Chapter (4)

Heat and Mass Transfer lectures at BUE

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Azim Ahmed
By the end of today’s lecture, you should be able to:

To be familiar with the unsteady (Transient) conduction.

To be familiar with the different numerical and graphical solutions for Transient and two
dimensions applications.

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Consider a simple case of one-dimensional Ti
conduction in a plane wall, with the following At t=0
assumptions:
At t=t1
 No heat sources
h, T At t=t2
 Constant thermal conductivity
 One dimension (x- direction) At t=t3

 Unsteady state
Ts Ts
 Thermal boundary layers on each face (x =
0 and x = 1)
x=L x=0 x=L

x
Transient temperature profiles in a
plane wall exposed to convection
from its surfaces for Ti >T∞ 4
 Ti
T At t=0
k  T  c p
2

t h, T
At t=t1
 2T 1 T

x 2
 t At t=t3

Ts Ts
Where:

k
 is the thermal diffusivity x=L x=0 x=L
c p
x

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This equation can be solved by:

 Lumped heat capacity method

Or by
1- Analytical solution by separation of variables
2- Graphical solution using Heisler charts
3- Numerical solution “Finite difference method”

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7
 90

80
100
100 70

50

40

• It is generally accepted that lumped system analysis is applicable if:

Bi ≤ 0.1
8
• Define a characteristic length as
V
Lc 
As
• Calculate Biot number Bi (Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient )
as:
hLc
Bi   0 .1
k
The Biot number is the ratio of the internal resistance of a body to
heat conduction to its external resistance to heat convection.
Therefore, a small Biot number represents small resistance to heat
conduction, and thus small temperature gradients within the body.
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During a differential time interval dt, the temperature of the body rises by
a differential amount dT.
An energy balance of the solid for the time interval dt can be expressed
as:

dT
hA s (T - T)  mc p
dt
dT
hA s dt  mc p
(T - T)
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 dT
hA s dt  mc p
(T - T)

If m  V and d (T  T )
hA s dt  Vc p
dT  d(T - T ) (T - T)

hA s d (T  T )
 dt 
Vc p (T - T )

Integrating from t =0, at which T =Ti,

to any time t, at which T= T(t), gives
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 hA s (T (t )  T )
t  ln
Vc p (Ti - T )

Taking the exponential of both sides and rearranging, we obtain

hAs
(T (t )  T ) Vc p
t
e
(Ti - T )

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  2T 1 T

x 2
 t
• Solution Methods:
– Exact/Analytical: Separation of Variables
 Limited to simple geometries and boundary conditions.

– Approximate/Graphical
 Of limited value for quantitative considerations but a quick aid to establishing
physical insights.
– Approximate/Numerical: Finite-Difference, Finite Element or Boundary Element
Method.

 Most useful approach and adaptable to any level of complexity.

 Dimensionless temperature
(T ( x, t )  T )
 ( x, t ) 
(Ti - T )
Biot number Bi (Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient )
hLc
Bi 
k
Fourier number (Dimensionless time):
t
 2
 Fo
L
The Fourier number is a measure of heat conducted through a body relative to heat
stored. Thus, a large value of the Fourier number indicates faster propagation of heat
through a body.
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15
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17
T T
2 2
 2 0
x 2
y
• General considerations:
– Temperature distribution is characterized by two spatial coordinates, e.g. T(x,y).
Heat flux vector is characterized by two directional components, e.g., q’’x and q’’y
.

Note the shapes of lines of constant temperature

(isotherms) and heat flow lines (adiabats).
 T T
2 2
 2 0
x 2
y

Note: For unsteady the general equation will be:

 2T  2T 1 T
 2 
x 2
y  t
 2T  2T
 2 0
x 2
y
  2T  2T
 2 0
x 2
y
1st order :
T dT Tm, n  Tm 1,n
 
x dx Δx

2nd order :
T Tm 1,n  Tm 1,n  2  Tm ,n
 2T x
 
x 2
x Δx 2

Solve systemof equations :

A T  C  T   A   C
1
for m =1, 2, 3, . . . , M -1 and n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , N -1 at any interior node (m, n).

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Elements: 9 Time: 6s
Nodes: 16 Memory: 0.239MB
Elements: 16 Time: 6s
Nodes: 25 Memory: 0.255MB
Elements: 49 Time: 7s
Nodes: 64 Memory: 0.326MB
Elements: 100 Time: 7s
Nodes: 121 Memory: 0.438MB
Elements: 324 Time: 7s
Nodes: 361 Memory: 0.910MB
Elements: 625 Time: 9s
Nodes: 676 Memory: 1.535MB
Elements: 3600 Time: 15s
Nodes: 3721 Memory: 7.684MB
Automatic Mesh

Elements: 334 Time: 7s

Nodes: 371 Memory: 0.930MB
 2T  2T  2T
 2  2 0
x 2
y z
 2T  2T  2T 1 T
 2  2 
x 2
y z  t