4
QUEUE: R, S, ____, ____, ____, ____
```

The final state after all operations:

```
FRONT = 4, REAR = 4
QUEUE: R, S, ____, ____, ____, ____
```

Now the circular queue contains the elements 'R' and 'S', and the front and rear indices are
both at position 4.