Dr Mai Kamal DIP 2022 1

By

Lecturer, Computer Science Department,

Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence,
Benha University

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Digital Iamge Processing Course

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Digital Iamge Processing

Course

Teams Link
https://teams.microsoft.com/l/team/19%3aV89kJ8amsbE3ssF9V0x
mGOukoYKvZIwPVey1-
EUiL4Y1%40thread.tacv2/conversations?groupId=47e1fe88-6e6b-
433e-b771-94c21eeb96c6&tenantId=ff4a48d6-4b5e-4fd3-8266-
7eafc3e6e23e

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Grading Formula

Weights of the Assessments

Final Term Examination 50
Midterm Exam 15
Practical Exam 15
Quiz 1 5
Quiz 2 5
Semester Work 10

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Text Book

R. Gonzalez, R. Woods.
Digital Ιmage Processing,
Prentice Hall, 2008.
Third Edition .

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 Digital Image Fundamentals

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History…………

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 The First Photo
 Bidwell built two machines, a transmitter and a
receiver. Then he painted two simple
pictures—black and white silhouettes of a
butterfly and a horse.

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First Digital Photograph

 Then in 1957, Russell Kirsch converted a
photograph of his three-month-old son into a
tiny digital file using an early computer.

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 History of DIP (cont…)
 1970s: Digital image processing begins to
be used in medical applications.

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.

Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Typical head slice CAT image
Tomography (CAT) scans

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History of DIP (cont…)

 1980s : The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now
used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of
areas:
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces

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 Imaging Types
 Gamma Ray Imaging(Nuclear Medicine).
 X-ray Imaging(Diagnosis).
 Imaging in Ultrviolet band(industrial inspection,
astronomical observation).
 Imaging in Visible & Infra Red band.
 Imaging in Microwave band.
The dominant application of imaging in the microwave band is wave
The unique feature of imaging radar is its ability to collect data over virtually any region at anytime, regardless of
weather or ambient lighting condition

 Imaging in Radio band.

 Imaging Modeleties using non EM Spectrum band.

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Examples: Image Enhancement

 One of the most common uses of DIP
techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc

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 Examples: The Hubble
Telescope
 Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects.
 However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
 Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this.

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Examples: Artistic Effects

 Artistic effects are

used to make images
more visually
appealing, to add
special effects and to
make composite
images.

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 Examples: Medicine

 Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,

and find boundaries between types of tissue.
– Image with gray levels representing tissue
density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges.

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Examples: GIS

 Geographic Information Systems

– Digital image processing techniques are used
extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology

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 Examples: GIS (cont…)

 Night-Time Lights of
the World data set

– Global inventory of
human settlement
– Not hard to imagine the
kind of analysis that
might be done using this
data

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Examples: Industrial
Inspection

 Human operators are

expensive, slow and
unreliable.
 Make machines do the
job instead.
 Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries.

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 Examples: PCB Inspection
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder joints are
acceptable.
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are
used.

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Examples: Law Enforcement

 Image processing
techniques are used
extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate recognition
for speed
cameras/automated toll
systems.
– Enhancement of CCTV
images.
– Fingerprint recognition.
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 Examples: HCI

 Try to make human computer interfaces

more natural:
• Face recognition
• Gesture recognition

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SOURCES OF IMAGES

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 Color Fundamentals
 Light: just a particular part of electromagnetic (EM)
spectrum that can be sensed by the human eye.
 The electromagnetic spectrum(EM) is split up
according to the wavelengths of different forms of
energy.
 Chromatic light spans the EM from approximately
400 to 700 nm.

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Sources of Digital Images

 The principal source for the images is the
electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum.
 Images can be made from any form of EM radiation.
 Sources of Digital Images
Gamma Rays
 The major uses of imaging based on gamma rays
include nuclear medicine.
 Images are produced from the emission collected
by gamma ray detectors.

Sources of Digital Images

Gamma Rays

Gamma-Ray imaging of
A starburst galaxy about
12 million light-years
away
Gamma-Ray
Imaging
Cherenkov
Telescope

Gamma-Ray Imaging
İn nuclear medicine
 Sources of Digital Images
X-rays
 The best Known use of x-ray is medical
diagnostics, but they are used extensively
industry of other areas, like security applications.

Sources of Digital Images

X-rays

X-ray images from the space

The Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Chest X-ray - Aortic angiogram – Head CT

Circuit boards – Cygnus Loop
 Sources of Digital Images
Ultra-violet
 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
 application of UV light include.
 industrial inspection, microscopy,
 laser, biological imaging,
 astronomical observation.

Sources of Digital Images

Ultra-violet

Normal corn
Smut corn
Cygnus Loop
Sources of Digital Images
Infrared

Sources of Digital Images

Infrared

infrared ("thermal") image Snake around the arm

Messier 51 in ultraviolet (GALEX), visible (DSS), and near

infrared (2MASS). Courtesy of James Fanson.
 Sources of Digital Images
Microwaves
 The dominant applications of imaging in the
microwave band is radar the unique feature of
imaging radar is its ability to collect data virtually
over any region at any time regardless of weather
or ambient lighting conditions.

