Chemical Reaction

Unit 2. Changes of Matter

Chemical Reaction
Process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or
more new substances.
To represent chemical reactions, chemical equations are used.
Chemical Equation
● A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during
a chemical reaction.
● A chemical equation is a shorthand method of representing chemical reaction
using chemical symbols and formulas to indicate the reactants and the
products.
● Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction and product is
the substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
● The physical states of the reactants and products must be included.
● The letters g for gas, l for liquid, s for solid, and aq for aqueous.
Chemical Equation

KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

Remember!
The important principles to remember about chemical equations is that
every compound has a formula which cannot be altered and a
chemical reaction must account for every atom that is used.
Writing Chemical Equation
In order to be able to predict the products in a reaction, we shall consider the simple
types of reaction such as combination, decomposition, replacement (displacement),
metathesis (double displacement) and the neutralization reaction.
When writing equations we follow these steps:
a. Write the correct formulas of the reactants, if necessary.
b. Decide what type of reaction it is and thus what the products are.
c. Write the correct formula (s) for the product (s)
d. Balance the equation
Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Displacement
4. Metathesis (Double-Displacement Reaction)
5. Neutralization Reaction
6. Combustion Reaction
Combination Reactions
A combination reaction, also known as a synthesis reaction, is a reaction in
which two or more substances combine to form a single new substance. The general
form of a combination reaction is:

A+B AB
Combination Reactions
One combination reaction is two elements combining to form a compound. Solid
sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to product solid sodium chloride.

2Na(s)+ Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

Combination Reactions
Patterns for Combination Reactions
● Metal + Nonmetal → Binary compound

4AI(s) + 3O2(g) → 2AI2O3(s)

● Nonmetal + oxygen → Nonmetal oxide

2C(s) + O2 (limited)→ 2CO(g)

C(s) + O2 (unlimited) → CO2(g)
Combination Reactions
● Metal oxide + water → metal hydroxide (base)
Note: Metal oxide is sometimes called basic oxide or basic anhydride

CaO(s) + H2O(I) → Ca(OH)2(aq)

● Nonmetal oxide + H2O → oxyacid (acid)
Note: Nonmetal oxide is sometimes called acid oxide or acid anhydride

SO2(g) + H2O(I) → H2SO3(aq)

SO3(g) + H2O(I) → H2SO4(aq)
Combination Reactions
● Metal oxide + Nonmetal → oxide salt

CaO(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s)

Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a combination reaction. In a decomposition
reaction, a single substance is converted into two or more products. There may be
more than one molecule of the reactant, but there is only one substance initially. For
example, the equation

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(ℓ)
is a decomposition reaction that occurs when NaHCO3 is exposed to heat. Another
example is the decomposition of KClO3:

2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s)+3O2(g)
Decomposition Reactions
A single compound is broken down into two or more products and usually require
energy (heat, light or electricity) to take place.

AB A+B
Decomposition Reactions
Patterns for Decomposition Reactions:

● When a binary (2 elements only) compound breaks down, the products will
be those 2 elements.

Electricity
H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g)
Decomposition Reactions
● When some acids are heated, they decompose to form water and nonmetal
oxide.

H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

● When some metal hydroxides (metal combined with OH- )are heated, they
decompose to form a metallic oxide and water.

Ca(OH)2 CaO(s) + H2O(g)

Decomposition Reactions
● When some metallic carbonates (metal combined with CO3 2- ) are heated,
they decompose to form a metallic oxide and carbon dioxide.

Li2CO3(s) Li2O(s) + CO2(g)

● When metallic chlorates (metal combined with ClO3 - )are heated, they
decompose to form metallic chlorides and oxygen.

KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Decomposition Reactions
● Hydrates → salt + water

CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)

● IA bicarbonates → Carbonates + H2O + CO2

2 KHCO3 → Cu2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

● IIA bicarbonates → Metal oxide + H2O + CO2

Mg(HCO3)2(s) → Mg0(s) + H2O + CO2

Decomposition Reactions
● Carbonates → Metal oxide + CO2

Na2CO3(s) → Na2O (s) + CO2(g)

● Chlorates → Chloride + Oxygen

2KCIO3(s) → 2KCI(I) +302(g)

● Metal oxide → Metal + oxygen

CaO(s) →Ca(s) + O2(g)

Displacement Reactions
More active metal can displace a less active metal, while a less active one can’t
displace the more active. General Form:

AY + B → BY + A
Where: A & B are metals (refer to activity series)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) + MgSO4(aq) → no reaction

Displacement Reactions
List of metals arranged in the order of
decreasing activity, called electromotive or
activity series.
Displacement Reactions
● Metals above hydrogen displace hydrogen gas from an acid.

