Course code: MAT 210 Course Title: Calculus Target Groups: SC/BSE/BAE/ACS/AST

Department: Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science Lecturer: Nixon Ronoh

Topic: Course Outline Date: 12/09/2023

1.1. Course purpose

This course is designed to enable learners to understand differentiation and integration in more than one
variable.

1.2. Course objectives

The objectives of this course are mainly to expose learners to

1. partial differentiation and multiple integrals

2. the mean value theorem of both differential and integral calculus.

3. Functions of several variables;

1.3. Course description

The course covers the following topics:

1. The Mean-value Theorem of differential calculus

2. Taylor’s theorem

3. Integration and the various methods of integration

4. The Mean-Value Theorem of Integral calculus

5. Functions of several variables

6. Partial differentiation

7. Multiple integrals

Course Evaluation

Evaluation
Assignments C.A.T Main Exam Total
2% 4% 4% 10% 10% 70% 100%
Due Date 27/05 24/06 22/07 21/06 14 July 18
th th
29th July 2022
Totals 12% 18% 70% 100%

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1.4. Weekly class schedules

WEEK TOPIC WITH SUMMARY OF CONTENT

1 The Mean-value Theorem of differential calculus
2 Taylor’s theorem
3 Integration and the various methods of integration
4 Methods of integration (cont’d)
5 The Mean-Value Theorem of Integral calculus
6 C.A.T 1
7 Functions of several variables
8 Partial differentiation
9 Multiple integrals
10 C.A.T 2
11-12 End of semester exams

1.5. Expected Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student should be able to

• State, prove and use some of the fundamental theorems of calculus

• Solve problems involving double and triple integrals

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 Course code: MAT 210 Course Title: Calculus Target Groups: SC/BSE/BAE/ACS/AST
Department: Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science Lecturer: Nixon Ronoh
Topic: 2 Title: Mean Value Theorem of Differential Calculus Date: 12/09/2023

2.1. Mean Value Theorem of differential Calculus

Now that we are familiar with the foundation concepts of differentiation, learned in MAT 110, we are well
equipped to study the mean value theorem of differential calculus.

2.1.1. Statement of the Mean Value Theorem of differential Calculus

First recall that a secant line is a straight line that goes through two points in a curve.
Remark 2.1.1 (Statement of the Mean value theorem of differential calculus). The Mean Value Theorem
(MVT) of differential calculus states that if a function f (x) is continuous on a  x  b and differentiable on
the open interval (a, b), then there exists a number x = c such that
f (b) f (a)
f 0 (c) = (2.1)
b a

Remark 2.1.1 implies that a secant line drawn through the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) is parallel to the
gradient of the curve at some point x = c which is between x = a and x = b.
Example 2.1.2. Consider the function f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + x on the interval 2  x  3. The task is to prove
the mean value theorem,i.e, that equation (2.1) holds for some x = c. We proceed as follows;

Show that f (x) is continuous and differentiable within the limits 2  x  3. We can always show this, since
at no point within the interval does f (x) become undefined.

Next, evaluate f (x) at the limits x = 1 and x = 3.

f ( 2) = 2( 2)3 + 3( 2)2 2 = 6
f (3) = 2(3)3 + 3(3)2 + 3 = 84

f (3) f ( 2)
Next, differentiate f (x) and equate the expression of f 0 (c) to 3 ( 2)
. This is according to the statement of
the MVT, Remark 2.1.1;

f 0 (x) = 6x2 + 6x + 1
f 0 (c) = 6c2 + 6c + 1
f (3) f ( 2)
6c2 + 6c + 1 =
3 ( 2)
84 ( 6)
=
3 ( 2)
90
=
5
= 18

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We now solve the quadratic equation in c;

6c2 + 6c + 1 = 18
6c2 + 6c 17 = 0

Using the quadratic formula;

p
6± 62
(4 ⇥ 6 ⇥ 17)
c=
r 2⇥6
1 1 17
= ± +
2 4 6
= 0.5 ± 1.7559423
⇡ 1.2559423 and 2.2559423

Notice that c = 1.2559423 falls within the interval 2  x  3, while c = 2.2559423 does not. At
c = 1.2559423 ,the value of f (x) is f (1.2559423);

f (x)|1.2559423 = f (1.2559423)
= 2(1.2559423)3 + 3(1.2559423)2 + 1.2559423
= 9.9503398

The mean value theorem is thus verified, and c is the point (1.2559423, 9.9503398).

