GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

Background Information for the Learners (BIL)

Heating Curve

Imagine that you have a block of ice that is at a temperature of -30°C, well
below its melting point. The ice is in a closed container. As heat is steadily added
to the ice block, the water molecules will begin to vibrate faster and faster as they
absorb kinetic energy. Eventually, when the ice has warmed to 0°C, the added
energy will start to break apart the hydrogen bonding that keeps the water
molecules in place when it is in the solid form. As the ice melts, its temperature
does not rise. All of the energy that is being put into the ice goes into the melting
process and not into any increase in temperature. During the melting process, the
two states – solid and liquid – are in equilibrium with one another. If the system
was isolated at that point and no energy was allowed to enter or leave, the ice-
water mixture at 0°C would remain. Temperature is always constant during a
change of state.

Continued heating of the water after the ice has completely melted will now
increase the kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the temperature will rise.
Assuming that the atmospheric pressure is standard, the temperature will rise
steadily until it reaches 100°C. At this point, the added energy from the heat will
cause the liquid to begin to vaporize. As with the previous state change, the
temperature will remain at 100°C while the water molecules are going from the
liquid to the gas or vapor state. Once all the liquid has completely boiled away,
continued heating of the steam (remember the container is closed) will increase its
temperature above 100°C.
 The experiment described above can be summarized in a graph called a
heating curve:

D E

B C

A
Figure 1. Heating Curve of Water

• Between A & B, the material is a solid. The heat supplied to the material is
used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and the temperature
rises.
• Between B & C, the solid is melting. Heat is still being supplied to the
material but the temperature does not change. Heat energy is not being
changed into kinetic energy. Instead, the heat is used to change the
arrangement of the molecules.
• At point C, all of the material has been changed to liquid.
• Between C & D, the heat supplied is again used to increase kinetic energy
of the molecules and the temperature of the liquid starts to rise.
• Between C & D, the liquid is heated until it starts to boil.
• Between D & E, the liquid is still being heated but the extra heat energy
does not change the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules. The
heat energy is used to change the arrangement of the molecules to form a
gas.
• At point E, all of the liquid has been changed into gas.
• Between E & F, the gas is heated and the heat energy increases the kinetic
energy of molecules once more, so the temperature of the gas increases.
 When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas), the
temperature will increase when it receives energy. The rate of temperature
increase will be dependent on the heat capacity of the phase in the system. When
the heat capacity is large, the temperature increases slowly, because much
energy is required to increase its temperature by one degree. Thus, the slopes of
temperature increase for the solid, liquid, and gases are different.

In the heating curve of water, the temperature is shown as heat is

continually added. Changes of state occur during plateaus because the
temperature is constant.

The change of state behavior of all substances can be represented with a

heating curve of this type. The melting and boiling points of the substance can be
determined by the horizontal lines or plateaus on the curve. Other substances
would of course have melting and boiling points that are different from those of
water. One exception to this exact form for a heating would be for a substance
such as carbon dioxide which sublimes rather than melts at standard pressure.
The heating curve for carbon dioxide would have only one plateau, at the
sublimation temperature of CO2.

Cooling Curves

Heating curves show how the temperature changes as a substance is

heated up. Cooling curves are the opposite. They show how the temperature
changes as a substance is cooled down. Just like heating curves, cooling curves
have horizontal flat parts where the state changes from gas to liquid, or from liquid
to solid. These are mirror images of the heating curve.

You will use lauric acid in a school lab to make your own cooling curve.
Lauric acid has a melting point of about 45°C and is easily melted in a test tube
placed in a beaker of hot water. The temperature can be followed using a
thermometer or temperature probe connected to a data logger. The liquid may be
cooled by putting the boiling tube in a beaker of cold water or just leaving it in the
air.

Figure 2. Cooling Curve

Note: The melting and freezing occur at the same temperature. During freezing,
energy is removed and during melting, energy is absorbed.

Energy Changes

Since Temperature is a measure of "Average Kinetic Energy", any change

in temperature is a change in Kinetic Energy. All of the diagonal line segments on
a heating or cooling curve show a temperature change and therefore a change in
kinetic energy.

During these regions, a single state of matter exists and the sample is
either getting hotter or cooler. During the horizontal line segments, there is no
change in temperature, so kinetic energy remains constant. However, all the
energy that is absorbed or released is related to changes in potential energy.

Remember the 3 Ps: Plateau, Phase change and Potential Energy Change.

Source:
https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903614/Centricity/Domain/1951/Heating
%20and %20Cooling%20Curves%20new.pdf
 Learning Competency

Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance

(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)

Activity 1: THE COOLING CURVE OF WATER

Directions: Using the curve below and the data on figure 2, describe what is
happening between each of the points:

i. A-B
ii. B-C
iii. C-D
iv. D-E
v. E-F

Activity 2: THE HEATING CURVE OF WATER

Directions: Use the cooling curve below to answer the following questions.
 Photo credit: https://sites.google.com/site/heatingandcoolingcurves/_/rsrc/1299042706797/curveexplanation/hEATING%20CURVE.png

1. In which region(s) does temperature remain constant?

2. In which region(s) does temperature increase?

3. In which region(s) of the graph does a phase change occur?

4. In which region(s) of the graph would the substance only be in one phase?

5. In which region(s) of the graph would the substance be a solid only?

6. In which region(s) of the graph would the substance be a solid and a

liquid?

7. In which region(s) of the graph would the substance be a liquid and a gas?

8. In which region(s) of the graph would the substance be a gas only?

9. In which region(s) of the graph does boiling take place?

10. In which region(s) of the graph does melting take place?

REFLECTION:

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References:

• https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-determine-the-freezing-point-of-
asolution-do-you-follow-this-process-for-every-solution

• Curriculum Guide and Teaching Guide. K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Senior High School – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Specialized Subject
• http://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/499
• courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/heating-and-cooling-
curvesalso-called-temperature-curves/
• https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903614/Centricity/Domain/1951/
Heating%
20and%20Cooling%20Curves%20new.pdf
• https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/graphs-and-heating-cooling-
curvesworksheet-6064146
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Chemis try_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)