AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSES FOUND IN

TIKTOK

ANALISIS PROSES PEMBENTUKAN KATA YANG DITEMUKAN DI TIKTOK

IFFAH AL HIKMAH
(F022202004)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2020

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1
A. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 2
B. RESEARCH QUESTION........................................................................................................ 2
C. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 2
D. SIGNIFICANCES OF THE RESEARCH .................................................................................... 3
E. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................... 4

A. PREVIOUS STUDY............................................................................................................... 4
B. MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 6
C. WORD FORMATION PROCESSES .......................................................................................... 6
1. Compounding................................................................................................................ 6
2. Abreviation ................................................................................................................... 7
3. Blending ........................................................................................................................ 8
4. Affixation ...................................................................................................................... 8
5. Coinage ......................................................................................................................... 9
6. Conversion .................................................................................................................... 9
7. Acronyms .................................................................................................................... 10
8. Borrowing ................................................................................................................... 10
D. TIKTOK ............................................................................................................................ 11
E. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 12

A. RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 12
B. TECHNIQUES OF COLLECTING DATA ................................................................................. 12
C. THE TECHNIQUES OF ANALYZING DATA ........................................................................... 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 14

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher presents some elements starting from the background of

the research, research question, objective of the research, significances of the research.

A. Background

The development of information technology that developing in the current era of

globalization works to facilitate and provide for communication and human convenience to

obtain information. One of the developments in information technology is social media. Social

media have been growing rapidly during the past decade. However, social media does not

always provide in positive impact to people, therefore it causes them emotional.

There are some flatforms known nowadays, those are namely Instagram, facebook, and

tiktok. Instagram is a photo social application with functions of photo shooting, photo

beautifying and sharing, Jin et all (2015, p.20). Kosinski et all said that (2015, p.3), facebook

is rapidly gaining recognition as a powerful research tool for the social sciences. It constitutes

a large and diverse pool of participants, who can be selectively recruited for both online and

offline studies. Additionally, it facilitates data collection by storing detailed records of its users’

demographic profiles, social interactions, and behaviors. Tiktok is a new media platform,

Montag et all (2021) said that TikTok (in Chinese: DouYin; formerly known as musical.ly)

currently represents one of the most successful Chinese social media applications in the world.

Since its founding in September 2016, TikTok has seen widespread distribution, in particular,

attracting young users to engage in viewing, creating, and commenting on “LipSync-Videos”

on the app.

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 Social media have result in appearing of new words in a language. Social media are

believed to have contribution in creating some new words which are related to word formation

types (Adriyana 2021,p.39). However, word formation process in tiktok is differerence with

another word formation process in language such as morphological process. The process of

word formation can be see in the examples of fyp (for you page), pick me girl, pov (point of

view).

The study of word formation is dealt in morphology. Booij (2012, p.257) suggested that

morphology is the study of word formation, including the process of new word creation in the

languages of the world, and the way of forming new words are various depending on how

words are use in sentences. As a native speaker of Indonesian, writer has wonder about

knowledge of how Indonesian new words in social media are form, and every day we find and

understand new terms that we have never heard before.

Some people know how to use the words, the language use in TikTok in particular, but

they may not know how those words are created. The creation of any new words are made

through some processes of word formation.

B. Research Question

In order to get insightful understanding about the formation process about tiktok. The

researcher would like to formulate some research questions :

1. What are the most types of word formation used in TikTok?

2. How is word formation used in TikTok?

C. Objective of the Research

Based on the research questions of the research above, the researcher set the objective of

the research as follows :

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 1. To identify the most types of word formation are mostly used in Tiktok

2. To analyze types of word formation are improperly created

D. Significances of the Research

The researcher takes some significance that related to this research. Those are :

1. Theoretical significance

This research is expect to be an additional reference and contribute to future

readers as well as useful for those in need, especially in the form of linguistics like

morphology. This research is important to enrich the readers about the Word Formation

in TikTok.

