History of Python

The programming language Python was

conceived in the late 1980s,[1] and its
implementation was started in December
1989[2] by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the
Netherlands as a successor to ABC
capable of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba operating
system.[3] Van Rossum is Python's
principal author, and his continuing central
role in deciding the direction of Python is
reflected in the title given to him by the
Python community, Benevolent Dictator for
Life (BDFL).[4][5] (However, Van Rossum
stepped down as leader on July 12,
2018.[6]). Python was named after the BBC
TV show Monty Python's Flying Circus.[7]

Old Python logo, 1990s–2006

New Python logo, 2006–present

Guido van Rossum in 2014

Python 2.0 was released on October 16,

2000, with many major new features,
including a cycle-detecting garbage
collector (in addition to reference
counting) for memory management and
support for Unicode. However, the most
important change was to the development
process itself, with a shift to a more
transparent and community-backed
process.[8]

Python 3.0, a major, backwards-

incompatible release, was released on
December 3, 2008[9] after a long period of
testing. Many of its major features have
also been backported to the backwards-
compatible, though now-unsupported,
Python 2.6 and 2.7.[10]
Early history
In February 1991, Van Rossum published
the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to
alt.sources.[11][12] Already present at this
stage in development were classes with
inheritance, exception handling, functions,
and the core datatypes of list ,
dict , str and so on. Also in this
initial release was a module system
borrowed from Modula-3; Van Rossum
describes the module as "one of Python's
major programming units".[1] Python's
exception model also resembles Modula-
3's, with the addition of an else
clause.[3] In 1994 comp.lang.python (new
s://comp.lang.python) , the primary
discussion forum for Python, was formed,
marking a milestone in the growth of
Python's userbase.[1]

Version 1
Python reached version 1.0 in January
1994. The major new features included in
this release were the functional
programming tools lambda , map ,
filter and reduce . Van Rossum
stated that "Python acquired lambda,
reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of a
Lisp hacker who missed them and
submitted working patches".[13]
The last version released while Van
Rossum was at CWI was Python 1.2. In
1995, Van Rossum continued his work on
Python at the Corporation for National
Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston,
Virginia from where he released several
versions.

By version 1.4, Python had acquired

several new features. Notable among
these are the Modula-3 inspired keyword
arguments (which are also similar to
Common Lisp's keyword arguments) and
built-in support for complex numbers. Also
included is a basic form of data hiding by
name mangling, though this is easily
bypassed.[14]

During Van Rossum's stay at CNRI, he

launched the Computer Programming for
Everybody (CP4E) initiative, intending to
make programming more accessible to
more people, with a basic "literacy" in
programming languages, similar to the
basic English literacy and mathematics
skills required by most employers. Python
served a central role in this: because of its
focus on clean syntax, it was already
suitable, and CP4E's goals bore similarities
to its predecessor, ABC. The project was
funded by DARPA.[15] As of 2007, the CP4E
project is inactive, and while Python
attempts to be easily learnable and not
too arcane in its syntax and semantics,
outreach to non-programmers is not an
active concern.[16]

BeOpen

In 2000, the Python core development

team moved to BeOpen.com[17] to form
the BeOpen PythonLabs team, under the
direction of early Google alum Domenic
Merenda.[18][19] CNRI requested that a
version 1.6 be released, summarizing
Python's development up to the point at
which the development team left CNRI.
Consequently, the release schedules for
1.6 and 2.0 had a significant amount of
overlap.[8] Python 2.0 was the only release
from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was
released by BeOpen.com, Guido van
Rossum and the other PythonLabs
developers joined Digital Creations.

The Python 1.6 release included a new

CNRI license that was substantially longer
than the CWI license that had been used
for earlier releases. The new license
included a clause stating that the license
was governed by the laws of the State of
Virginia. The Free Software Foundation
argued that the choice-of-law clause was
incompatible with the GNU General Public
License. BeOpen, CNRI and the FSF
negotiated a change to Python's free
software license that would make it GPL-
compatible. Python 1.6.1 is essentially the
same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug
fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible
license.[20]

Version 2
Python 2.0, released October 2000,[8]
introduced list comprehensions, a feature
borrowed from the functional
programming languages SETL and
Haskell. Python's syntax for this construct
is very similar to Haskell's, apart from
Haskell's preference for punctuation
characters and Python's preference for
alphabetic keywords. Python 2.0 also
introduced a garbage collector capable of
collecting reference cycles.[8]

Python 2.1 was close to Python 1.6.1, as

well as Python 2.0. Its license was
renamed Python Software Foundation
License. All code, documentation and
specifications added, from the time of
Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by
the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a
non-profit organization formed in 2001,
modeled after the Apache Software
Foundation.[20] The release included a
change to the language specification to
support nested scopes, like other statically
scoped languages.[21] (The feature was
turned off by default, and not required,
until Python 2.2.)