Sources of Digital Images

Microwaves

Used in radar detection

applications

Spaceborne radar image of mountains

(NASA)

Synthetic Aperture Radar

System
 Sources of Digital Images
Radio Waves
 The major applications of imaging in the radio
band are in medicine and astronomy in
medicine, radio waves are used in MRI.

Sources of Digital Images

Radio Waves

MRI image slices from the brain

Sources of Digital Images
Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasonic spectrum

Ultrasonic Baby image Ultrasound image

during pragnancy acquisition device

Sources of Digital Images

Visible Light
Sources of Digital Images
Visible Light
R

G B

Digital Images based on the EM

Spectrum
An example showing Imaging in all of the bands

Visible light
 STAGES OF DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING

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What are the steps in image

processing?
 Step 1: Image Acquisition. The image is
captured by a sensor…
 Step 2: Image Enhancement. …
 Step 3: Image Restoration. …
 Step 4: Color Image Processing. …
 Step 5: Wavelets. …
 Step 6: Compression. …
 Step 7: Morphological Processing. …
 Step 8: Image Segmentation.

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 Fundamental Steps in DIP
 Material covered in book has two broad categories
• Methods having input & Output as images.
• Methods having image as input and attributes as output

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Key Stages in Digital Image

Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Image Acquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image

Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image

Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Image Segmentation
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image

Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image

Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Components of Image Processing

System
 The basic components comprising a typical general-
purpose system used for digital image processing.

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Elements of Digital Image
Processing Systems

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HUMAN EYE VS CAMERA

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 Human Visual System

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Human Visual System

 The image is formed on the retina, can help us with
processing digital images.

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 Human Visual System
 Components of eyes:
◾ The lens focuses light from objects onto the retina
◾ The retina is covered with light
receptors called cones and rods.
◾ Cones are concentrated at the
central portion of the retina and
high sensitive to color.
◾ Cones is in the number about
6 to 7 million.

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Human Visual System

 Components of eyes:
◾ The lens focuses light from objects onto the retina
◾ The retina is covered with light
receptors called cones and rods.
◾ Rods very much in number
from 75 to 150 million.
◾ Rods are distributed at retina
surface and are sensitive to low
levels of illumination

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 Image Formation in the Eye
 The colors humans perceive are determined by nature
of light reflected from an object.
 For example, if white light (contains all wavelengths)
is shone onto green object it absorbs most wavelengths
absorbed except green wavelength (color).

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Image Formation in the Eye

 Light: Source light.
 The total energy from the light source, including heat
and all electromagnetic radiation, is called radiance.
 Luminance is a measure of the light strength that is
actually perceived by the human eye.

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 Image Formation in the Eye
 Radiance is a measure of the total output of the source.
 The brightness or apparent brightness of an object is
the perceived luminance and depends on the luminance
of the surround. Brightness is a subjective,
psychological measure of perceived intensity.

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Image Formation in the Eye

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 Human Eye vs Camera

 In human eye, Muscles within the eye can be used to

change the shape of the lens allowing us focus on
objects that are near or far away.

 In ordinary camera, the lens has a fixed focal length,

and focusing at various distances is achieved by
varying the distance between the lens and the image
plane.
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Image Perception
 Image perception consists of two basic
steps:
 capturing the image with the eye.
Recognizing and interpreting the image with
visual cortex in the brain.

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 Image Acquisition
FIRST PHASE

72

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What is an Image
 An image is a visual representation of
something.
 A digital image is a binary representation of
visual data.
 These images can take the form of
photographs, graphics and individual video
frames.
 For this purpose, an image is a picture that was
created or copied and stored in electronic form.

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 Image Acquisition
 In image processing, image acquisition is an action of
retrieving image from an external source for further processing.
 Image acquisition is the first step in image processing. This step
is also known as preprocessing in image processing. It involves
retrieving the image from a source, usually a hardware-based
source.
 The image acquisition is the process of capturing an
unprocessed image from the scene by an optical device.
 It’s always the foundation step, no process is available before
obtaining an image.

1 pixel

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Image Acquisition

 Image are generated by the combination of illumination

source and reflection energy by the objects in the scene.
 Image is illumination and reflection.

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 Simple Image Acquisition
Model

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What is image in image

processing?
 An Image is a spatial representation of a two
dimensional or three-dimensional scene.
 An image defined in the "real world" is considered
to be a function of two real variables.

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 What is an Image

 A 2D function f (x,y) with f as the amplitude (e.g.

brightness) of the image at the real coordinate
position (x,y).
 Amplitude of is called the intensity or gray level.

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What is an Image
 f (x,y)= i (x,y) r(x,y)
Where, 0< i(x,y) <∞ and 0 < r(x,y) <1 .

 i (x,y) is the amount of the source illumination incident

on the scene being viewed.
 r(x,y) is the amount of the source illumination reflected
back by the objects in the scene.(if=0 totally absorption, if=1
totally reflectance).