2. Practical significance

This research expects to help the reader in understanding linguistics itself more

deeply, especially Word Formation in Social Media, namely TikTok.

E. Scope of the Research

This research focuses on word formation process in TIktok. The data will obtain through

document analysis use theory by Delahunty and Garvey (2010) and Plag (2003). The researcher

contrast the types of word formation use in Tiktok.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Previous Studies

A number of researches that have been conducting research about word formation

process.Firstly, Luthfiyati (2017) in her research entitle the analysis of word formation

processes in the Jakarta Post Website. The process of word formation in creation of new

English words is called derivation, one of the language phenomenon is in the practice of

language used in online news specifically Jakarta Post Website. The Jakarta Post is one of the

daily Indonesian that has used is English language. The Jakarta post presented with various

of news, such as sport, entertainment, education, etc. The purpose of this study is

identifying the most common type of derivation words that is used in the headline of ten

education articles in ‟Jakarta Post Website‟‟ in October 2015 until April 2016. This study

uses qualitative method. The result show that the most common of derivation words that is

used in headline ten article educationsin ‟‟Jakarta Post Website‟‟ in October 2015 until April

2016 is noun derivations. The researcher used qualitative research method. The writer found

17 adjective derivation words, 26 noun derivation words and 9 verb derivation words and total

all of the derivation are 52 words.

The next researcher, Mustafa (2015) in her research entitle an analysis formation process

in everyday communication on Facebook. This study aimed at looking the most common word

formation process among Malaysian Facebook users. The main objectives are to describe the

common features of word formation process used by Malaysian young adult Facebook users

and identify the causes for employing these features on Facebook communication. The result

showed that the participants used three most common word formation processes; abbreviation

(clipping, acronyms and combination of letters), blending and the use of emoticons in everyday

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communication on Facebook. Abbreviation found as the most common word formation process

among the three features with 73%. There are several reasons of this occurrence identified

through online interview of the participants. Almost all the participants provided similar

reasons for employing these features. Mainly, the participants intend to save time, fill the

communication gap or barrier among the users, indicate the group membership and show some

excitements that represent the emotions and feelings through communicating on Facebook.

The third, Puturuhu (2021) his researchers title about word formation processes in the song

Edamame by BBNO$ ft Rich Brian. He further stated that word formation is a morphological

process where new words are produced or modified and become a part of the language. This

morphology process can be found in a song that uses colloquial English. Song is a short of

musical composition of words and music. There are many genres of the song. One of them is

a Hip-Hop song. Example of a Hip-Hop song is Edamame by bbno$ ft. Rich Brian recently

went viral on Tik-Tok. Since the writer combined some words that become phrases while the

writer wrote the lyrics. The researchers analyze the data collected from the lyrics of Edamame

using a morphological approach and descriptive qualitative method. This research discussed

how the words are formed in Edamame by bbno$ ft. Rich Brian’s lyrics. From the analysis, the

researchers found eight words formation processes, which are acronyms, blending, borrowing,

compounding, conversion, clipping, derivational, and multiple processes. The researchers also

found that clipping dominates the song lyrics since the song is a Hip-Hop genre. The song

writer or the singer uses clipping words because Edamame has a fast-paced rhythm and clipped

some letters in the word because the genre of the song is Hip-Hop/Rap that mostly uses slang

words. The purpose of using colloquial language so that the listener can imagine easily and

make it more memorable.

The last researcher is Oktavia and Zaim (2022), in their research tittle is about An Analysis

of Word Formation Processes Used by Food Vloggers. The aim of this research is to analyze

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and to find out the types and the most dominant types of word formation process of words

related to food used by food vloggers. The data of this research were utterances from the food

vloggers namely Luke Martin, Trevor James, Mark Wiens, Mina Oh, Mike Chen, and Sonny

Side in their vlogs on YouTube. The data were analyzed based on several word formation

process theories. This research used descriptive method. Based on the data analysis, the result

of this researchers are 196 words containing the word formation process related to food and 7

out of 11 types of word formation process. They are (1) borrowing, (2) compounding, (3)

clipping, (4) conversion, (5) derivation, (6) inflection, and (7) multiple process. The finding

shows that this research is dominated with borrowing process with the frequency of 60 data

(31%) .

