Sikolohiyang Pilipino

PSY 4103 – 6 | Prof. Abarete | SEM 1

CHAPTER XX: TITLE

The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino • It is an Indigenous Psychology
• The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and
• Colonization of Spain and the USA culture of a people and the application to
• Academic Psychology taught in schools were psychological practice of indigenous knowledge
predominantly Western rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and
• Rizal and Mabini showed dissatisfaction consciousness.
regarding pejorative interpretation of Filipino
behaviors by the Western Observers Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology &
Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod
• In 1960’s many Filipino intellectuals and ng Quezon.
scholars were already sensitive both to the
inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino {SP)
Western-oriented approaches to psychology.
• The Western approach in research is not being • Filipino Psychology, Virgilio Enriquez, 1970
enmeshed and bound by the culture • Refers to the psychology born out of the
• 1970’s Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the experience, thought and orientation of the
Philippines from Northwestern University USA Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture
with a Ph.D. degree and lost no time in and language.
• introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino • The approach is one of indigenization from
(Filipino Psychology) within whereby the theoretical framework and
• He then, together with the chairman of the methodology emerge from the experiences of
Department of Psychology at the University of the people from the indigenous culture
the Philippines (U.P.), Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay • It is based on assessing historical and
embarked on a research into the historical and sociocultural realities, understanding the local
cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. language, unraveling Filipino characteristics,
• Subsequently, the research included identifying and explaining them through the eyes of the
indigenous concepts and approaches in native
Philippine psychology and developing creativity
and inventiveness among Filipinos. Filipino (Pe – Pua and Protacio – Marcelino, 2000)

• From these researches, a two-volume

bibliography on Filipino psychology and a locally What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
developed personality test:
• Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao • Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino
• In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang thought and experience as understood from a
Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975).
Pilipino • Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the scientific study of
psychology derived from the experience, ideas,
Indigenous Psychology in the Philippines and cultural orientation of Filipinos.
• “Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at
• When the US colonized the Philippines in the oryentasyo ng Pilipino, batay sa kabuuang
early 1900’s, it established the American paggamit ng kultura at wikang Pilipino.”
educational system and language. With it came • SP is an indigenous Asian psychology that
American psychology (Lagmay, 1984). emphasizes identity and national
• With the beginning of the nationalist movement, consciousness, social awareness and
Filipino psychologist in the 1960’s began involvement, psychology of language and
confronting the issue of applicability of Western culture, and applications.
theories, concepts, and methods to Filipino • SP stressed the need for psychology to be
realities (Guthrie and Bulatao, 1963). The most ethical or respectful of the Filipino (makatao), to
important development in Filipino indigenous be relevant to Filipino social realities
psychology was founding of the (makabuluhan), and to be culturally appropriate
pambansangSamahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (angkop sa kultura).
(PSSP), or the National Association for • It urged Filipino psychologist to confront social
Philippine Psychology. problems and national issues as well as to
utilize indigenous theories and methods.
What is Filipino Psychology? • The use of the Filipino language in SP as means
of understanding Filipino culture was integral,

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 Chapter X: Title

with language seen as reflecting indigenous 2006). The Philippines is considered to have the
culture and promoting national culture. strongest and most articulate indigenous
psychology in Asia (Sinha, 1997).
Who is Virgilio Enriquez?

• Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez – USAPIN AT USAPANG SP

a.k.a Doc E.
• Itinuturing na Ama ng Universality of Psychology
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Laking – Bulacan • The use of English as the medium of instruction
• Nag-aral ng post-graduate in psychology made possible the speedy
studies sa ibang bansa introduction of American – oriented psychology
• Taong 1970s ng bumalik sa and values. Filipinos began learning not only a
Pilipinas new psychology, but a new culture
• Established the Philippine Psychology • The scientific character of psychology is
Research and Training House (PPRTH) accepted by Sikolohiyang Pilipino, but its
• UP Department of Psychology Chair from 1977- universality is questioned by the Filipino as it is
1982 being questioned elsewhere.

The Search for the Filipino Personality When we are talking about Sikopil, we are talking
about Indigenization from within
• The focus of local research on the Filipino • Looking for the indigenous psychology from
personality can be understood as a reaction to within the culture itself and not just clothing a
the country’s colonial history, first with the foreign body with a local dress
Spaniards, and then the Americans (Church, • Emphasized the major role of language as a tool
1987). There is a search for national identity for fairly and clearly bringing out and studying
and a quest for national development. Filipino psychological constructs and social
realities

ENRIQUEZ’S KAPWA MODEL

Kapwa

• Unity of the self with others, is the central value

that connects all the different Filipino values
(Enriquez, 1978).