Python 2.2 was released in December

2001;[22] a major innovation was the
unification of Python's types (types written
in C) and classes (types written in Python)
into one hierarchy. This single unification
made Python's object model purely and
consistently object oriented.[23] Also
added were generators which were
inspired by Icon.[24]
 Historic Python logos used on Windows (left) and the Macintosh (centre), and the logo used since version 2.5 (right).

Python 2.5 was released in September

2006 [25] and introduced the with
statement, which encloses a code block
within a context manager (for example,
acquiring a lock before the block of code
is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or
opening a file and then closing it), allowing
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)-
like behavior and replacing a common
try/finally idiom.[26]
Python 2.6 was released to coincide with
Python 3.0, and included some features
from that release, as well as a "warnings"
mode that highlighted the use of features
that were removed in Python 3.0.[27][10]
Similarly, Python 2.7 coincided with and
included features from Python 3.1,[28]
which was released on June 26, 2009.
Parallel 2.x and 3.x releases then ceased,
and Python 2.7 was the last release in the
2.x series.[29] In November 2014, it was
announced that Python 2.7 would be
supported until 2020, but users were
encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon
as possible.[30] Python 2.7 support ended
on January 1, 2020, along with code freeze
of 2.7 development branch. A final release,
2.7.18, occurred on April 20, 2020, and
included fixes for critical bugs and release
blockers.[31] This marked the end-of-life of
Python 2.[32]

Version 3
Python 3.0 (also called "Python 3000" or
"Py3K") was released on December 3,
2008.[9] It was designed to rectify
fundamental design flaws in the
language – the changes required could not
be implemented while retaining full
backwards compatibility with the 2.x
series, which necessitated a new major
version number. The guiding principle of
Python 3 was: "reduce feature duplication
by removing old ways of doing things".[33]

Python 3.0 was developed with the same

philosophy as in prior versions. However,
as Python had accumulated new and
redundant ways to program the same task,
Python 3.0 had an emphasis on removing
duplicative constructs and modules, in
keeping with the Zen of Python: "There
should be one— and preferably only one —
obvious way to do it".

Nonetheless, Python 3.0 remained a multi-

paradigm language. Coders could still
follow object-oriented, structured, and
functional programming paradigms,
among others, but within such broad
choices, the details were intended to be
more obvious in Python 3.0 than they were
in Python 2.x.

Compatibility

Python 3.0 broke backward compatibility,

and much Python 2 code does not run
unmodified on Python 3.[34] Python's
dynamic typing combined with the plans to
change the semantics of certain methods
of dictionaries, for example, made perfect
mechanical translation from Python 2.x to
Python 3.0 very difficult. A tool called
"2to3" does the parts of translation that
can be done automatically. At this, 2to3
appeared to be fairly successful, though
an early review noted that there were
aspects of translation that such a tool
would never be able to handle.[35] Prior to
the roll-out of Python 3, projects requiring
compatibility with both the 2.x and 3.x
series were recommended to have one
source (for the 2.x series), and produce
releases for the Python 3.x platform using
2to3. Edits to the Python 3.x code were
discouraged for so long as the code
needed to run on Python 2.x.[10] This is no
longer recommended; as of 2012 the
preferred approach was to create a single
code base that can run under both Python
2 and 3 using compatibility modules.[36]

Features

Some of the major changes included for

Python 3.0 were:

