CHAPTER 4. MORE VARIABLES 4.19 Suppose r = ~2, s = 6, and = 3r ~ 2s. Evaluate the following: @ et () 3r-25-¢ (>) @t=ns-1) @ tet 4.20. Simplify the expression 22 + 3b +7 —a + 2h +5 when a = ~5b. 4.21 Simplify the following: (a) (62-78) + (3a - 2b +9) (0) (Gab + 2ac + 3bc) + (2ab ~ ac — Abe) 4.22 Simplify the following: @ FAP (d) Qx° ab? (bo) Bx8yz*\(2x3y3) (ee) (-20d)? + (ed? )(-: © yy (Dab? Vaako® 4.23 Let x, yand z be positive numbers. What is the fourth root of the expression 16x yz! 4.24 Reduce the following fractions: 15a 2025 Bab (a) 4.25. Expand the following: (a) 2a+b-3e-5) ) aey(ey+ 3) 4.26 What expression must be subtracted from 2x ~ 3y +2 to give 3x + 2y? 427. Simplify the following: (a) -3w~2x45-(2w-3r-4) () 27-35) - 327 +2r-s) 4.28 Evaluate 4(x? - 2y +7) - 207 +4x +2) whenx = -y, 429° Factor the following; (@) 7x35 (© -20x3 — 1322yz (b) 2lab? - 240 (A) 1arst® + 247?st — 815% 430 Express 1 +] 4 asa single fact 3x Sy lays Tae Bal =a , 2A ~ 40 a single fraction 3a-6 * 85-16 Be racks 4.33. Solve the equation 3x + 2y +2 = 4 for x in terms of yand z, 4.31 Express asa single fraction. 4.32 Express. 702CHALLENGE PROBLEMS Imm ~ 37 —6r2 ore 88 r= ar? one 4.34 Simplify the fraction 4.35 (a) Expand the product (x + I)(y +1) (b) Expand the product (x + 3)(y - 7). 2 4.36 By what fraction can we multiply 2 to get o> Hints: 110 s 4.37 Fiona, George, and Henry each think of a different fraction. The simplest common denominator of Fiona’s fraction and George's fraction is 10ab’. The simplest common denominator of George's fraction and Henry’s fraction is 20a°b*. The simplest common denominator of Fiona’s fraction and Henry’s fraction is 4a°b. (a) Whose fraction has the highest power of 6? What is that power? (b) Whose fraction has the largest constant? (Assume all the constants in the denominators are positive.) (©. What is the simplest common denominator of all three fractions? 4.38 (a) Expand the product (x ~ 2)(x +2). (b) Factor the expression x? - y by writing it as the product of two expressions such that neither ‘expression is a constant, Hints: 73 arb in terms of x. (Source: AMC 12) Hints: 163 439 Ifx=T (witha ¢ band b # 0), then express <*> 4.40% For what values of a does the equation have no solution for x? Hints: 224 4.41% For what value of a does the equation ox-a have no solution for x? Hints: 63, 174 108CHAPTER MULTI-VARIABLE LINEAR EQUATIONS: 5.1.3 Find an ordered pair (x, y) that satisfies both of the equations below: 2x -3y=-5, 5x -2y=4. 514 (a) Find three different ordered pairs (x, y) that satisfy both of the equations below: Sr-6y=1, 15x - 18y = 3. (b)* Is it possible to find a pair (x, y) that satisfies the first equation but does not satisfy the second? 5.1.54 One solution to the equation 3x ~ 5y = —1.9 is (x, y) = (1.2, 1.1). How can we quickly find three more solutions to the equation without writing anything? Hints: 112 5.2 Substitution Fortunately, we don’t have to use trial and error to solve systems of linear equations. There are several better methods. In this section, we introduce the method of substitution. xa Problem 5.3: Consider the system of equations x+3y=4, -2x + 5y = -30. (@) Solve the first equation for x in terms of y. (b) Substitute your expression for x from the first part into the second equation. Solve the resulting ‘equation for y. (©) Use your value for y to find x. (@)_Check that your pair (x, y) does indeed satisfy both equations. Problem 5.4: Consider the system of equations 3x-2y=7, br-y=9. (@) Which variable in which equation is easiest to solve for in terms of the other variable in that equation? In other words, which variable can you isolate most easily? (b) Find the pair (x, y) that satisfies both equations. 