Awp Lab 4

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DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO


ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(First Semester, Third Year)


LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

Name: Roll No:

Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

OBJECTIVES

#. Of Taxonomy level
# CLO
Topic Lectures
Investigate the effect of antenna size/length on 3 2 Guided Response–
1 radiation pattern of a dipole antenna. P
3

OUTCOME(S)

a. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve (Complex) engineering PLO4: Investigation


problems
b. an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering PLO5: Modern Tool Usage
tools necessary for engineering practice. PLO11: Project Management

RUBRICS:

Performance Exceeds Meets expectations Does not meet Score


Metric expectation (4-5) (2-3) expectations (0-1)
Engineering problem Executes calculation Minor errors in Calculations not performed or
solving correctly by hand calculations by hand performed totally incorrectly
or and/or using using math/engineering by hand or does not know how
math/engineering software software to use math/engineering
software
Use of modernComputer and software Computer and software Computer and software are
engineering tools are extensively used in are somewhat utilized, not utilized, no attempt was
the effort was put into course made at learning new
learning new software software
Total Score

TOTAL Norm. SCORE (out of 0.5)


DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)

LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

Equipment:

737 01 Gunn Oscillator


737 05 PIN Modulator
737 06 Isolator
737 03 Coax Detector
737 12 Waveguide 200 mm
737 20 Small Horn Antenna
737 21 Large Horn Antenna
737 035 Transition Waveguide / Coax
737 135 3-Screw Transformer
737 390 Set of Microwave Absorbers
737 405 Rotating Antenna Platform
737 415 Wire Antenna Set

Accessories
301 26 Stand Rod, 25 cm
501 02 BNC Cable, 1 m
648 07 Storage Tray S24-FN
737 15 Support for Waveguide Components
648 08 Partition ZW 24
301 21 Stand Base MF

Details:
Dipole antennas
Dipole are elementary forms of antennas. They are used in all of the microwave frequency ranges and on up to
the long-wave range. Its radiation properties are dependent on the ratio I/ (dipole length/wavelength). In
actual practice, the antenna length is normally between 1/3 and 5/4. With a frequency f = 9.40 GHz the
free-space wavelength is only 0 =32 mm. Thus, even the 4-dipoles have small dimensions suitable for work
in the laboratory. The dipole consists of two linear wire segments of equal length, the axes of which run co-
linearly. The distance between the wires (2) is assumed to be infinitely small and the center of the antenna is
located at the origin of the coordinate System, whereby the dipole wires (conductors) run along the z-axis.
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

Figure 1 Elementary dipole and field vectors of an outgoing wave

Generally speaking, the wire length and diameter, of a dipole, can be of almost any value. Thus, it is often
preferred to use the model with an infinitely short dipole (Hertzian dipole). Dipoles possess a distinct
directivity. In general, it emits a linearly polarized wave or receives one. Here, the polarization vector runs
parallel to the dipole axis (z-axis). The conductors of a real antenna are not ideal. This leads to a non-
sinusoidal current distribution along the antenna conductors. The better the conductivity of the antenna wires,
the less the directional diagram of the real antenna differs from the ideal antenna.
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB

EXPERIMENT # 05

is often preferred to use the model with an infinitely short dipole (Hertzian dipole). Dipoles possess a distinct
directivity. In general, it emits a linearly polarized wave or receives one. Here, the polarization vector runs
parallel to the dipole axis (z-axis). The conductors of a real antenna are not ideal. This leads to a non-
sinusoidal current distribution along the antenna conductors. The better the conductivity of the antenna wires,
the less the directional diagram of the real antenna differs from the ideal antenna.

Current distribution and vertical directional diagrams of linear dipoles


(a) half-wave dipole
(b) full-wave dipole
(c) 2 h-dipole
(d) 6 h-dipole

For mechanical reasons the wires of a real antenna must have a certain strength. The diameter of the wire
must also be larger, if we need a broad-band dipole. Both requirements reduce the slenderness of the antenna.
The degree of slenderness is the ratio:

sld
Here the following applies:

l = 2 dipole length (conductor length) D conductor


(wire) diameter (wire strength)

A change in thickness causes a change in the current distribution in the antenna. Basically, the current
distribution in a thick antenna is different to that of a thin antenna. Thus, the conductor thickness also affects
the radiation properties of a dipole antenna.

Note
In the experiments the dipole antenna is modified by attaching different extensions. The influence of these
extensions on the directional diagram is investigated.

Experiment procedure
1. Horizontal diagrams of the -dipole
• Mount the extension for the -dipole on both sides of the antenna rod. Don’t change the
alignment of the experimental set-up.
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

EXPERIMENT # 05

• The experiment procedure is equivalent to the step 1. Determine

• the 3 dB-width of the two main lobes of the dipole.

2. Horizontal diagrams of the 3/2-dipole


 Mount the extension for the 3/2-dipole on both sides of the antenna rod. Proceed as
described under step 1.

3. Horizontal diagrams of the 2-dipole


 Mount the extension for the 2-dipole on both sides of the antenna rod. Proceed as described
under step 1

4. Horizontal diagrams of the 3-dipole


 Mount the extension for the 3-dipole on both sides of the antenna rod. Proceed as described
under step 1.

5. Vertical diagrams of the /2-dipole


• A /2-dipole antenna is the device under test (DUT). Determine the directional diagram in
the H-plane. For this the experimental set-up for vertical diagrams is used.
• Mount the antenna rod (this contains the dipole and the detector diode) with the arm provided
for vertical diagrams (see cat. N0. 737 412). Mount the modified test antenna on the antenna
stand. Align the test antenna above the center of the rotating platform.

Proceed as described under step 1.

Results
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB
1. Horizontal diagrams of the -dipole
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB EXPERIMENT # 05
2. Horizontal diagrams of the 3/2-dipole
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB EXPERIMENT # 05
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB
3. Horizontal diagrams of the 2-dipole
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(First Semester, Third Year)
LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

4. Horizontal diagrams of the 3-dipole


DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(First Semester, Third Year)

LAB EXPERIMENT # 05

Discussion:

Please write the appropriate answers to following questions,

1) Please conclude your own observations on effect of increasing the length of dipole on the
directional diagram.

Increasing the length of a dipole antenna will result in a more directional radiation pattern, narrowing the
beamwidth and increasing directivity. However, increasing the length beyond a certain point can lead to
diminishing returns and complex radiation patterns

2) Are you getting directional diagrams different from what you expected? What do you think could be
the reason?

No the directional diagrams are accurate.

3) Please write down the lengths (mm) for different dipoles you have used for analysis.
Lamda = 2,3 ,3/2

4) What is a Hertzian dipole?


A Hertzian dipole is a theoretical model of a simple antenna that is commonly used to analyze and
design radio antennas. It is a very small, linear, electrically-conductive element that radiates
electromagnetic waves when an alternating current flows through it.

5) Briefly explain the summary of this lab in your own words.


A dipole antenna's radiation pattern is characterized by a figure-eight shaped pattern with the maximum radiation
occurring perpendicular to the axis of the antenna. It has two lobes, one in the horizontal plane and one in the
vertical plane, which are symmetrical with respect to the axis of the antenna. The radiation pattern depends on the
length of the dipole and the frequency of the signal it is transmitting or receiving.

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