OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson, the students must Example: A= {a,b,c,d,e}

be able to:

1. Define sets
 Null Set
2. Enumerate and define the different kinds of
A set that contains no element.
sets;
3. Perform operations on sets; Example: { } or ∅
4. Find the cardinality of a set;
5. Solve problems involving set.
 Equal Sets
Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct
Sets with the same elements.
objects. The objects are called members or elements of
a set. Example: A= {1,2,3}

Notation: ∈ means “is an element of a set” B= {3,1,2}

∉ means “is not element of a set” A= B

TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SET

1. Tabular or Roster Form  Equivalent Sets

A method where the elements are separated by Sets with the same number of
commas and enclosed by braces. elements.
Example: A= {1,2,3}
Examples:
A= {1,2,3} B= {b,c,a}
1∈A 5∉A A is equivalent to B

B= {a,b,c,d,e}
d∈B h∉B
 Joint Sets
Sets with common element(s).

2. Rule Form A={4,6,7} B= {3,6,10,11}

This is a method which makes use of the
description “x such that…” {x⃓ x..}
 Venn Diagrams
Examples: A sets can be visualized using Venn
A= {x⃓ x is a natural number less than 4} Diagrams.

B= {x⃓ x is an even integer between 0 and 8}

KINDS OF SETS

 Universal Set
A set that contains the totality of
elements under consideration. V= {A,B,C}

Example: ∪= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
SUBSET
Definition: A set A is said to be a subset of B if and
 Finite Set
only every element of A is also an element of B. We
A set that contains a countable
use A ⊂ B to indicate A is a subset of B.
number of elements.
 Example:
REMARKS:
A= {1,2,3,6} B= {2,4,6,9}
1. If there is at least one element in B but not in
A, then A is a proper subset of B. A∩B= {2,6}
2. There are two improper subsets if a given set.
(i) Every set is a subset of itself. A⊆ A
(ii) An empty set is always a subset of every SET DIFFERENCE
set. ∅ ⊆A
3. The number of subsets of a given set is 2ⁿ, Definition: Let A and B sets. The difference of A and B
where n is the number of elements of the set. denoted by A – B, is the set containing those elements
that are in A but not in B. The difference of A and B is
Example: Find the subsets of A= {a,b,c} also called the compliment of B with respect to A.
Number of subsets = 2³=8 A – B= {x ⃓ x ∈ A ∧ x ∉ B}
Subsets; One element: {a}, {b}, {c}
Two elements: {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}
Three elements or the set itself: {a,b,c}
Null set: ∅

Example:
SET OPERATIONS
A= {1,2,3,5,7} B= {1,5,6,8}
Definition: Let A and B be sets. The union of A and B,
denoted by A∪B, is the set that contains those A – B= {2,3,7}
elements that are either in A or in B, or in both.
B – A= {6,8}
A∪B= {x⃓ x ∈ A V x ∈ B}

SET COMPLIMENT
Definition: The compliment of a set A is symbolized
by A’ and it is the set of all elements in the universal
set that are not in A.
Alternate: A’= {x⃓ x ∈ ∪ ∧ x ∉ A}
Example:
Example:
A= {1,2,3,6} B= {2,4,6,9}
U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A∪B= {1,2,3,4,6,9}
A= {1,4,6,9}
Definition: Let A and B be sets. The intersection of A
and B, denoted by A∩B, is the set that contains those A’= {2,3,5,7,8,10}
elements that are in both A and B.
A∩B= {x⃓ x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B}
OTHER EXAMPLES CARDINALITY
Let U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} Definition: Let S be a set. If there are exactly distinct
n elements in S, where n is a nonnegative integer, we
A= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
say S is a finite set and that is the cardinality of S. The
B= {1,2,3,5,7} cardinality of S is denoted by n(S).

C= {2,4,6,8,10} Examples:

Find: V= {1,2,3,4,5}

A∪B’ n(V)= 5

{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∪ {1,2,3,5,7} A= {1,2,3,4…., 20}

{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∪ {4,6,8,9,10} n(A)= 20

{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} n (∅} = 0

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} CARDINALITY OF THE SET UNION

A= {1,2,3,4,5,6} If A and B are joint sets, then

B = {1,2,3,5,7} n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)

C = {2,4,6,8,10}
Find: If A, B and C are joint sets, then

A’ ∩ B’ n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) –

{1,2,3,4,5,6}’ ∩ {1,2,3,5,7} n (A ∩ C) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C).