2AI(s) + 6HCI(aq) → 2AICI3(aq) + 3H2(g)

● There are also replacement reactions involving non-metals. For example, for
the halogens, the series would be fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Cl2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

I2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) → no reaction

Metathesis (Double-Displacement Reaction)
The positive ions exchange partners with the negative ions to form two new
compounds. General Form:

AX + BY → AY + BX

•
Metathesis
● All reaction neutralization involving acids and bases are actually metathesis
reaction.

AgNO3(aq) + HCI(aq) → AgCl(aq) +HNO3(aq)

Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + PbSO4(aq)

● Any carbonate, either in the solid state or aqueous solution, react with acid
to form water, carbon dioxide gas, and salt.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Neutralization Reaction
Types of neutralization reaction:

● Acid + base → salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(I)

● Metal oxide + acid → salt + water

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(I)

Neutralization Reaction

● Nonmetal oxide + base → salt +water

SO2(g) + 2NaOH → Na2SO3 + H2O

● Ammonia + Acid → ammonium salt

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

Combustion Reaction
Reaction of elements and compounds with oxygen.

C(s) + O2 (limited) → CO

C(s) + O2 (excess) → CO2

C2H4 + O2 (limited) → CO + H2O

C2H4 + O2 (excess) → CO2 + H2O

Identify each type of reaction
● 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
<

● (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ)

● 2K(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) → K2SO4(s)

● HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

Identify each type of reaction

● 2Na + CuBr2 → 2NaBr + Cu

● 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

● C + 2H2 → CH4
<<

● 2NH4NO3(s) → 2N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + O2(g)

Balancing Equation
A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms
for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the reactants and
the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the
reaction.

In chemical reactions, atoms are never created or destroyed. The same atoms that were
present in the reactants are present in the products—they are merely reorganized into
different arrangements.
Balancing Equation
To be useful, chemical equations must always be balanced. Balanced chemical equations
have the same number and type of each atom on both sides of the equation.

The coefficients in a balanced equation must be the simplest whole number ratio. Mass is
always conserved in chemical reactions.
Balancing Equation
Coefficients and Subscripts

The subscripts are part of the formulas and once the formulas for the reactants and products are
determined, the subscripts may not be changed. The coefficients indicate the number of each
substance involved in the reaction and may be changed in order to balance the equation.
Balancing Equation
Coefficients and Subscripts
You cannot change subscripts in a chemical formula to balance a chemical equation; you can change
only the coefficients!
 Balancing Equation
The simplest and most generally useful method for balancing chemical equations is “inspection,” better
known as trial and error. Steps in balancing equation using inspection method:

● Identify the most complex substance.

● Beginning with that substance, choose an element(s) that appears in only one reactant and one product, if
possible. Adjust the coefficients to obtain the same number of atoms of this element(s) on both sides.
● Balance polyatomic ions (if present on both sides of the chemical equation) as a unit.
● Balance the remaining atoms, usually ending with the least complex substance and using fractional
coefficients if necessary. If a fractional coefficient has been used, multiply both sides of the equation by the
denominator to obtain whole numbers for the coefficients.
● Count the numbers of atoms of each kind on both sides of the equation to be sure that the chemical
equation is balanced.
Balancing Equation
Diatomic Elements
● Hydrogen (H2)
● Nitrogen (N2)
● Oxygen (O2)
● Fluorine (F2)
● Chlorine (Cl2)
● Iodine (I2)
● Bromine (Br2)
Practice!
Practice!
Assessment

1. S + O2 → SO2
2. 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
3. Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
4. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
5. 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Assessment
1. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to give ammonia, according to the equation shown
below; balance this equation.
_____H2 (g) + _____N2 (g) → _____NH3 (g)
2. Zinc metal reacts with aqueous HCl to give hydrogen gas and zinc chloride, according
to the equation shown below; balance this equation.
_____Zn (s) + _____HCl (aq) → _____H2 (g) + _____ZnCl2 (aq)
3. Iron(III) oxide reacts with chlorine gas to give iron(III) chloride and oxygen gas,
according to the equation shown below; balance this equation.
_____Fe2O3 (s) + _____Cl2 (g) → _____FeCl3 (s) + _____O2 (g)
Assessment
4. Sodium metal reacts with ammonia to give sodium amide and hydrogen
gas, according to the equation shown below; balance this equation.
_____Na (s) + _____NH3 (l) → _____H2 (g) + _____NaNH2 (s)

5. Ethane reacts with oxygen gas to give carbon dioxide and water vapor,
a according to the equation shown below; balance this equation.
_____C2H6 (g) + _____O2 (g) → _____CO2 (g) + _____H2O (g)