Chapter (2/1)

Heat and Mass Transfer lectures at BUE

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Azim Ahmed
By the end of today’s lecture, you should be able to:

Learn how to obtain temperature profiles for common geometries without heat generation.

Learn how to obtain heat flow for different applications under the assumptions of steady
state and one-dimensions

You will be familiar with the concept of thermal resistance, thermal circuits and overall heat
transfer coefficients.

2
We will apply the energy conservation equation to the differential control volume
4
 Energy in = Energy out

q in  E gen   qout  E st
Where:
q in  qx  q y  qz

From Fourier’s law, the conduction heat transfer rates

perpendicular to each of the control surfaces at the x, y, z
coordinate locations are:
T T
q x  kAx   k ( dydz )
x x
T T
q y  kA y  k ( dxdz )
y y
T T
qz  kAz  k ( dxdy )
z z 5
 q out
 qx dx  q y  dy  qz dz

From Taylor series expansion where, neglecting higher order

terms, the conduction heat rates at the opposite surfaces can be
expressed as:
q x
q x  dx  q x  dx
x
q y
q y  dy  q y  dy
y
q z
q z  dz  q z  dz
z 6
 Thermal energy generation due to an energy source:

 Positive (source) if thermal energy is generated

 Negative (sink) if thermal energy is consumed

E g  q dV  q (dx dy dz )
Where:

q is the rate at which energy is generated

per unit volume of the medium (W/m3)

7
 Energy storage term
Represents the rate of change of thermal energy stored in the
matter in the absence of phase change.

 T T
Est  m c p  Vc p
t t

  T 
Est  c p  (dx dy dz )
 t 

T is the time rate of change of the sensible

c p (thermal) energy of the medium per unit
t
volume (W/m3)
8
Substituting all terms in the original Eq. :

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Net transfer of thermal energy into the Change in thermal

Thermal energy energy storage
control volume (inflow-outflow) generation

At any point in the medium the rate of energy transfer by conduction into a
unit volume plus the volumetric rate of thermal energy generation must equal
the rate of change of thermal energy stored within the volume

9
Vector forms

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

T
 k T  q  c p
t
Where three dimensional del operator in Cartesian coordinates:

  
  
x y z
10
 If k=constant

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

  2T  2T  2T  T  2T  2T  2T q 1 T
k  2  2  2   q   C p  2  2  
 x y z  t x y z k  t
2

Where:
k
 is the thermal diffusivity
c p
Thermal diffusivity  is the ratio of the thermal conductivity to the heat
capacity.
11
For steady state conditions

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

  T    T    T  
k    k    k q 0
x  x  y  y  y  z 

12
If 𝒒 = o

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   c p
x  x  y  y  y  z  t

13
 For steady state conditions, one-dimensional transfer in x-direction
and no energy generation

  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

d  dT  dq"x Heat flux is constant in

k   0 or 0 the direction of transfer
dx  dx  dx

14
 T
 k T  q  c p
t

1   T  1   T    T   T
 kr  2  k    k   q  c p
r r  r  r     z  z  t
15
 T
 k T  q  c p
t

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr  2 2  k   2  k sin    q  c p

r r 
2
r  r sin      r sin      t
16
 One-dimensional steady-state models can represent accurately
numerous engineering systems
 Steady state heat transfer means that T = T(x)
 Boundary conditions are needed at both ends of the range of for
which the problem is defined.
 System may or may not have internal heat generator.

18
Heat transfer across a rectangular solid is the most direct application of
Fourier’s law.

Consider a simple case of one-dimensional conduction in a plane

wall, with the following assumptions:
T1
 No heat sources
 Constant thermal conductivity
T2
 One dimension (x- direction)
qx
 Steady state
 Cross-sectional area is not dependent on the x-
coordinate
x=L
 Thermal boundary layers on each face (x = 0 and x = 1) x=0
x
19
 From the general equation:
  T    T    T  • T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Apply the previews assumptions
T1
  T  T2
d 2T
k 0 0 0 Where T = T(x) T2
x  x  x 2
dx 2

qx
Solution of the differential equation..
dT
 C1 T ( x)  C1 x  C2 x=0 x=L
dx
x
20
Boundary conditions. . .