{7,8,9,10} ∩ {4,6,8,9,10}
{8,9,10} If A and B are disjoint sets, then
n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A= {1,2,3,4,5,6} Example: In a survey involving 150 different
factories, it was found that:
B= {1,2,3,5,7}
70 purchased brand A
C= {2,4,6,8,10}
75 purchased brand B
Find:
95 purchased brand C
(A ∩ B) – C
30 purchased brands A and B
({{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∩ {1,2,3,5,7}) – {2,4,6,8,10}
45 purchased brands A and C
{1,2,3,5} – {2,4,6,8,10}
40 purchased brands B and C
{1,3,5}
10 purchased brands A, B, and C
How many did not purchase any of three brands? Examples: Determine which of the following
equations are functions and which are not functions.
First, find the number of factories that purchased any
of the three brands. 1. y = 5x + 1
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (A It must be shown that no matter what the value
∩ C) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C) of x we plug into the equation and solve, we will
get a single value of y. For instance.
= 70 + 75 + 95 – 30 – 45 – 40 + 10
When x = 1 : y = 5 (-1) + 1 = -4 resulting to an
= 135
ordered pair (-1,4)
Therefore, the number of factories that did not
When x = 0: y = 5 (0) + 1 = 1 resulting to an
purchase any of the three brand is:
ordered pair (0,1)
Total number of factories – n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 150 – 135
When x = 2: y = 5 (2) + 1 = 11 resulting to an
= 15
ordered pair (2,11)
How many purchases brands A or C?
Thus, it is a function because every value of x
n (A ∪ C) = n (A) + n (C) – n (A ∩ C) corresponds to a single value of y.

= 70 + 95 – 45
= 120 2. y = x² + 1

How many purchases brands A and B but not C? Plug again some values for x and solve for y.

n (A ∩ B) – n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 30 – 10 = 20 When x = -2: y = (-2)² + 1 = 5, giving the

ordered pair (-2,5)
How many purchased:
When x = 0: y = (0)² + 1 = 1, giving the ordered
Brand A only? pair (0,1)
n (A) – n (A ∩ B) – n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C) When x = 3: y = (3)² + 1 = 10, giving the ordered
70 – 30 – 45 + 10 = 5 pair (3,10)

Brand B only? Since, we don’t have any ordered pair with the
same first coordinates, then it is a function.
n (B) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
75 – 30 – 40 + 10 = 15
3. y² = x + 1
Substitute some values for x and solve for y.
FUNCTIONS
When x = 0: y² = 1
Definition: A function is a relation for which each
value from the set of the first components of the Applying the square root property, y = ± 1,
ordered pairs is associated with exactly one value giving the ordered pairs (0,1) and (0, -1).
from the set of second components of the ordered Since there are two values of y for value of x,
pair. giving ordered with the same first coordinates,
A function maybe denoted as y = f (x) which is read then this is not a function.
as “f of x”. A function may also be written as f : x ⇾ y,
where x is an element of the domain while y is an
element of the range. 4. x² + y² = 4
When x = 0: (0) ² + y² = 4
y² = 4 y=±2
Thus resulted to the ordered pairs (0,2) and (0,- y(x – 1) = 3x + 2
2). Since two values of y for a single value of x,
xy – y = 3x + 2
then this is not a function.
xy – 3x = y + 2
x(y -3) = y + 2
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Definition: The domain of function is the set of all
possible values of its first coordinates and the x = (y + 2)/ (y – 3)
range is the set of all possible values of its second
coordinates. If y – 3 = 0, then y = 3. Thus, y cannot be equal to
3, otherwise, the denominator will be 0.
In general, we determine the domain of each Therefore, Range = {y⃓ y ≠ 3}
function by looking for those values of x (usually
the independent variable) which we are allowed
to use. Usually, we have to avoid 0 on the bottom y = √ x+ 1
of a fraction, or negative values under square root
sign. Since the radicand must not be negative, we set x
+ 1 ≥ 0. This gives x ≥ -1. Therefore, Domain =
To find the range, we need to substitute different
{x⃓ x ≥ -1} [-1, ∞)
x values into the expression for y, to see what is
happening. Check if y is always positive or always The original equation implies that y is the
negative or not equal to certain values. Make sure principal square root of x + 1, so y is never
you look for minimum and maximum values of y. negative. Therefore, the range is:
Range = {y⃓ y ≥ 0}

f (x) = 1/x
Since the rational expression must not have a
y = ax² + bx + c
denominator 0, then x ≠ 0, but other real
numbers can be possible value of x. Therefore, y = x² + 3x + 2
Domain = {x⃓ x ≠ 0}
4 ac−b ²
To find the range, we need to solve first for x in k=
4a
term of y,
Since the expression is a quadratic expression
y = 1/x then it can satisfy any real number. Thus, domain
xy = 1 = {x⃓ x ∈ R} (-∞, ∞)

x = 1/y For the range, we need to solve first for k =

4 ac−b ²
The result implies that y ≠ 0, Therefore, Range = 4a
{y⃓ y ≠ 0}
From the given a = 1 (the coefficient of x²), b = 3
(the coefficient of x), c = 2 (the constant term)
y = (3x+2)/(x-1) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )−3 ² 1
k= =-
In the denominator, if x – 1 = 0, then x = 1. T this 4(1) 4
implies that cannot be equal to 1, otherwise, the
Since the coefficient of x² is positive then y ≥ k.
denominator will be 0. Therefore, Domain = {x⃓
Thus, Range = {y⃓ y ≥ -1/4} [-1/4, ∞)
x ≠ 1}
Another way to identify the domain and range of
To find the range, we solve for x in terms of y.
function is by using graphs. Because the domain
y = (3x+2)/(x-1) refers to the set of possible input values, the
domain of a graph consists of all the input values
shown on the x axis. The range is the set of
possible output values, which shown on the y
axis. Keep in mind that if the graph continues
beyond the portion of the graph we can see, the
domain and range may be greater than the visible
values.