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Module 17

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Module 17

Uploaded by

Shaine
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 ‘TOPIC 17 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS So far, we have learned how to differentiate a variety of functions, including trigonometric, inverse, and {implicit functions. Now, we explore the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions. Both of these types of functions are vital in application to higher mathematics. Exponential functions play an important role in modeling population growth and the decay of radioactive materials. Logarithmic functions ean help rescale large quantities and are particularly helpful for rewriting complicated expressions. Disclaimer: cis expected from the student that an extensive background on functions were taught during high school. fot his or her lecturer In Mathematies for Engineers must have taught or introduced atleast, the bases ofthese functions being part ofthe comprehensive syllabus of MFE. Therefore, a more rigorous study for these functions is up tothe student Atthe end of this lesson, the student will be able to: 1. find the derivative of exponential functions; 2. find the derivative of logarithmic functions; 1.1 ABrlef Review to Exponential Functions Exponential functions arise in many applications. One common example is population growth. For example, if a population starts with Py individuals and then grows at an annual rate of 2%, its population after 1 year is PA) = Py + 002R = Py + 002) = P4102) Itspopulation ater 2yearsis PQ) = PC) + 092PC) = PAVCLA2) = Py (1.02) In genera. ts population after years is Pe = Pe (4025 which is an exponential function. The applications of our exponential functions are also found in computing ‘compound interest in Engineering Economy. More generally, any function of the form f(x) = a, where a > 0,a + 1, is an exponential function with base a and exponent x. Exponential functions have constant bases and variable exponents, Note that a function of the form f(@) = x" for some constant ais not an exponential function but a power function, To emphasize the difference, y = 2* (exponential) y= 2x? (power) ‘The exponential function f(x) = a* is defined for all real numbers x and a* > 0, Therefore, the domain of f(x) = a is (~2,22) and the range is (0,02). Note that for a > 1, a¥ is increasing on (2,00) and a¥ > @ as x > =, whereas a* > 0 as x22, On the other hand, 0 < a < 1, @ is decreasing on (— Q.asx > 0 whereas a 9 oo asx > eo See graphs in Figure 1 ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 96 | Fage LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 a ta % igure 1.fa> 1, then a¥ is increasing on (~<,23) M0 0,b> 0,and forall rand y, aa =a"? @y =a ala =A ‘Aspecial type of exponential function appears frequently in real-world applications. This isthe natural exponential function f(x) = e* where a = e from f(x) = a®. The letter e isan irrational number with numerical value equal to 2,718281828, It was firstby Swiss mathematician Leonhard Buler during the 1720s, Although Euler did not discover the number, he showed many important connections between ¢ and logarithmic functions. We still use the notation ce today to honor Euler’s work because It appears in many areas of mathematics and because we can use itin many practical applications, For an extensive history to this number, you are encouraged to make personal readings and research. 1.2 Introduction to Logarithmic Functions Using our brief review on exponential functions, we can discuss their inverses, which are the logarithmic functions: From Figure 1, we can say that our exponential function f(x) = a" is one-to-one, with domain (—c,¢0) and range (0,00), Being one-to-one, it has an inverse function, called the logarithmic function. For anya > 0,2 % 1, the logarithmic function with base a, denoted logg, has domain (0,0) and range (—0, 0), and satisfies loga x = y if and only if a” = x. This means that a logarithmic function can be converted into an exponential function. logex=y >a =x Joga is read "logarithm of x to base a", To familiarize the relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions, here are some examples: Logarithmic Exponential og 2 = logo 0.01 = Togs 1 = en the logarithmic function becomes y = logio or simply y = logs. If the base of the logarithmic function is not indicated, it should be automatically understood that a is equal to 10. Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms. Ifa =e, then the logarithmic function becomes y = log, x. Ths is the most commonly used logarithmic function. Since this function uses naturale as its base, itis called the natural logarithm. Here, we use the notation In in place of loge. For example, loge 25 = In2s ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 97 | Fage LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 log. 0.01 > In25 loge x = Inx Note that the relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions remain the same even if I is a natural logarithm. The laws of logarithms be useful in dealing with logarithmic functions. For easy reference, here are the laws you need to remember: a,b,c > 0,4 # 1,andrisany real number, then loga(be) = loga(b) + loga(e) Product Property og(b) — loge) Quotient Property Toga(b)” = rloge(b) Power Property Toga(a) = 1 Similar Argumentand Base anal) =p Joga t= 0 Same rules can be applied to natural logarithms such as In(be) = Im(b) + Ince) Product Property in) = in) - no (uote Property Inoy = rine) Power Property In(@) = loge(e) =1 Similar Argument and Base Ob Ini=0 1.3 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Now with alittle background on the basic ideas of exponential and logarithmic functions, we obtain the following formulas for their derivatives. Refer to calculus books for a rigorous discussion and proof for these formulas. ‘An exponential function is defined by a constant raised to a function, Modifying the functions as f(x) = a and (2) =e" for an arbitrary differentiating Function ofx represented byw, the following formulas are used t ind the derivatives of exponential functions. ard natural exponential function 4 iam ale fam zal Still with w for some function of x, the derivatives of logarithmic functions are as follows: ad 1 du a Lt du ny =2.2 gyloRatl = loge ee a wax natural logarithmic function Before we find the derivatives of certain exponential and logarithmic functions, let us familiarize our laws of exponents and logarithms, 27x) log S* + logs” 5 + y)logs xlog5 + ylogS ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 98 | Fage CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE MODULE 37 6 | xlogS + ylogs = (log 5)[x + y] = (e+ y)logs Example 1 Evaluate of = 5% Solution: y= 5% isan exponential funetion with a = 5 and w es yd gan o-509 ay g-Frosf00 ®. seins(2) Example? Bvaluate 2 ofy = 3° solution 3-** isan exponential function with a = Sandu = ~4x, a gael 4 gen nome”) ale Example 3: Bvaluate of = 4y _ gsxy3ns 7135] Y geern gt & = 5 [nS] iy _ saetins?) ee ns?) Y _ gas) 2 = spin125] 4y yen Bas 4in3] -3-*[InB1] Solution 142 al dy_ diet Use quotient rule. a alzl Hecaenes dy_G-MBa+%-a+9EE-2 de @=29[o+2"m2#]-a+29 [0 aa @=29@%In2)- C4 292102) ——_—a=8F [exinz 2*In2] a a-PF 22*In2) de 0-2 2EIn2— 2% In2 + 2*In2 + 2*In2 2" In2) BF ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 99 | Page LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 ay _(2in2] ae G-7y ay 2In2? Baa ay zing ax G2 example 4 svalute 2 ofy = e*e, solution: a JF pln] ay b= ere] yd, me gel ® 4 anyon, a rag ‘) + Ce’ Ve Example 5 Bvaluate ofA ent Solution: 4 gina 4 ely = 4) Jats m anand OMY = 4 Slee re ] » a let ayaa Apply implicit aiferentiation a a gery =EO ax dy tS rsZ= Example 6: evaluate ofy = op sottion: og = eg = 10,u= 30 ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 100 | Fage CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE MODULE 37 dy a dy a dy a dy a dy a ay dx lorie = loge Example 7: Evaluate of y = log VEE. Solution: a — Aly = tog vBF5] lg VETS = logy VES dy dy oe : B24 fogs vRF3| a= 10.u= VES ® Nope de Bay 1 a oy Dig ea dx y2x +5 dx & 1 a 2 BF arogpe £ 2x45 a "Var ax“ y ay 1 f “ad ® Doge Laren? Leares a Views px + S27 Ox + 5) ay we loge ae eel ay x 4 24 toge de (2x +5)? yt Y Ld ig Iogiee = loge dx 2x+ 5 loei0 a dy loge ae "Bess Example 8 bvaluate of y= In? ~ 34-47 Solution: 4 = In(@z? - 32 +7) Be =n - 3+) dy od = Glne? 3x47] dy _1 dw a ua ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 101 | Page LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 ay 1d gen & (Foe ae TD a 1 ae aaa OD dy 2x3 dx P-3eG7 Example 9, Evaluate 2 of y = In(x + 3)*, Solution: Sy = me +9'1 dy a ve +3)" ae Taine +4) «+9 4 eae eer ap ero tera] eer ota) Alternative Solution: Example 9 can be solved through logarithmic law In(a)" = rIna. So =e +941 ay & ay = ay z ay & ay & dy & ay & 7 : line +3y41 Ltt +391 aes Example 9: ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 102 | Page LECTURE MODULE 37 CALCULUS 1: CHAPTER 2 Evaluate ofy = 4 Inde Solution 4. on Product of exponential and logarithmic functions Hb =e inde] Use product rule, dy 4 . 4 erinay rey Z = zl inan oy wy 4 a ® conan die 4 ald nat Zz le =] 1 Ina na é 1 ®

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