While the statement in Remark 2.1.1 guarantees the existence of such a value c, it does not indicate the number
of such values. This implies that there may be more than one value x = c that satisfy the conclusions of the
MVT.

Exercise 2.1.1
Verify the conclusions of the Mean Value Theorem for the function

1. f (x) = x2 3x 2 on the interval 2  x  3

2. f (x) = x3 + 3x2 on the interval 5x1

3. f (x) = x3 5x2 3x on the interval 1  x  3

2.1.2. Rolle’s theorem

We now look at a special case of the MVT, called the Rolles theorem. This theorem looks specifically at
situations where the value of f (x) at end points of an interval a  x  b are the same. That is, f (a) = f (b).
The implication to Equation (2.1) is as follows;

f (b) f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b a
=0

This leads to the following statement of the Rolle’s theorem;

Remark 2.1.3 (Statement of Rolle’s theorem). The Rolles Theorem states that if a function f (x) is continuous
on a  x  b and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and further, if f (a) = f (b), then there exists a
number x = c such that
f 0 (c) = 0 (2.2)

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Remark 2.1.3 implies that between the limit points x = a and x = b of the interval a  x  b, there must be a
turning point x = c, f (c), at which point f 0 (c) = 0.

Example 2.1.4. The task is to state the Rolle’s theorem and verify its existence for the function
f (x) = x4 2x2 in the interval [ 2, 2].

First notice that f ( 2) = f (2);

f ( 2) = ( 2)4 2( 2)2
= 16 8
=8
f (2) = (2)4 2(2)2
= 16 8
=8

Having shown that f ( 2) = f (2), according to Rolles theorem, there exists at least one x = c such that
f 0 (c) = 0. Now;

f (x) = x4 2x2
f 0 (x) = 4x3 4x
f 0 (c) = 4c3 4c
4c3 4c = 0
4c(c2 1) = 0

This leads to

4c = 0
=) c = 0
and
2
c 1=0
c2 = 1
=) c = 1 and c = 1

Hence the verification of Rolle’s theorem, that there exists at least one x = c (for this case three ) between
x = 2 and x = 2, at which f 0 (c) = 0.

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 Course code: MAT 210 Course Title: Calculus Target Groups: SC/BSE/BAE/ACS/AST
Department: Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science Lecturer: Nixon Ronoh
Topic: 3 Title: Taylor’s theorem Date: 14/05/2022

3.1. Taylor Series expansion of a function

Suppose that a function f (x) has a power series representation of the form
1
X
f (x) = cn (x a)n (3.1)
n=0

Expanding the right hand side leads to

f (x) = c0 (x a)0 + c1 (x a)1 + c2 (x a)2 + c3 (x a)3 + · · · + cn (x a)n (3.2)
= c0 + c1 (x a) + c2 (x a)2 + c3 (x a)3 + · · · + cn (x a)n (3.3)
If we evaluate f (x) at x = a, we obtain
f (a) = c0 (3.4)
Assuming that f (x) has all higher order derivatives, the task would be to determine what the coefficients cn
are. To do this we evaluate the first, second, third e.t.c derivatives of f (x) at x = a;

f 0 (x) = c1 + 2c2 (x a) + 3c3 (x a)2 + · · · + ncn (x a)n 1

(3.5)
f 0 (a) = c1 (3.6)
In the same way;
f 00 (x) = 2c2 + 3 ⇥ 2 ⇥ c3 (x a) + · · · + n(n 1)cn (x a)n 1
(3.7)
f 00 (a) = 2c2 (3.8)
We can now (class exercise) show that
f 00 (a) = 2c2
f 000 (a) = (3 ⇥ 2)c3 = 3!c3
f (4) (a) = (4 ⇥ 3 ⇥ 2)c4 = 4!c4
f (5) (a) = (5 ⇥ 4 ⇥ 3 ⇥ 2)c5 = 5!c5
Generally, the nth derivative of f (x) at x = a is
f (n) (a) = n!cn (3.9)
Notice that
f 00 (a)
c2 =
2
f 000 (a)
c3 =
3!
(4)
f (a)
c4 =
4!
f (5) (a)
c5 =
5!