Changing print so that it is a built-in

function, not a statement. This made it
easier to change a module to use a
different print function, as well as
making the syntax more regular. In
Python 2.6 and 2.7 print() is
available as a builtin but is masked by
the print statement syntax, which can be
disabled by entering from
__future__ import
print_function at the top of the
file[37]
Removal of the Python 2 input
function, and the renaming of the
raw_input function to input .
Python 3's input function behaves
like Python 2's raw_input function,
in that the input is always returned as a
string rather than being evaluated as an
expression
Moving reduce (but not map or
filter ) out of the built-in
namespace and into functools (the
rationale being code that uses
reduce is less readable than code
that uses a for loop and accumulator
variable)[38][39]
Adding support for optional function
annotations that can be used for
informal type declarations or other
purposes[40]
Unifying the str / unicode types,
representing text, and introducing a
separate immutable bytes type; and
a mostly corresponding mutable
bytearray type, both of which
represent arrays of bytes[41]
 Removing backward-compatibility
features, including old-style classes,
string exceptions, and implicit relative
imports
A change in integer division functionality:
in Python 2, integer division always
returns an integer. For example 5 /
2 is 2 ; whereas in Python 3, 5 / 2
is 2.5 . (In both Python 2 – 2.2
onwards – and Python 3, a separate
operator exists to provide the old
behavior: 5 // 2 is 2 )

Subsequent releases in the Python 3.x

series have included additional,
substantial new features; all ongoing
development of the language is done in the
3.x series.

Table of versions
Releases before numbered versions:

Implementation started – December,

1989[2]
Internal releases at Centrum Wiskunde &
Informatica – 1990[2]
 Latest micro End of full End of security
Version Release date
version support fixes

0.9 0.9.9[2] 1991-02-20[2] 1993-07-29[a][2]

1.0 1.0.4[2] 1994-01-26[2] 1994-02-15[a][2]

1.1 1.1.1[2] 1994-10-11[2] 1994-11-10[a][2]

1.2 1995-04-13[2] Unsupport ed

1.3 1995-10-13[2] Unsupport ed

1.4 1996-10-25[2] Unsupport ed

1.5 1.5.2[42] 1998-01-03[2] 1999-04-13[a][2]

1.6 1.6.1[42] 2000-09-05[43] 2000-09[a][42]

2.0 2.0.1[44] 2000-10-16[45] 2001-06-22[a][44]

2.1 2.1.3[44] 2001-04-15[46] 2002-04-09[a][44]

2.2 2.2.3[44] 2001-12-21[47] 2003-05-30[a][44]

2.3 2.3.7[44] 2003-06-29[48] 2008-03-11[a][44]

2.4 2.4.6[44] 2004-11-30[49] 2008-12-19[a][44]

2.5 2.5.6[44] 2006-09-19[50] 2011-05-26[a][44]

2.6 2.6.9[27] 2008-10-01[27] 2010-08-24[b][27] 2013-10-29[27]

2.7 2.7.18[32] 2010-07-03[32] 2020-01-01[c][32]

3.0 3.0.1[44] 2008-12-03[27] 2009-06-27[51]

3.1 3.1.5[52] 2009-06-27[52] 2011-06-12[53] 2012-04-06[52]

3.2 3.2.6[54] 2011-02-20[54] 2013-05-13[b][54] 2016-02-20[54]

3.3 3.3.7[55] 2012-09-29[55] 2014-03-08[b][55] 2017-09-29[55]

3.4 3.4.10[56] 2014-03-16[56] 2017-08-09[57] 2019-03-18[a][56]

3.5 3.5.10[58] 2015-09-13[58] 2017-08-08[59] 2020-09-30[58]

3.6 3.6.15[60] 2016-12-23[60] 2018-12-24[b][60] 2021-12-23[60]

3.7 3.7.17[61] 2018-06-27[61] 2020-06-27[b][61] 2023-06-06[61]

3.8 3.8.17[62] 2019-10-14[62] 2021-05-03[b][62] 2024-10[62]

3.9 3.9.17[63] 2020-10-05[63] 2022-05-17[b][63] 2025-10[63][64]

 Latest micro End of full End of security
Version Release date
version support fixes

3.10 3.10.12[65] 2021-10-04[65] 2023-04-05[b][65] 2026-10[65]

3.11 3.11.4[66] 2022-10-24[66] 2024-04-01[66] 2027-10[66]

3.12 3.12.0b4[67] 2023-10-02[67] 2025-05[67] 2028-10[67]

3.13 None [68] 2024-10-01[68] 2026-05[68] 2029-10[68]

Old version Older version, st ill maint ained

Legend: Latest version Lat est preview version
Fut ure release

Italics indicat es t he lat est micro version of current ly support ed versions as of 2023-07-20.

Table notes:

a. Date of last micro release.

b. Date of last non security only release.
c. Official support ended on 2020-01-01, but a
final release of the code as it appeared on
2020-01-01 was released on 2020-04-20 as
version 2.7.18.[32]
Support

See also
History of software engineering

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External links
Guido Van Rossum blog on Python's
History (http://python-history.blogspot.c
om/)

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