At X=0 T = T1 T1 = C2
At X=L T = T2 T2 = C1L + T1
C1 = (T2 – T1)/L
T1

T2
 Temperature distribution. . .
qx
 T1  T2 
T ( x)     x  T1
 L 
x=0 x=L

x
21
From Fourier’s law. . .
dT
q x   kA
dx
Substitute by dT  T T  in Fourier’s law. . .
 C1    1 2  T1
dx  L 
T2
dT  T1  T2   T1  T2 
qx   kA   kA    kA  qx
dx  L   L 
T1  T2
 qx  x=L
 L x=0
 
 kA  x
22
Radial Systems
Consider a simple case of one-dimensional conduction in a pipe of
finite thickness, with the following assumptions:
 No heat sources r1
r2 T
 Constant thermal conductivity 2

 One dimension (x- direction)

 Steady state
 Cross-sectional area is not dependent on the x-coordinate
T1
 Thermal boundary layers (r = r1 and r = r2) r1 T2
L
r2

23
Apply the previews assumptions

 2T  0 r1
Where 2 for cylindrical coordinates (one dimension) r2 T
2

1 d  d 
 
2
r 
r dr  dr 
1 d  dT 
 r 0 T1
r dr  dr  r1 T2
L
dT dT C1 r2
 r  C1 
dr dr r
 T (r )  C1 ln r  C2
24
Boundary conditions. . .

At r = r1 T = T1 T1  C1 ln r1  C2
At r = r2 T = T2 r1
T2  C1 ln r2  C2 r2 T
2

 Temperature distribution. . .
T1
    r1 T2
    L
 T1  T2   T1  T2  ln r r2
T (r )   ln r  T1 
 r2   r2  1
 ln r   ln r 
 1   1 
25
From Fourier’s law. . .
 
  r1
dT  T T  r2 T
qr   kA   k (2rL)   1 2  2

  ln r2 r 
dr
  r  
  1  

T1  T2
qr  T1
  r2   r1 T2
 ln    r2
L
  r1  
 2kL 
 
 
26
By the same method…

Prove that the heat flow in a spherical shell can be expressed r1

by the following equation: r2 T
2

T1  T2
qr 
1 1 
r r  T1
r1 T2
 1 2 L
 4k 
r2

 
27
Many simple heat transfer problems can be solved using the “equivalent
thermal circuit” method.
It is possible to compare heat transfer to current flow in electrical circuits.
Where:
The heat transfer rate may be considered as a current flow and the
combination of thermal conductivity, thickness of material, and area as a
resistance to this flow. The temperature difference is the potential or driving
function for the heat flow, resulting in the Fourier equation being written in a
form similar to Ohm’s Law of Electrical Circuit Theory.
Potential Differenc e V
Electric current  I
Resistance R
T T
q 1 2
 L
  28
 kA 
Accordingly, from the previous discussion we can determine the thermal
resistance for three common shapes as follows:

L
Slab (Wall): Rth plan 
kA
 r2 
ln  
Cylinder: Rth Cylinder   r1 
2kL
1 1

r1 r2
Sphere: Rth Sphere 
4k
29
 Thermal resistance can also be associated with heat transfer by
convection;
(Ts  T ) 1
q  hA (Ts  T )  Rth c 
1 hA
hA

And with heat transfer by radiation;

q   As (Ts  T ) q  hrad As (Ts  T )

4 4 4 4

1
 R
hrad As
30
A surface exposed to the surrounding air involves convection and radiation
simultaneously. In this case the convection and radiation resistances are parallel
to each other.
When the surrounding temperature equals to T∞, the radiation effect can properly
be accounted for by replacing h in the convection resistance relation by:

hcombined = hconv + hrad (W/m2 · K)

where hcombined is the combined heat transfer coefficient.

By this way we can simplify the problem and avoid all complications associated
with radiation.

31
 q x  UAT
T 1
Rtot   Rt  
q UA
1
U 
Rt A
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and T the
overall temperature difference.

32