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We can now deduce that each of the coefficients cn is

f (n) (a)
cn = (3.10)
n!
Consequently, Equation (3.13) becomes
1
X f (n) (a)
f (x) = (x a)n (3.11)
n=0
n!

Equation (3.3) is then the expression

f 00 (a) f 000 (a) f (n) (a)

f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) + (x a)2 + (x a)3 + · · · + (x a)n (3.12)
2 3! n!
which is called the Taylor series expansion of f (x) at x = a.

3.2. Maclaurin’s Series expansion of a function

Suppose that a function f (x) has a power series representation of the form
1
X
f (x) = cn (x a)n (3.13)
n=0

Expanding the right hand side leads to Equation (3.3). If we evaluate f (x) at x = 0, we obtain another very
useful expansion;

f 00 (0) 2 f 000 (0) 3 f (n) (0) n

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)(x) + (x) + (x) + · · · + (x) (3.14)
2 3! n!
which is called the Maclaurin’s series expansion of f (x).

Example 3.2.1 (Taylor and Maclaurin series expansion of f (x) = ex ). Suppose that we are tasked to find first
four terms of the Taylor series expansion of f (x) = ex at x = a, we use equation (3.12), and proceed as
follows;

f (a) = ea
f 0 (a) = ea
f 00 (a) = ea
f 000 (a) = ea
ea ea
f (x) = ea + ea (x a) + (x a)2 + (x a)3 + · · ·
✓ 2 3! ◆
2
a (x a) (x a)3
= e 1 + (x a) + + + ···
2 3!

To find the first four terms of the Maclaurin’s series expansion of ex , we use Equation (3.14), i.e, we evaluate
at a = 0;
✓ ◆
0 (x 0)2 (x 0)3
f (x) = e 1 + (x 0) + + + ···
2 3!
x2 x3
=1+x+ + + ···
2 3!

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We evaluate the Taylor series of any function in the same way as the above example. Consider also the
Maclaurin’s expansion of f (x) = cos x, below;

Example 3.2.2 (Maclaurin series expansion of cos x). The task is to evaluate the Maclaurin’s series expansion
of cos x, to the third term. We proceed as follows;

f (a) = cos a
f 0 (a) = sin a
f 00 (a) = cos a
f 000 (a) = sin a
f (4) (a) = cos a
f (5) (a) = sin a

We now use Equation (3.11);

1
X f (n) (a)
f (x) = (x a)n
n=0
n!
cos a sin a
= cos a + ( sin a)(x a) + (x a)2 + (x a)3
2 3!
cos a sin a
+ (x a)4 + (x a)5 + · · ·
4! 5!
cos a sin a
= cos a sin a (x a) (x a)2 + (x a)3
2 3!
cos a sin a
+ (x a)4 (x a)5 + · · ·
4! 5!
We know that cos 0 = 1 and sin 0 = 0. So at a = 0, we have
cos 0 sin 0 cos 0
f (x) = cos 0 sin 0 (x 0) (x 0)2 + (x 0)3 + (x 0)4
2 3! 4!
sin 0
(x 0)5 + · · ·
5!
x2 x4
=1 0 +0+ + ···
2 4!
x2 x4
=1 + + ···
2 4!

We are now equipped to evaluate the Taylor and Maclaurin’s series expansion of any function f (x). Please
see further examples in 1.

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 Assignment 3.2.1
1. Read, make short notes and provide two applications of the mean value theorem.

2. Find the nth term of the Taylor and Maclaurin series expansions of the functions below;

(a) sin x
(b) e x

(c) x4 e 3x

3. Given that i2 = 1, show that eix = cos x + i sin x

3.3. Integration

3.4. Methods of integration

3.5. Mean-Value Theorem of Integral Calculus

3.6. Functions of several variables