The document discusses the key differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are more complex microorganisms that can live anywhere on Earth and have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Archaebacteria, also called archaea, are simpler microorganisms that typically live in extreme conditions and have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall. While both are prokaryotes that lack nuclei, they differ in their cell structures, metabolisms, and where they are typically found. The document provides examples of each domain to illustrate their distinguishing characteristics.
The document discusses the key differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are more complex microorganisms that can live anywhere on Earth and have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Archaebacteria, also called archaea, are simpler microorganisms that typically live in extreme conditions and have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall. While both are prokaryotes that lack nuclei, they differ in their cell structures, metabolisms, and where they are typically found. The document provides examples of each domain to illustrate their distinguishing characteristics.
The document discusses the key differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are more complex microorganisms that can live anywhere on Earth and have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Archaebacteria, also called archaea, are simpler microorganisms that typically live in extreme conditions and have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall. While both are prokaryotes that lack nuclei, they differ in their cell structures, metabolisms, and where they are typically found. The document provides examples of each domain to illustrate their distinguishing characteristics.
The document discusses the key differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria. Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are more complex microorganisms that can live anywhere on Earth and have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Archaebacteria, also called archaea, are simpler microorganisms that typically live in extreme conditions and have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall. While both are prokaryotes that lack nuclei, they differ in their cell structures, metabolisms, and where they are typically found. The document provides examples of each domain to illustrate their distinguishing characteristics.
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
All living organisms are classified into three major domains: Domain Eukaryota (eukaryotes), Domain Eubacteria (true bacteria), and Domain Archaea (archaebacteria). Domain Eubacteria includes the true bacteria. It is the largest domain that includes a large group of organisms. Eubacteria as well as archaebacterial are prokaryotes.
Eubacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single cell lacking
a nucleus and containing DNA is a single circular chromosome. Eubacteria can be either gram-negative or gram-positive; they have economic, agricultural, and medical importance. They include E. coli, Lactobacilli, and Azospirillum.
Eubacteria Characteristics
Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotic cells. They contain a circular
chromosome. Moreover, the eubacteria cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. They greatly differ in terms of morphology and physiology. Eubacterial cell type is prokaryotic. Their cells lack nucleus and cell organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Their DNA is not inside a nucleus. The size of bacteria ranges from 0.2 to more than 50 micrometers. Bacteria are usually unicellular, however, some colonies of bacteria are found as filaments or aggregates in the form of surface biofilms.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms. Their cells contain
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They produce energy and metabolites using different chemicals since their cells lack cellular organelles such as chloroplasts, nuclei, and mitochondria that perform these functions. Usually, the bacterial chromosome is circular, however, some species have two chromosomes like Vibrio cholera while other species have a linear chromosome. DNA of these cells is not linked with a histone. Rather, it is linked to different proteins.
Bacterial cells are cylindrical, spiral, spherical, or pleomorphic (irregular in
shape). Some bacteria obtain their energy from the sunlight and use carbon dioxide for obtaining carbon to perform photosynthesis to create cellular biomass. These bacteria are called photosynthetic bacteria. Among these species are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Other eubacteria species get energy through organic and inorganic material metabolism (such as from sulphur and ammonia).
Eubacteria are mostly heterotrophs, which take food from an outer source. Most heterotrophs decompose dead material or parasites that live on or in a host. Other eubacteria are autotrophs by making their own food; they are either chemosynthetic or photosynthetic. The most important autotrophic eubacteria are cyanobacteria.Respiration in eubacteria is either aerobic or anaerobic. Anaerobic bacteria undergo fermentation as an example of respiration. Archaebacteria
The archaea are prokaryotic microorganisms that reproduce asexually by
budding, binary fission, and fragmentation. They are highly specialized organisms known as ancient bacteria. Some archaea live in extreme environments such as extremely high temperatures (referred to as thermophiles) while other archaea can live in oxygen-free environments (methanogens). Halophiles are salt-loving archaea growing only in environments rich in salt, such as brines. Archaea bacteria can also be found in some parts of the human body such as the colon, mouth, and skin. Archaea bacteria are not usually pathogenic.
