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Three Phase Transformer (2) - 1

The document describes open and short circuit tests performed on a three-phase transformer to determine its circuit parameters, efficiency, and voltage regulation without loading. The tests involve measuring voltages, currents, and power under open and short circuit conditions on the transformer's primary and secondary windings. Key results include determining the transformation ratio, equivalent circuit parameters, core and copper losses, and calculating efficiency based on the open and short circuit test results. Plots of the test data are also generated from the measurements.

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Peter Ndiso
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119 views8 pages

Three Phase Transformer (2) - 1

The document describes open and short circuit tests performed on a three-phase transformer to determine its circuit parameters, efficiency, and voltage regulation without loading. The tests involve measuring voltages, currents, and power under open and short circuit conditions on the transformer's primary and secondary windings. Key results include determining the transformation ratio, equivalent circuit parameters, core and copper losses, and calculating efficiency based on the open and short circuit test results. Plots of the test data are also generated from the measurements.

Uploaded by

Peter Ndiso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS


The open-circuit test and the short-circuit test is performed on a transformer to determine the
circuit parameters, efficiency and the voltage regulation without actual loading of the
transformer. The open-circuit and short-circuit tests give more accurate results than those are
obtained by performing the measurements on a fully loaded transformer. The principle advantage
of these tests is the power consumption is very small as compared to the full-load output of the
transformer.
Objectives
1. To determine the transformation ratio
2. To determine the transformer losses
3. To determine the efficiency of a transformer

Equipments
Three phase transformer
3 Watt meters
3 AC Ammeters
2 AC voltmeter
Connecting cables
1 Power cable

Transformation Ratio

The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage of the
transformer. It gives the information about the change in voltage level by the transformer.
Calculate the transformation ratio of the transformer at the rated voltage

1.SHORT CIRCUIT TEST


A knowledge of the equivalent circuit parameters permits the calculation of transformer
efficiency and of voltage regulation without the need to conduct actual load tests.
The short-circuit test consists of measuring the input quantities of the transformer when its
secondary winding is short-circuited and the primary winding is supplied with a suitably
decreased voltage, so that the currents in both windings are equal to the rated currents.
The input power of the transformer in short-circuit operation is coincident with the copper losses
in the transformer. In fact, the supply voltage is completely used to overcome the voltage drops
of the windings and the only flux generated is the leakage flux, whose path is almost exclusively
developed in air. Being affected by a virtually null flux (main flux), the core does not give rise to
any loss.
In this experiment, students will measure the value of the short-circuit voltage VSC and of the
power factor cosφ SC. These values are essential for the calculation of the voltage drops under
any load condition. They are useful to define the conditions of load division in case of parallel
operation with other transformers.
The power Psc measured during the test represents the total copper losses. It includes the
measured Joule effect losses due to the winding resistances and the additional losses due to the
eddy currents induced, by the leakage flux, in the mass of both the windings and the surrounding
conductive materials
By performing this experiment, the students will study the short circuit operation of a three phase
transformer while reaching the following main objectives:
- To understand the schematic diagram corresponding to the short circuit test of a three phase
transformer.
-To perform the three-phase transformer wiring connections, in order to run the short circuit
test.
-To obtain the characteristic curve related to the short circuit test (VSC - short-circuit voltage,
ISC -short circuit current)
The equivalent circuit obtained from this test is shown below.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure with the 3pole switch(Icc) in closed position and
make sure the high voltage side corresponds to the left side of connection diagram.
2. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position.
3. Switch on the main supply and turn on the variac
4. Turn on the variac slowly until the current Isc reaches the rated current value.
5. Repeat the previous steps by reducing the voltage at intervals and record the values in the
table.
6. Turn off the variac.
The characteristic curve for a short circuit test of a three phase transformer

Vsc(V) I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) Isc(A)=(I1+I2+I3/3) W1(W) W2(W) Psc(W)=W1+W2 cossc


35
30
25
20

Plot the copper losses Wsc Vsc and power factor cossc against the current Isc.

For calculations use per phase values

Data at the rated voltage


Vsc I1 I2 I3 Isc P1 P2 Psc cossc

The short circuit test is used to determine the values Req and Xeq of the series branch of the
equivalent circuit. These impedances are usually very low, but appear higher in value when
referred to the high voltage side. This test is consequently performed on high voltage side of the
transformer in order to keep the current drawn by these impedances at a manageable level.

2. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST


The low voltage side is connected to a supply of normal voltage and frequency as per the rating
of the transformer and the high voltage side is left open. The primary winding draws very low
current 3 to 5 percent of the full load current. Thus, mainly iron losses occurs in the no-load test
of a transformer indicated in the wattmeter (indicates the total losses) as copper losses is
negligible.
The test consists in determining the value of no-load current I0, the no-load power losses P0 and
the power factor cosQ0.

The open circuit test is used to determine the values of the shunt branch of the equivalent
circuit Ro and Xo

With the secondary winding left open, the only part of the equivalent circuit that affects our
measurement is the parallel branch. The impedance of the parallel branch is usually very high but
appears lower when referred to the low voltage side. This test is therefore performed on the low
voltage side of the transformer to increase the current drawn by the parallel branch to a readily
measurable level. Besides, the rated voltage on the low voltage side is lower and therefore more
manageable

The equivalent circuit obtained from this test is shown below.


PROCEDURE:
7. Connect the circuit as shown in figure with the 3pole switch(Icc) in open position and
make sure the low voltage side corresponds to the left side of connection diagram.
8. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position.
9. Switch on the main supply and turn on the variac
10. Vary the input voltage in steps of 50V until it reaches the rated value.
11. At each step change, record Io,Vo, Po and record the values in the table.
12. Turn off the variac.

The characteristic curve for an open circuit test of a three phase transformer
VOLTS(V) I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) I0(A) P1(W) P2(W) P(W) coso

50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
415

For calculations use per phase values

Data at the rated voltage


V0 I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) I0(A) P1(W) P2(W) P0(W) coso

415

Plot the characteristic curves of no-load current I0, core loss W0, against the applied
voltage V0 on the same graph paper.

Summary of open and short circuit tests


Test Voltage(V) Current (A) Power(W)
Open circuit 415 I0 P0
Short circuit 35 Isc Psc
Calculation of Efficiency from O.C. and S.C. Tests

The practical transformer has two types of major losses namely copper and core losses. The
temperature of the transformer rises due to these losses which are dissipated as heat. Due to these
losses, input power drawn by the primary no longer equal to the output delivered at secondary.
Therefore, the efficiency of the transformer is given as
Efficiency of the transformer is defined as:
η = output power/ input power
In terms of losses,
η = output power /output power+ iron losses + copper losses
consider
power output= the KVA rating of the transformer
Assume the power factor =0.8

Report
-Calculate the transformation ratio of the transformer at the rated voltage
-Plot the characteristic curves from the test results

-Determine the equivalent circuit parameters at the rated values from the test results.

(For calculations use per phase values)


-Compute the transformer efficiency at the rated values

Question
1.Which winding (LV or HV) should be kept open while conducting OC test? Justify your
answer.
2.Why are transformers rated in kVA and not in kW?

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