From all previous studies above it was found that similarities and differences between the

previous researchers and the present research. The similarity with the four previous studies and

this research on the theory used. While. the differences with four previous studies above is the

object of the analysis. The first researcher uses Jakarta Post Website by as an object analysis.

The second researcher uses Malaysian Facebook users as the object of the analysis. The third

researcher uses the song Edamame by BBNO$ FT. Rich Brian as the object of the analysis.

The last researcher used by food vloggers Here, the writer will use Tiktok as the different object

of analysis.

B. Morphology

The etimology of morphology is Greek : morp- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is

the study of form. In biology, morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of

organism, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land

forms. In linguistics morphology referes to the mental system involved in word formation or

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to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are

formed. Aronoff and Fudeman (2011, p.1)

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. It is concerned with the forms

of lexemes (inflection) and the processes by which lexemes are generated (word-formation).

Patterns of the form-meaning relationship between existing words are used to create new

words. Morphology cannot be thought of as 'the syntax of morphemes' or syntax below the

word level' unless there are paradigmatic links between words. Morphology contributes to the

expansion of a language's lexicon or the collection of established words, but it is not the only

source of lexical units, nor is it the source of all complex words, which also emerge through

borrowing, univerbation, and word formation.

The lexicon, an abstract linguistic idea separated from the notions 'dictionary' and mental

lexicon,' lists the established (simple and complex) words of a language. Morphological rules

serve two purposes: they outline the predictable qualities of the complex words in the lexicon

and show how new words and word forms can be created.

Morphology, as a subdiscipline of linguistics, attempts to provide sufficient language

description, build a suitable language typology, and contribute to debates on grammar

organization and mental representation of linguistic competence.

After defining what morphology is, it is important to define the scope of the study. It is

indeed talking about words but the scope may be larger than what we think. If you think that

morphology will only talk about nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs like what we learn in

grammar, this book may be thinner. In morphology, we learn about the structure of words,

which means that we learn about parts of the words (later we will know it is called morpheme),

how to form the words from a single lexeme through affixation (we will learn it through

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inflectional and derivational morphology), how words are formed (productivity of words) and

how its parts can contribute to its meaning. . (Rahayu, 2021, p.3)

What motivates linguists to pursue morphology? The first reason is that it is the

responsibility of linguists to describe and analyze the world's languages as correctly and

insightfully as possible. As a result, they must deal with morphological phenomena of a

language and, require a set of description tools. Morphology provides such tools in the form of

a set of analytic ideas. Linguists' second purpose is to create a typology of languages: what are

the dimensions along which languages differ, and how are these dimensions of variation related

and restricted? Do all languages have morphology, and if so, what sorts of morphology do they

have? Is it possible to explain the morphological similarities and differences between

languages?

Third, morphology is an investigation into the nature of linguistic systems, and thus

human, natural language. Morphology, for example, clearly demonstrates that linguistic

structure has two axes, a syntagmatic axis and a paradigmatic axis. Morphology is also used to

gain a better grasp of the nature of linguistic rules and the internal organization of natural

language grammar. As a result, we may learn more about the architecture of the human

language faculty as well as the nature of rule-governed innovation in the domain of language.

Finally, morphology can help us understand how linguistic rules work in language

perception and production, as well as how linguistic knowledge is mentally represented. This

topic is illuminated by both psychological and historical facts. Thus, morphology contributes

to the larger goals of cognitive science, which investigates human cognitive abilities. (Rahayu,

2021, p.4)

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C. Word Formation Processes

Morphology constitutes the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs)

and the way they combine in word formation (Richards, Platt & Weber (1985, p. 184). Plag

(2003) divides word formation process into four kinds such as compounding, abbreviation,

blending, and affixation. Delahunty and Garvey (2010), on the other hand, propose that word

formation process includes coinage, conversion, acronym, borrowing. In this research, the

researcher will be use the theory of word formation process from both Plag (2003) and

Delahunty and Garvey (2010) as the framework to analyze the data.