Bacteria is a term that was previously used to include all bacteria. Soon, two groups emerged: eubacteria or true bacteria and archaebacteria or archaea. Eubacteria and archaebacteria are the only prokaryotes found on earth. They have a common progenitor cell but different evolutionary lines. Both eubacterial and archaeal cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Even though the archaea are structurally similar to bacteria, they are different when examined at a molecular level. For example, bacterial cells usually have a peptidoglycan outer layer that varies in thickness in gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. But archaea do not have peptidoglycan. Some archaea, such as methanogens, have a pseudopeptidoglycan S layer that forms a layer to resist the internal high osmotic pressure.
The main differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Complex microorganisms Simpler microorganisms
Live anywhere on earth Live mostly in extreme conditions
Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium Lokiarchaeum, and Thermoproteus Types of Eubacteria
The domain bacteria are classified according to several characteristics
including shape (bacillus, coccus, spirochete, or vibrio), the requirement of oxygen (facultative or obligate aerobes or anaerobes), nutrition (chemosynthetic or photosynthetic, and the composition of their cell wall (Gram-positive or Gram- negative).
Eubacteria usually have one shape. However, in some cases, their shape becomes altered due to environmental conditions. Some eubacteria are normally polymorphic, such as Corynebacterium and Rhizobium.
Rounded (cocci) bacteria may be elongated, flattened, or oval. After division and reproduction, they can remain attached to each other. Diplococci means that two cells remain attached to each other after reproduction whereas streptococci mean that they are attached to each other in a chainlike pattern. Those that remain in groups of four cells and divide into two planes are called tetrads. Staphylococci are divided into different planes forming grapelike clusters or sheets. Bacilli bacteria can divide in one direction only so they have fewer forms of grouping than cocci. Bacilli can either be single bacilli, diplobacilli (pairs) or streptobacilli (chains). Some bacilli are oval and look similar to cocci therefore they are called coccobacilli. Vibrio or spiral bacteria are twisted for one or more twists so they look like curved rods. Helical bacteria are called spirilla. They have rigid bodies and look like a corkscrew.
Eubacteria are classified into several phyla. Each bacterial phylum includes species characterized by specific features. Examples are as follows:
Proteobacteria include most gram-negative bacteria. They are thought to
have arisen from photosynthetic ancestors. Proteobacteria are classified into five classes: alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, and epsilonproteobacteria. Cyanobacteria are characterized by a blue-green pigment. They perform photosynthesis as plants and algae. Many of these bacteria can fix nitrogen in the soil, therefore, they are important in agricultural fields. Chlorobi phylum consists of photosynthetic bacteria. Members of this phylum are green sulfur bacteria. Chlorobi reduces carbon dioxide during photosynthesis using organic compounds such as carbohydrates and acids. Members of this phylum diverse greatly with their rods, spiral, cocci, or budding forms. Chloroflexi members are green nonsulfur bacteria, such as Chloroflexi can perform photosynthesis. Chlamydiae members are pathogenic gram-negative cocci that have a unique cycle of development. They are transmitted from human to human by direct contact or respiratory airborne routes. Planctomycetes are budding gram-negative bacteria. Even though their DNA is similar to bacteria, their cell wall is similar to archaea. Additionally, some of them contain organelles similar to those of eukaryotes. Bacteroidetes are anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the human intestinal tract or oral cavity or intestinal tract. They are present in feces and may cause infection due to surgery or puncture wounds. Fusobacteria are anaerobic bacteria; their cell shape is either pleomorphic or spindle. Spirochaetes are coiled resembling metal springs. They are flagellated. Their flagella facilitate their movement using axial filaments. Spirochaetes are usually present in the human mouth.
Evolution of Eubacteria
Three domains of life were proposed in the 1990s based on the fact that ribosomes are different in the three types of cells (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota) after comparing the nucleotides sequence in each cell. Even though Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotes, the two domains were separated due to variation in the small rRNA subunit in both domains. Archaebacteria live in extreme environments, therefore, they are thought to be the first organisms to live on Earth. Molecular theories support the fact that genes were transferred horizontally between the three types of cells which consequently affected the evolutionary process of life.
According to the Endosymbiotic theory, some bacteria have evolved into
mitochondria and chloroplasts by gene transmission. Accordingly, mitochondria and chloroplasts were genetically transferred between different domains to continue the evolutionary process.
[Ebooks PDF] download Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition 3rd EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition Parma Italy 6 10 September 2010 1st Edition G. Matteo Crovetto full chapters
[Ebooks PDF] download Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition 3rd EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition Parma Italy 6 10 September 2010 1st Edition G. Matteo Crovetto full chapters