108)5.2. SUBSTITUTION Problem 5.5: Solve the following two systems of equations. @ 34523, () —12y = 093-03, 5r 3 2x-05 = 13+08y. Jim = -F. We finished Problem 5.1 by solving a two-variable equation for one variable in terms of the other. We use this as a starting point to find a method to solve systems of linear equations ‘Problem 5.3: Solve the system of equations | x+3y=4, | 2x + 5y = -30. by solving the first equation for x and substituting the resulting expression for x in the second equation. Solution for Problem 5.3: We know how to solve one-variable linear equations. If we can convert one of our two-variable equations into a one-variable linear equation, we can then solve for that variable. We do so by solving one of the equations for one of the variables; we then substitute this expression into the other equation. The easiest variable to solve for is x in the first equation, since this won’t require any division. Subtracting 3y from both sides of x + 3y = 4 gives x=4-3y. te this expression for x into our second equation, so 2x + 5y = -2(4 — 3y) + 5y = -30. We have a linear equation! Expanding the left side gives ~8 + 6y + 5y = -30. Solving this equation, we find y = ~2. We can then find x by substituting y = ~2 into our expression for x: = 3y = 4-3(-2) = 10. Our solution to this system of equations is (x, y) 10,-2). 0 Important: One common approach to solving systems of equationsis to solve for one | variable in one equation in terms of the other variables. Then, substitute | the resulting expression into the remaining equations in the system. This use of substitution can be used to create a one-variable linear | equation from a pair of two-variable linear equations. By solving for, one variable in one equation and substituting the result into the other equation, we reduce the second equation to a one-variable linear equa- ti 108(b) We start by organizing the equations. We get the variables on one side and all the constants on. the other: 03x + 12y = 2x -08y 5.2, SUBSTITUTION 93, ‘The easiest variable to solve for in this system is x in the second equation, since all the numbers in this equation are easy to divide by the coefficient of x. We find x= 09+04y. Substituting this into our first equation gives 0.3(0.9 + 0.4y) + 1.2y = 0.93. Solving this equation gives y = 0.5. Therefore, x = 0.9 + 0.4y = 1.1, so the solution to the system of equations is (x, y) = (1.105). 0 Don’t forget to check your work when solving linear equations by making sure your solution does in fact satisfy the equations! 5.2.1 Solve each of the following systems of equi (@) x+y = 10, © 3r-4y = 37. (b) Sx = 6y~4, @) 2y = 3v44, 5.2.2 Suppose that x = 2-tand y = 4t +7. (@) Ix =7, what is y? © (b) fx =-3, whats y? ely + op ale eM ls whe 2x -3y = -32-0.2e+01y, x = 06r-y +88. Find y in terms of x. iCHAPTER 5. MULTI. JARIABLE LINEAR EQUATIONS 5.2.3. In the Exercise 5.1.4, we found several ordered pairs that satisfy both of the equations: 5x-6y=1, 15x - 18y =3, (a) Solve the first equation for x. (©) Substitute your result from part (a) into the second equation. After you simplify as much as possible, do you still have an x in your equation? Is the equation you have after simplifying true? (Q)* How does the result of part (b) tell us that every ordered pair (x, y) that satisfies the first equation also satisfies the second equation? 5.24% Solve the system of equations 13p ~ 924 = 273, 12p - 91g = 273, 5.3 Elimination Substitution is not the only tool we have for solving systems of linear equations. In this section we learn how to combine equations in order to solve them, <= > Problem 5.6: In this problem we find the solution to the pair of equations 2x+3y =-11, Sr -3y = 67. (a) Add the equations. (b)_ Find x using the equation resulting from part (a). Use x to find y. Problem 5.7: Consider the system of equations 4x -7y = 13, 2e+3y=-5. (a) By what number should we multiply the second equation to make it easy to eliminate x by adding the result to the first equation? (b) Perform the elimination suggested in part (a) to find y. Use y to find x. Problem 5.8: Solve the following system of equations using any method you like. Sx-2y=12, y~9x+22 = —2y. 1725.3. ELIMINATION Problem 5.9: Solve the following systems of equations. (a) -u+30 = 8, (bo) 2t-r=1, 10~2u = 16+40, 5t = 25r+7. Problem 5.6: Solve the system of equations 2x+3y=-11, 5x —3y = 67. Solution for Problem 5.6: We can solve this system of equations with substitution, but no matter which variable we try to solve for, we immediately have to deal with fractions. So, we look for a nicer way to turn the problem into a one-variable equation we can solve. We see that the coefficients of y in our two equations are opposites. So, if we add the two equations, the two terms with y in them will cancel: This equation is easy to solve: x = 8. We substitute this into either of our equations to get y = -9, s0 our solution is (x, y) = (8,-9). 