Pakikiramdam

• Heightened awareness and sensitivity, pivotal

value of shared inner perception
• Key interpersonal process that allows Filipinos
to sense what the other is feeling and know
when it is appropriate to practice hiya, utang-na-
loob, and pakikisama
TAO SA BAHAY/TAONG-BAHAY?
• Feeling for another (Mataragnon, 1987)
• Similar to the concept of empathy, sensitivity,
• SIkopil to the taong –
and awareness and describe as measuring
bahay, a committed person
• Pakikiramdam is an active process involving
who has a role and meaning
great care and deliberation in one’s action
in the household, rather
toward another
than just a temporary
• He/she hesitates to react immediately, pays occupant of the house.
close attention to subtle cues and nonverbal
behavior, and practices mental role – playing
• Being sensitive to nonverbal cues SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS, SIKOLOHIYA NG
• Inclination for indirect communication PILIPINO AT SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
(euphemism) (pagtantya) of the other
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino is thus a psychology of, Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
for, and by Filipinos, a psychology that is
applicable to Filipino everyday life (San Juan,

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 Chapter X: Title

• Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro (texbook), at sole function is to provide data (patanong –
sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga tanong, should be with respect)
man o makapilipino. • The primary ethical responsibility of
• Ang kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa researchers should be to the people and not to
kontekstong Pilipino – KANLURANIN. their institution or funding agency (if it will harm
participants, stop!)
Sikolohiya ng Pilipino • Researchers cannot expect people to adjust to
the method; the method should adjust to the
• Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, pananaliksik at mga people (pakikiramdam – sensitivity to how
konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman sa method will work)
mga Pilipino. • It is in their own mother tongue that a person
• Palasak na anyo; can truly express their innermost sentiments,
• Refers to theories/research on the social ideas, perceptions, and attitudes (if interpreters
psychology of the Filipino done by both local are needed, get one!)
and foreign researchers (utang na loob, hiya)
• Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas.
• Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at UNIVERSALITY OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
orenyentasyong Pilipino (KKO)
• Product of the Filipino cultural experience, • Through the discovery and use of indigenous
cognition, and orientation concepts and methods, Sikopil is contributing to
• Later, Enriquez defined it as “the study of diwa a truly universal psychology which is based on
(psyche), which in Filipino directly refers to the a new set of principles: diversity and equality
wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical o Diversity because it is a psychology that
concepts of “essence” and an entire range of is drawn from the experiences and
psychological concepts from awareness to particularities of various countries and
motives to behavior.” cultures.
o Equality because it respects these
various psychologies equally valid,
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS PERSONALITY important, and relevant and does not
MEASURE attempt to impose its ideas to others.
• Sikopil attempts not only to test hypotheses
Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao based on western theories but rather to
• Culturally sensitive in its assessment of the generate its own set of hypotheses, theories,
• Filipino personality and body of knowledge. It has started that long
o Lakas ng loob, mahirap kausapin, process through its articulation and clarification
pikon, mapagtimpi, pagkamausisa, of new concepts and methods that have been
malikhain considered meaningful not only for Filipinos but
also for some other Asian cultures as well
Indigenous Research Method

Pakapa-kapa ANG PAGLAGO NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

• Characterrized by groping, searching and
probing into an unsystematized mass of social Limits of Western Concepts & Methods
and cultural data to obtain order, meaning, and
directions for research • Applicability of the Western theories and
• Pagtatanong – tanong, pakikipagkwentuhan, principles taught as well as the research
ginabayang talakayan, nakikigaling concepts and methods used in the Philippine
pagmamasid, pakikisama, pagdalaw – dalaw, setting.
Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of
panunuluyan • The limits of Western social research methods
in rural Philippines: The need for innovation
Levels of interaction Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo
at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines
Press: Quezon City.
• Level of interaction or relationship that exists
• The limits of applicability of Western concepts,
between the researcher and researched
values and methods in the social sciences to the
significantly determines the quality of the data
concrete realities of Asian societies.
obtained in the research process Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of
(pakikipagpalagayang – loob) Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
• Research participants should always be treated Quezon City.

by researchers as equal, if not superior whose

Sikolohiyang Pilipino
from a movement to an academic discipline

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Principal emphasis in psychology Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a Call

• Identity and national consciousness
• Social awareness and involvement • For the exercise of care in the adoption of
• Psychology of language and culture foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is just as
• Applications & bases of Filipino psychology dangerous as uncritical acceptance of Western
(health practices, agriculture, art, religion) theories”
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: • For example: psychological problems are the
The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC
same anywhere however, the sources of such
problems differ greatly.
Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Lines of filiations in Philippine psychological
It is against
thought
• A psychology that perpetuates the colonial
status of the Filipino mind.
• Academic-scientific psychology: Western
• A psychology used for the exploitation of the
• Academic-philosophical psychology: Clergy
masses.
• Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology
• The imposition of psychologies developed in
• Psycho-medical system: Religion - cohesive
foreign countries.
element and explanation.
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.