1. Compounding

Compounding refers to combining two or more words to create new word forms. Plag

(2003) says that compound is built of two (or more) independent words. It has (at least in their

original form) a meaning that involves those of their components. Compounding is other type

of morphological process in language. Besides, according to Yule (2010) compounding is

joining of two separate words to produce a single form. Then, Delahunty and Garvey (2010)

say that compounding is the process of word formation by combining two words into a new

form. In simple word, compounding defined as combination of some lexical categories such as

adjectives, nouns, verbs, or prepositions, in purpose of constructing a larger unit of word. This

combining process is very common in English. For example, home and work become

homework; fastfood → fast (adjective and adverb) + food (noun), textbook → text (noun) +

book (noun); highlight →high (adjective) + light (verb). Thus, a catfish is a kind of fish sharing

some property with a cat.

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2. Abbreviation

Plag (2003) says that the element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more

apparent in the process described as clipping. In addition, according to Delahunty and Garvey

(2010), abbreviation is the process of word formation by dropping part of the word itself.

Abbreviation is also defined as the process of word formation derived from the word that has

more than one syllable. Besides, Yule (2006) says that clipping is a process of reducing some

elements in a word, which occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter

form. O’Grady and Guzman (1996) assume abbreviation as a process where a polysyllabic

word is eliminated its one or more syllable so that it becomes shorter. For example, professor

– prof, sister – sis, brother-bro: examination ↔ exam, gasoline ↔ gas, gymnasium ↔ gym,

influenza ↔ flu, laboratory ↔ lab, mathematics ↔ math, photograph ↔ photo, telephone ↔

phone

3. Blending

Plag (2003) expresses blending is amalgamations of parts of different terms becomes a

new term. Additionally, according to Delahunty and Garvey (2010) blending is a process of

joining two separate words to create a single new word. Blending is the process of forming

words by combining two or more words by eliminating certain sections. Similarly, Yule (2010)

says that this process combines two separate forms to produce a single new term. It takes only

the beginning of one word and joins it to the end of the other word that is typically blending.

Besides, O’Grady and Guzman (1996) say that blending is two words in which their non-

morphemic components are mixed into one. However, blending is typically accomplished by

taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of other word. Some examples

that we can find in daily conversation are the words of smog which is a combination of word

smoke and fog. For instance: motor + hotel → motel, prim + sissy → prissy , simultaneous +

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broadcast → simulcast, smoke + fog → smog, Spanish + English → Spanglish ,spoon + fork

→ spork

4. Affixation

Affixation is formed by adding other morpheme or constituent into another base

morpheme or form (Matthews, 2009, p. 131; Jensen, 1990, p. 63). Plag (2003) reveals

affixation is the process of creating a new word out of an old word, usually by adding a prefix

or a suffix. According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010), affixation is a process of word

formation through the addition affixation through prefixes and suffixes. The resulting new

word will have a different meaning of the word essentially. For instance, the word happy when

it is added ‘un’, it becomes unhappy and has opposite meaning.

According to Byrd and Mints (2010). In English, there are four main types of affixation

which are called as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.

4.1.Prefixes

Initially, one of the four types of affixation is called as prefixes. Prefixes can be defined

as one or more letters attached at the beginning of the root word in order to change its

meaning or its grammatical function. It can be said that prefixes are involved at the

initial part of the root word (Asiyanbola, 2010). Prefix is classified into three types

which are number prefixes, negative prefixes, and relationship prefixes.

