Bueno, Mark Joven S.

Computer Networking Design

OSI 7 Layers
What Is the OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that computer systems
use to communicate over a network. It was the first standard model for network
communications, adopted by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early
1980s

The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on the simpler TCP/IP model. However, the OSI
7-layer model is still widely used, as it helps visualize and communicate how networks operate,
and helps isolate and troubleshoot networking problems.

OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of the major computer and telecom companies,
and was adopted by ISO as an international standard in 1984.

Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network
nodes. It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the
devices, and is responsible for transmission of the raw data, which is simply a series of 0s and
1s, while taking care of bit rate control.

Data Link Layer

The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically-connected
nodes on a network. It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to
destination. This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies
network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access
Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit
and receive data.
Network Layer

The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets,
and reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering
the best path across a physical network. The network layer uses network addresses (typically
Internet Protocol addresses) to route packets to a destination node.

Transport Layer

The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into “segments” on
the transmitting end. It is responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end,
turning it back into data that can be used by the session layer. The transport layer carries out
flow control, sending data at a rate that matches the connection speed of the receiving device,
and error control, checking if data was received incorrectly and if not, requesting it again.

Session Layer

The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is
responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being
transferred, and closing them when communication ends. The session layer can also set
checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is interrupted, devices can resume data
transfer from the last checkpoint.

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It defines how two devices
should encode, encrypt, and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end. The
presentation layer takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it for
transmission over the session layer.

Application Layer

The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It
provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful
data to users. A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).
TCP/IP 5 Layers

Application Layer

As you might have guessed, the Application layer is where applications requiring network
communications live. Examples of these applications include email clients and web browsers.
These applications use the Transport Layer to send requests to connect to remote hosts.

Transport Layer

The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications running on different hosts.
It uses TCP for reliable connections and UDP for fast connections. It keeps track of the
processes running in the applications above it by assigning port numbers to them and uses the
Network layer to access the TCP/IP network.

Network Layer

The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network. It uses
IP addresses to identify the packet’s source and destination.

Data Link Layer

The Data Link layer is responsible for creating the frames that move across the network. These
frames encapsulate the packets and use MAC addresses to identify the source and destination.

Physical Layer

The Physical layer encodes and decodes the bits found in a frame and includes the transceiver
that drives and receives the signals on the network.
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