On psychological practice
• Conceptualization of psychological practice in a Psychology: The Western Tradition
Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan;
klinika vs. kalusugan) • Academic-scientific psychology: Wilhelm
• Concerned with folk practices, indigenous Wundt, the German tradition, University of the
techniques of healing, popular religiopolitical Philippines (1908), and other American
movements traditional schools
• Academic-philosophical psychology: Thomistic
On Science – Humanism issue philosophy and psychology University of Santo
• Utilizes scientific methodology in the study of Tomas (1611)
psychological phenomena
ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY
• Concerned not only with the universal validity of
NATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT
psychological science but also in utilizing such
for the purpose of serving the interest of all
mankind, affording protection to the • Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and
disadvantaged katutubong sikolohiya.
• Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic
On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt and
• Uses both phenomenological & behavioristic expressed by Filipinos.
concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual • The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
experience and greater emphasis on the techniques of enculturation, socialization.
collective experience
• Attaches greater importance to kamalayan, Ethnic Psychology
subsidiary importance to ulirat
Kinagisnang sikolohiya
On Analysis – Wholeness Issue • The subconscious psychology imbedded in the
• Methodologically leans on the side of analysis native language, art, music, culture and religion
but interprets the result of analysis with a bias (one has been born into; unaware).
for wholeness (social context, political • e.g., kaluluwa at ginhawa
Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at
implications, cultural meaning of the study) gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines
Press: Quezon City.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘Taong-bahay’
Katutubong sikolohiya
Metaphor • Psychology worked out by Filipinos with
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through indigenous elements as basis (innate to the
a metaphor: (a characteristic way of clarifying Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose
concepts) – difference between tao sa bahay Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.
(person in the house) and taong-bahay (house
person).

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• Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang use and propagation of a language based on the
sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya Manila lingua franca, Manila being the seat of
government, the business hub, melting pot,
Psychology of Filipinos center of history.
• Based on mainly Western system of thought Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial
politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng
e.g. Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas
(impressed by them); American: Worcester’s Language & Knowledge
view of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups
different from one another as Christian and non System of communication
Christian (pagans and Moros). • Summing-up our lived experiences

Practice of psychology by Filipinos Social interaction

a. Indigenous techniques of enculturation/ • Expressing our thoughts and feelings
socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as
affected by Christianity or Islam. Spoken language
b. Proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, • From bodily gestures to linguistic acts
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group specialized speech apparatus primary medium
therapy that are still present (alternating chants of communication
during wakes, poetry, consensus).
Thinking & Language
Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive
element and explanation • Interdependence of knowledge & language, i.e.
• (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of the thinking process cannot work independently
healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. of language
• (1650) Messianic movements • Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is
• (1730) Herbolaryo it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the values,
• (1900) Espiritista perspectives, and rules of cognition of a
particular class or society
Filipino psychological knowledge
Language, history, and socio-economic-cultural
Filipino Language life
• Use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering
indigenous concepts • Specific historical features and socioeconomic-
• e.g.,, study of diwa (psyche), refers to the wealth cultural conditions shape the thinking and
of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of language of a people, giving distinctive
“essence”. meanings and value judgments to their words.
• “Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and • Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the
does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a
device, a discovery procedure… returning to the people bound by a common historical heritage
‘deep structure’ of the language… Enriquez and a specific socio-economiccultural
worked in an area where Filipinos are most environment.
adept, where the language has a rich
vocabulary of feeling and sentiment.” Psychological concepts and human behavior
Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of
readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Quezon City.
• The formation of psychological concepts is the
more important stage in the entire process of
Language, a Heuristic Tool understanding human behavior.
• These concepts lay the foundation for the
• Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, formation of indigenous psychological theories
Semantics, Introspection and models of analysis that correspond more
• Language provided the instrument to refine the fully to the realities of the life and culture of a
tools of research so as to discover categories society.
and subcategories which would be lost to a
Western English-speaking researcher… Development of technical terminology in Filipino
Psychology
Filipino, the Philippine Lingua Franca
• System of affixation in the Filipino language a
• The issue of national language has long been resource for terminology development
resolved by the Filipino masses through their

