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    Respiratory System

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    indah putri larasati
    The document discusses the respiratory system including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration is the process by which oxygen is used in cells to produce energy. It describes the major organs involved in breathing including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It also discusses the types of breathing, air capacity in the lungs, factors affecting respiration rate, and some common respiratory disorders.

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    Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    indah putri larasati
    10 views22 pages
    The document discusses the respiratory system including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration is the process by which oxygen is used in cells to produce energy. It describes the major organs involved in breathing including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It also discusses the types of breathing, air capacity in the lungs, factors affecting respiration rate, and some common respiratory disorders.

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    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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    The document discusses the respiratory system including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration is the process by which oxygen is used in cells to produce energy. It describes the major organs involved in breathing including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It also discusses the types of breathing, air capacity in the lungs, factors affecting respiration rate, and some common respiratory disorders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views22 pages

    Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    indah putri larasati
    The document discusses the respiratory system including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration is the process by which oxygen is used in cells to produce energy. It describes the major organs involved in breathing including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It also discusses the types of breathing, air capacity in the lungs, factors affecting respiration rate, and some common respiratory disorders.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    RESPIRATORY

    SISTEM
    RESPIRATION

    EXTERNAL RESPIRATION INTERNAL RESPIRATION

    EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (LUNGS)


     Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

    INTERNAL RESPIRATION (CELL)


     The process of using oxygen in oxidizing food to produce ATP (energy)
    EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
    INTERNAL RESPIRATION
    Respiratory Organ:
    1. Nasal cavity
    2. Oral cavity
    3. Pharynx
    4. Larynx
    5. Trachea
    6. Bronchus
    7. Bronchiolus
    8. Alveolus
    1. NASAL CAVITY

    Nose hair  filter the air


    Mucus  humidity the air

    - Blood vessels  warm the air


    - Sinus cavity  adjust balance
    2. PHARYNX
    Epiglotic valve
    - Open : breathe
    - Close : swallow
    3. LARYNX
    - There is vocal cord
    - Like a tube, as a pathway for air to the lungs
    4. TRACHEA

    - Composed of hyaline cartilage


    - Ciliated epithelium (protects or filters
    foreign matter that escapes nasal hair)
    5. BRONCHUS 6. BRONCHIOLUS (Bronchial branches)
    7. ALVEOLUS  Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    - Thin walls
    - Pleural membranes (visceral
    pleura and parietal pleura)
    - Lots of capillers
    Transportation of oxygen and carbondioxide
    a. Oxygen transport b. Carbon transport
    1) H2CO3 (5-10%)
    - By : Hb (Haemoglobin)
    2) HbCO2/ Carbominohemoglobin (±25%)
    HB4 + 4O2  4HBO2 (Oxyhemoglobin)
    3) Through chloride exchange  HCO𝟑− (60-70%)
    TYPE OF BREATHING
    Inspiration/Inhalation Expiration/Ekshalation
    (air intake) (air expulsion)

    CHEST BREATHING ABDOMINAL (STOMACH) BREATHING


    - Musculus intercostalis externa - Diaphragm (septum between chest cavity and abdominal
    cavity)
    Inspiration Ekspiration
    Inspiration Ekspiration
    1. The musculus 1. The musculus
    intercostalis externa intercostalis externa 1. The diaphragm contracts 1. Diaphragm relax
    contract relax

    2. The diaphragm becomes 2. The diaphragm becomes


    2. The chest cavity 2. The chest cavity flat concave
    enlarges decreases
    3. Low pressure in the 3. High pressure in the 3. Low pressure in the lungs 3. High pressure in the lungs
    lungs lungs
    4. Air intake 4. Air Expulsion

    4. Air intake 4. Air Expulsion


    CHEST BREATHING & ABDOMINAL BREATHING
    Air Capacity
    f. Total Capacity
    a. Tidal air
    - Vital capacity + residual
    - Normal breathing air
    - Volume = ±4500 ml
    - Volume = ±500 ml

    b. Inspiratory Reserve Capacity (Complementary air)


    - Maximum inspired air after normal brething
    - Volume = ±1500 ml
    c. Expiratory Reserve Capacity(Supplementary Air)
    - Maximum exhaled air after normal breathing
    - Volume = ±1500 ml
    d. Residual Air
    - Air stored in the lungs
    - Volume = ±1000 ml
    e. Vital Capacity
    - Tidal air + complementery air + supplementary air
    - Volume = ±3500 ml
    FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF RESPIRATION

    1) Gender (respiratory rate, Male<Female)


    2) Age (Old < Young)  physiological factors
    3) Weight (Slim < Fat)
    4) Activity (Low activity < High activity)
    5) Body position (Standing > Lying)
    7) Temperature (High temperature > Low temperature)
    DISORDERS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    1) Influenza  caused by influenza virus (symptoms : fever, sore throat)
    2) Asthma  narrowing of the airways (characterized by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath)
    3) Emphysema  lungs lose elasticity
    4) Asphyxiation  oxygen transport is impaired
    5) Acidosis  carbon dioxide transport is impaired (characterized by decreased blood pH)
    6) Inflamation  bronchitis, TBC (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis), pneumonia (caused by
    Diplococcus pnemunia), sinusitis, pleuritis
    7) HB deficiency
    8) Gas poisoning (CN and CO)

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