4.1.1 Number Prefixes

One of those three classified types of prefixes is number prefixes. Number prefixes

mean a prefix that is attached at the beginning of the root word in order to indicate the

numeral of something. The examples of the number prefixes will be shown in the table

below:

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 Table 4.1 Examples of Number Prefixes

4.2.2 Negative prefixes

Beside number prefixes, negative prefixes also classified as one of the three types of

prefixes. Negative prefixes mean a prefix that is attached also at the beginning of the

root word in order to generally indicate the negative meaning of the new word. For

example:

Table 4.2 Examples of Negative Prefixes

4.2.3 Relationship prefixes

Another group of prefixes is the relationship prefixes which mean a prefix that is

attached at the beginning of the root word in order to indicate that the meaning of the

new word has a relationship to the meaning of the prefix that attached. For example:

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 Table 4.3 Examples of Relationship Prefixes

4.2.Suffixes

Then, the other type of affixation is those affixes attached to the end of the root word

which is called as suffixes. Suffixes can be defined as one or more letters attached at

the end of the root word in order to change its meaning or its grammatical function. In

other words, suffixes are those affixes involved at the end part of the root word that can

change the word class of the root word (Asiyanbola, 2010). Suffix is classified into five

types which are noun suffixes, person suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, and

adverb suffixes.

4.2.2 Noun Sufixes

Suffixes attached at the end of the root word and change its function to be a noun are

called as noun suffixes. The examples of noun suffixes are provided in the table below:

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 Table 4.4 Examples of Noun Suffixes

4.2.2 Person Suffixes

In the other case, the suffixes attached at the end of the root word in order to indicate it

as a person who does something, related to the root word which is usually a verb, are

called as person suffixes. The examples of person suffixes are provided in the table

below:

Table 4.5 Examples of Noun Suffixes

4.2.3 Verb Suffixes

Moreover, the suffixes attached at the end of the root word in order to change its

function from noun or adjective into verb are called as verb suffixes. The examples of

the verb suffixes are provided in the table below:

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 Table 4.6 Examples of Verb Suffixes

4.2.4 Adjective Suffixes

Furthermore, the suffixes attached at the end of the root word in order to change its

function from noun or verb into adjective are called as adjective suffixes. The examples

of the adjective suffixes are provided in the table below:

Table 4.7 Examples of Adjective Suffixes

4.2.5 Adverb Suffixes

Another suffix is that the suffix attached at the end of the root word in order to indicate

it as adverb is called as adverb suffixes. The examples of the adverb suffixes are shown

in the table below:

Table 4.8 Examples of Adverb Suffixes

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4.3. Infixes

Beside attached to the beginning or the end of the root word, the affixation also can

be attached inside of the root words, this process is called as infixes. According to

Byrd and Mints (2010), infixes can be defined as an affixation attached inside a root

word which usually the root word consists of two or more words. It can be said that

infixes are surrounded by portions of the root word at the beginning or the end of it.

Furthermore, it usually indicates the pluralization. However, it is mostly used in

informal writing or speaking as slang word that is not used in polite situation. The

examples of infixes that are often used, they are:

Table 4.9 Examples of Infixes

4.4.Circumfixes

Finally, another type of affixation is the affixation attached to both the beginning and

the end of the root word which is called as circumfixes. Moreover, it can be said that

circumfix is the combination of prefix and suffix attached together to the root word to

make a new single word (Byrd & Mints, 2010). The examples of the circumfixes are

shown in the table below:

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 Table 4.10 Examples of Circumfixes

5. Coinage

According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010) coinage is the process of forming word which

is from brand name or product. This phenomenon is especially common in cases where industry

requires a new and attractive name for a product. According to Yule (2010), coinage is the

invention of totally new term. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one

company’s products that become general terms. Coinage often found in word manufacture in

industrial fields that needs a name for goods. As O’Grady and Guzman (1996) mention in the

context of word manufacture or coinage, this phenomenon can be found generally in industrial

field that needs a latest and eye-catching name for goods. Coinage is also derived from taking

the name of individual. For instance, Aqua, Samsung, Asus, Honda and so on.