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• The meaning changes because of the use of self as a separate identity. In contrast, kapwa is
affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes) a recognition of shared identity, Enriquez
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka argues for a Filipino psychology that begins with
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at the concept of shared inner self, or a self with
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila others (Conaco, 2007).
• Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
o Perception (L) persepsyon Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology
o Psicologia (S) sikolohiya
• Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw) • The Filipino language provides a conceptual
o Reinforcement – reimporsment distinction in several levels and modes of social
• Grammatical translation (saling-panggramatika) interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).
o Social interaction – interaksyong sosyal • Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under
• Loan translation (saling-hiram) two general categories in Filipino were identified
o Defense mechanism mekanismong (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).
Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang
pananggalang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989)
o Word invention (salitang likha) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
o Masturbation – mag-isang
Ibang-tao (outsider)
pagpaparaos
• Pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
• Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
o STM short term memory • Pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
o PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao • Pakikilahok (joining, participating)
• Parallel translation (salitang-tapat) • Pakikibagay (conforming)
o Relationship = pakikisalamuha • Pakikisama (adjusting)
• Indigenous-concept oriented translation
(salitang taal) Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)
o Kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao • • Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
• Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib) • Pakikisangkot (getting involved)
o Mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay • Pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)

Categorization of words and concepts Kapwa, the shared inner self

• Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
o Home for the aged • Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)
• Superficial assimilation (paimbabaw na others is used in opposition to the ‘self’ implies
asimilasyon) the recognition of the ‘self’
o Reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may o ‘self’ as a separate identity
napala’
• Labeling (pagbibinyag) Kapwa in Filipino
o Utang-na-loob – reciprocity • A recognition of shared identity
o Hiya – shame • An inner self shared with others
o Pakikisama – comradeship • The ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) are
• Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha) one and the same in kapwa psychology
o Paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
• Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda) • Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually
o Gunita – recall replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either covers
o Alaala – memory the entire lexical domain.
o Personality – personalidad, not • Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile
pagkatao concept when analyzed semantically; much
• Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto) deeper and profound in its implications as it
o Saling-pusa (informal member) means accepting and dealing with the other
o Pagka-pikon (to be peeved) person as an equal.

Surface values
KAPWA
• Readily apparent attributes appreciated and
• Unity of the self with others, is the central value exhibited by many Filipinos
that connects all the different Filipino values
(Enriquez, 1978) Accommodative surface value
• A core concept in Filipino Psychology • Function to maintain or keep the status quo
• The English others is actually used in opposition between individuals and/or groups
to the self, and it implies the recognition of the

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Confrontative surface value

• Surface when Filipinos take active participation
in a situation

ASV are recognized as a triad, which emanates from

the single trunk (CORE VALUE)
• They are not free-standing values one can
easily learn
• You have to be INGRAINED with the CORE
value for the SURFACE values to MANIFEST
itself

Studying the surface values led to the identification of an

underlying pre-condition:
• EX: a person without PAKIKIRAMDAM, cannot
have PAKIKISAMA and UTANG NA LOOB or
HIYA

Kailangan para gumana ang SV's ng isang tao

• Ang taong hindi nakikitaan ng mga SURFACE
values ay tinatawag na MASAMANG TAO

Importance of language and it's use in the Philippine

context
• Ang attribution ay directed towrads the inside of
the person
o EX: ang masamang tao ay WALANG
HIYA, WALANG UTANG NA LOOB,
WALANG PAKIKISAMA
o “WALA” denotes the absence of
SURFACE VALUES
▪ Hindi napapakita ang surface;
hindi nag-surface!
• Mas masaklap ang WALANG PAKIRAMDAM –
MANHID
o Mas inner ang kakulangan; walang
pivotal value
• Mas malala ang taong WALANG
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
1. Walang pakisama – matututo din
2. Walang hiya – hindi naturuan ng mabuti
ng magulang
3. Walang utang na loob – iiwasan
4. Walang kapwa tao – napakasama na
niya
• Surface values may differ from sub-culture to
sub-culture, but the core value remains the
same for all Filipinos
• Ang konsepto din ng ABNORMALITY ay iba ang
turing para sa mga Pilipino
o Hindi tinitingnan bilang sakit ang
abnormality
o EX: sira ang ulo, may sayad, na-baliw
vs you have schizophrenia, I am
depressed

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• TOPIC

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TERM DEFINITION

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