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 What is an Image
 Image is an array or a matrix pixel (picture elements)
arranged in columns and rows.
 The 2D continuous image f(x,y) is divided into N
rows and M columns.
 The intersection of a row and a column is called as
pixel (Picture element /
image element).

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Image Pixels
 Image is a grid of squares, each of which
contains a single color (called pixel).
 This pixel is a point on the image that takes on
a specific shade, opacity or color.

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 What is Intensity in Image
Processing?
 Each point at every (x , y) is called amplitude or
intensity of an image.
 Intensity refers to the amount of light.
 For grayscale images, it’s depicted by the grey
level value at each pixel (e.g., 127 is darker than
220 and brighter than 055 for 8-bits coded images).

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Representing Digital Image

 Images representation: to convert the input data to
a form suitable for computer processing.

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 Representing Digital Image
 The pixel is usually represented in one of the
following:
– Binary - Each pixel is just black or white.
– Grayscale - A pixel is an integer with a value
between 0 to 255 (0 is completely black and 255
is completely white).
– RGB - A pixel is made up of 3 integers between
0 to 255 (the integers represent the intensity of
red, green, and blue).

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TYPES OF DIGITAL IMAGES

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 Types of Digital Images (
Binary Image )
 Images that have only two unique values of pixel
intensity- 0 (representing black) and 1 (representing
white) are called binary images.
 Each pixel is just black or white.
 Need one bit per pixel.
 It used in applications where the only information
required is general shape or outline, for example optical
character recognition (OCR).

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Types of Digital Images (

Binary Image )
 Images for which a binary representation may be suitable
include text (printed or handwriting), fingerprints, or
architectural plans.
 Binary Image is commonly used for image segmentation.

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 Types of Digital Images ( Gray
Image)
 Gray-scale images are referred to as monochrome (one-
A power of 2
color) images.
 Grayscale or 8-bit images are composed of 256 unique
colors, where a pixel intensity of 0 represents the black
color and pixel intensity of 255 represents the white color.
 All the other 254 values in between are the different
shades of gray.

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Types of Digital Images ( Gray

Image)
Pixel intensity value
Consider the following
image (2724x2336 pixels)
f(1,1) = 103 to be 2D function or a
matrix with rows and
Pixel location columns

In 8-bit representation
Pixel intensity values
rows columns change between 0 (Black)
and 255 (White)
f(645:650,1323:1328) =
83 82 82 82 82 82
82 82 82 81 81 81
82 82 81 81 80 80
82 82 81 80 80 79
80 79 78 77 77 77
80 79 78 78 77 77

f(2724,2336) = 88

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 Types of Digital Images ( Gray
Image)
 The number of bits used for each pixel determines the
number of different gray levels available.
 In applications like medical imaging and astronomy, 12
or 16 bits/pixel images are used. These extra gray levels
become useful when a small section of the image is made
much larger to discern details.

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Types of Digital Images ( RGB

Image)

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 Types of Digital Images ( RGB
Image)

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Types of Digital Images ( RGB

Image)
 Remember digitization implies that a digital image is
an approximation of a real scene.
 “RGB” represents the Red, Green, and Blue
“channels” of an image.

One pixel

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 Types of Digital Images ( RGB
Image)

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Types of Digital Images ( RGB

Image)
 The images we are used to in the modern world are RGB
or colored images.
 This is a simple extension of the grey scale model where
each pixel is composed of three colors: red, green and
blue.
 Each pixel has a particular color that described by the
amount of red, green and blue in it.


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 Types of Digital Images ( RGB
Image)
 RGB Image consists of three matrices: red, green and blue .
 A pixel in an RGB image will be of color black when the pixel value is
(0, 0, 0) and
 white when it is (255, 255, 255).
 Any combination of numbers in between gives rise to all the different
colors existing in nature. For example, (255, 0, 0) is the color red (since
only the red channel is activated for this pixel). Similarly, (0, 255, 0) is
green and (0, 0, 255) is blue.

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RGBA Image
 RGBA images are colored RGB images with an extra
channel known as “alpha” that depicts the opacity of
the RGB image. Opacity ranges from a value of 0% to
100% and is essentially a “see-through” property.
 Opacity in physics depicts the amount of light that
passes through an object. For instance, cellophane
paper is transparent (100% opacity), frosted glass is
translucent, and wood is opaque. The alpha channel in
RGBA images tries to mimic this property.

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 Types of Digital Images (
Indexed Image)
 Image has an associated color map which is
simply a list of all the colors used in that image.
 Each pixel has a value which does not give its
color (as for an RGB image), but an index to the
color in the map.

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Types of Digital Images (

Indexed Image)
 color map is a list of all the colors used in that
image.
 Without the color map the image would be very
dark and colorless.

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 Next Lecture
LEC.3: FUNDAMENTALS IN
IMAGE PROCESSING

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