0 Important: Sometimes we can combine equations in a system of equations in such a | ‘way that the new equation has fewer variables than either of the original equations. We call this tactic elimination because we are eliminating one of the variables in forming the new equation. A straightforward example of using elimination is exhibited in Prob- lem 5.6. We noticed that the coefficients of one variable in the two equations add to 0, so we could add the equations to eliminate the vari- able. t = a = Sometimes we have to manipulate our equations before we can eliminate a variable. 4x —7y = 13, 2x4 3y = -5. ae 5.7: Solve the system of equations Solution for Problem 5,7: Solving for one of the variables looks a little messy, but we can’t just add the equations to eliminate one of the variables. However, a little manipulation might let us use elimination Seeing that the coefficient of x in the first equation is twice the coefficient of x in the second, we multiply 1135.4. WORD PROBLEMS: InSection 8.6 we'll explore geometric explanations for these possible outcomes. 5.3.1 Solve each of the following systems of equatior (@) 3x-7y= 4, © Bay = -2y +), 2+ 7y = 6. 3x -B = 56-y. (b) 5u = -7-2v, (d) -2.5a+5b = 25, 3u = 40-25. 424 10b = 15+3.75a + 4b. 5.3.2. Describe al solutions to each of the following systems of equations: (a) 2x43y =7, (b) idx = 49-21y. 53.3 For what value of the constant a does the system of equations below have infinitely many solutions? 53.4% Leta, b, c,d, and e be constants in the system of equations ax +by=d, axtey =e. Suppose b and c are not equal and a is not 0. Must the system of equations have exactly one solution my? 5.4 Word Problems Back in Section 3.3, we tackled word problems by converting them into one-variable linear equations Sometimes, one variable isn’t enough! Sometimes, we need to define a second variable, too. But the key step is still the same:CHAPTER 5. MULTI-VARIABLE LINEAR EQUATIONS a! Problem 510: A football game was played between two teams, the Cougars and the Panthers. The two teams scored a total of 34 points, and the Cougars won by a margin of 14 points. How many points did the Panthers score? (Source: AMC 12) (a) Let the Cougars’ score be c and the Panthers’ score be p. Write two equations using the infor- ‘mation in the problem. (b) Solve the equations you found in the first part. (©) Check your answer; does your solution fit the information in the problem? Problem 5.11: Marianna has only nickels and quarters in her piggy bank. Their combined value is $9.15. Their combined weight is one pound. Ninety nickels weigh one pound. Bighty quarters weigh one pound. How many nickels does Marianna have in her piggy bank? (Source: MATHCOUNTS) Problem 5.12: Tweediedum says, “The sum of your weightand twice mineis361 pounds.” Tweedledee says, “Contrariwise, the sum of your weight and twice mine is 362 pounds.” If they are both correct, ‘how much do Tweedledum and Tweedledee weigh together? (Source: MATHCOUNTS) Problem 5.13: Two years ago, Gene was nine times as old as Carol. He is now seven times as old as sheis. (a) Find Gene's and Carol's ages now. (b) In how many years from now will Gene be five times as old as Carol? | (Source: Mandelbrot) | Problem 5.10: A football game was played between two teams, the Cougars and the Panthers. The two teams scored a total of 34 points, and the Cougars won by a margin of 14 points. How many points did the Panthers score? (Source: AMC 12) Solution for Problem 5.10: We could just keep guessing possibilities until we find the answer, but a little algebra finds the answer quickly. We convert the words to math by first defining two variables, one for each team: Let c be the Cougars’ score. Let p be the Panthers’ score. Now we convert the language in the problem into the language of mathematics. The two teams scored a total of 34 points: c+p=34, The Cougars won by 14 points: cop=14 ie