6. Conversion

Delahunty and Garvey (2010) mention that conversion is a word of one type (usually a

noun) which is reducing a form to word of another type (usually a verb). According to Yule

(2010) a change in the function of a word, for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb

(without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Example of conversion is the

process whereby the noun “burglar” used and then the verb ‘burgle’ is created from it. Other

examples of words created by this process are ‘donate’ (from “donation”), ‘emote’ (from

“emotion”), ‘enthuse’ (from “enthusiasm”), ‘liaise’ (from “liaison”) and ‘babysit’ (from

“babysitter”). According to O'Grady and Guzman (1996: p. 157), conversion is the process

17
assigns as already existing word to a new syntactic category. Conversion is identified zero

derivation because there is a change in class and meaning without adding or reduces the affixes

in the word. The examples can be seen in the words below:

a) Verb derived from Noun ship (the package), button (the shirt), permit (a building), survey

(a news), walk (a long);

b) Noun derived from Verb;

c) Verb derived from Adjective dry (the clothes), empty (the box), open

(a door).

7. Acronyms

Vlietstra (2012) says, “the acronyms are listed in capital letters”. Besides, According to

Delahunty and Garvey (2010) acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set

of other words. There are the examples of acronyms ASAP (as soon as possible), NASA

(National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NASDAQ (National Association of

Securities Dealers Automated Quotations), PIN (personal identification number), TESOL

(Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages).

8. Borrowing

According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010), borrowing is the process of word formation

by borrowing or taking vocabulary of other languages. For Indonesian language, there are some

words that come from other language such as word of guru which borrows from Hindi and

word of ‘trotoar’ which is borrowed from French. Yule (2006) assumes borrowing is the

process of taking over words from other languages. Throughout history, the English language

has adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages. For instance: tycoon (Japanese)

and dope (Dutch).

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D. TikTok

According to Mou (2020, p.6) TikTok became popular platforms for marketing campaigns

because of the content being shared on these platforms are short, fun, trendy, creative and

highly interactive. In addition, Maroof (2021, p.198) said TikTok has emerged as an

application that has a micro-video featured. TikTok is one of smartphone application which

has to be provided into the creative, image-based online life of young people. Instagram is a

social networking application (app) which allows its users to share videos.If users update their

videos in Tiktok, users can write the title in their video that they created, the comments are

usually in the form such as hashtags, comments, or other writing.

E. Conceptual Framework

Word formation
processes
Delahunty, Garvey,
and Plag principles

Tiktok word Types of word

formation formation
processes processes used in
Tiktok

The differences word

formation processes used in
Tiktok and language concepts
in general

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The researcher will use a descriptive qualitative method design that focuses on analyzing

some data. Qualitative method is a kind of research procedure that generates descriptive data

in words. In this research, the writer analyzes word formation processes based on the data

which are obtained from captions, has-tags, and comment on TikTok.

In order to collect the data for this research, an instrumen of any kind is used. The

researchers instrument is a tool used to collect data of the research. The researchers will use an

application on handphone namely Tiktok.

B. Techniques of Collecting Data

Data is information collected through the research. To obtain reliable data, the researcher

must employ some data collection techniques. The technique used to collect data is an

important step in research because the research aims to collect data. Data can be collected in a

range of environments, from a variety of sources, and in a variety of ways. Doing qualitative

research has come to represent “collecting data in the form of naturalistic verbal reports”

(Smith 2008, p. 2).

C. Technique of Analyzing Data

The researcher will use some techniques of analyzing data to answer the research questions

in the first chapter. Such as:

1. The researcher analyzes word formation processes based on the data which are obtained

from captions, has-tags, and comment on TikTok.

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2. After the data obtained is more specific, the next is present the data based on the type of

Delahunty, Garvey, and Plag’s theory.

3. The final step is to conclude. After analyzing the data, the researcher makes a conclusion

that reflects the main point of the analysis types of word formation processes use in TikTok.

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