CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Basically, a web-based application is a software program that is stored on a remote
server and uses web technologies (e.g., Flash, Silver light, JavaScript, HTML,
CSS) and web browsers to deliver one or more functions for the end user over a
network through a browser client. The varying levels of usefulness provided by
websites have caused some debate as to what qualifies as a web application. The
determining factor is whether the website provides a service or function. If it
performs a task, no matter how insignificant, it is a web application and should be
managed as such. A web application can be as simple as Google’s search engine,
the basic concept of which is to act as a phone directory to search names, locations,
and numbers, or as complex as a word processor that enables users to store
information and download the document to their personal hard drive.

For example, the first mainstream web applications were relatively simple, but by
the late 1990s there was a push toward more complex web applications, such as
TurboTax, that are used by millions of Americans to prepare and file their income
tax returns on the web.

Web-based applications can be developed internally by an organization and then

self-hosted, cloud-hosted, or provisioned as software as a service (SaaS). Internally
developed and hosted applications evolve from legacy applications with added
web-based front ends to reduce the technical challenges of maintaining and
supporting thick clients. This approach also accommodates end point evolutionary
trends, including mobile applications and brings your own device (BYOD)
policies.

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Office management is a vital area to understand and research upon, the reason
being that in any kind of organization or an institution, the various functions with
regards to management, administration, personnel, clerical, technical, finance,
marketing, production, advertisement and so forth are carried out at a place, which
is known as office. The purpose of the office is mainly to provide services of
communication and of record; office is in fact a processing medium, it is
responsible for directing and coordinating various activities and functions of the
organization.

An office in an organizational structure is just like the brain in the human body.
Office directs and co-ordinates the activities of the various departments, the
policies of the business are planned and their implementation is ensured within an
office. All the records of the business are preserved; financial, client, employees,
production, stock, inventory etc. All the internal and the external transactions and
dealings, all kinds of correspondences are the major office functions.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background
upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this
study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study,
Scope of work, Limitation of the study and definition of technical terms.

Virtually all software used in enterprises today has the same goal which is
supporting business processes. Some processes are entirely automated, relying
solely on communication among applications, others probably rely on people to
initiate the process, approve documents the process uses and resolve any
exceptional situations that arise like incomplete information. In either case, it’s
often possible to specify a discrete series of steps known as workflow that describe
the activities of the people and software involved in the process. Once this
workflow has been defined, an application can be built around that definition to
support the business process.
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An office management is a set of activities organized hierarchically in a tree
structure. An office management consists of a sequence of connected steps. It is a
depiction of a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person, a group of
persons, an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms.
Office management may be seen as any abstraction of real work, segregated in
work share, work split or other types of ordering. For control purposes, it may be a
view on real work under a chosen aspect, thus serving as a virtual representation of
actual work. The flow being described often refers to a document that is being
transferred from one step to another.

An office management system is a model to represent real work for further

assessment, e.g. for describing a reliably repeatable sequence of operations. More
abstractly, an office management is a pattern of activity enabled by a systematic
organization of resources, defined roles and mass, energy and information flow,
into a work process that can be documented and learned. Offices are designed to
achieve processing intents of some sort, such as physical transformation, service
provision, or information processing.

Office management concepts are closely related to other concepts used to describe
organizational structure, such as silos, functions, teams, projects, policies and
hierarchies. Office management may be viewed as one primitive building block of
organizations.

The term office management is used in computer programming to capture and

develop human-to-machine interaction. An office management software aims to
provide end users with an easier way to orchestrate or describe complex processing
of data in a visual form, much like flow charts but without the need to understand
computers or programming.

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An activity represents an action in an office. It can be a complete activity that
consists of several child activities. An activity can be sequential which means that
the order of its action is specified at design time or the activity can be event driven
which means that the order of its action is determined at run time in response to
external events.

Windows office management foundation is a Microsoft technology for defining,

executing and managing offices. Windows office management foundation includes
a default set of activities that provide functionality for control flow, conditions,
event handling, and state management and communicating with applications and
services. Windows office management foundation also provides an extensible
model and designer to build custom activities that encapsulate office functionality
for end users or for reuse across multiple properties.

Windows office management foundation comes with a programming model, and

customizable office management engine and tools for quickly building office
management application on windows. It can be used to enable workflow within
line of business application, user interface page flows, document centric
workflows, human workflows, composite workflow for service oriented
applications, business rule-driven workflows and workflow for system
management. It has the ability to monitor a running office activities, examining it’s
execution in real time. Every office management system contains some number of
activities, each of which performs some aspect of that workflows function. Office
management acts as a container for these activities, providing a way to control
their lifecycles and order of execution. Windows office management foundation
aspires to support both system workflow and human office management in a
unified fashion. System office management tend to execute activities in a well-
defined, predictable ways, while human office management do not. To address
both of these requirements, windows office management foundation provides two

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built-in office management types: sequential office management capable of
executing activities in a predefined pattern and state machine office management
capable of responding to external events as they occur.

Using office management system to automate students’ registration process is very

necessary because of the flexibility and convenience it will offer both to the
institution and students. This research work when implemented will make it
possible for students to do their registration electronically on the institution’s
website. The workflow management system will then keep track of the student’s
registration process from one department of the institution to the other until the
registration process is completed. It will also give the student feedback anytime the
student log on to the school’s website to know his or her registration status. The
workflow will also create automatic database for the storage of the student’s
electronic form.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The current students’ registration process which is based on manual registration
process is characterized by lack of integrity, concurrency problem and the inability
of students to process their registration online from any place. The current manual
registration process exposes the system to lack of security of information thereby
making the students’ information to be exposed to unauthorized users. Lack of a
good database for students’ forms exposes their files to misplacement or
displacement or outright loss.

The current system does not support online registration which makes it mandatory
for the student to do their registration within the school and this involves the
transfer of this forms from hand to hand for approval and distribution for manual
storage. Therefore the proposed system which is web-based will address the

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problems of insecurity, loss of document and delays in the student registration
process.

1.3 Aim/Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to design and implement a web based office management
system. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as
follows to design and implement application software that will:

1. Automation of the student’s registration process by changing all hard copy

procedures involved to electronic media.
2. Provision of a robust database for the electronic storage of registered students’
data and at the same time reducing the number of standalone databases.
3. Generation of students’ registration number after the student have been duly
cleared.
4. The use of office management to create a process that can help in routing,
approval, tracking and scheduling of activities involved in the registration
process.
5. Using office management system to notify students of their registration status
anytime they log in on the site.
6. Provide password to prevent unauthorized users from accessing and
manipulating information.

1.4 Significance of Study

Using office management to automate and keep track of the students’ registration
process will eliminate the problems associated with the current manual students’
registration process which includes but are not limited to lack of information
integrity, concurrency problem and lack of data security.

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This project when implemented provides a common office management
technology for windows which makes it possible and easier to implement a
registration process that can rely on multiple windows applications.

It can also offer an office management framework for diverse applications that will
allow the students’ registration process to be hosted in any environment and also to
be customized for any environment.

Again, it can unify the system and human office management involved in the
students’ registration process. This will also provide support for delay in the
registration process which will provide the ability to modify a running office
management.

This project which is web-based, automates the students’ registration process,

generates students registration number, monitors the movement of the electronic
form online, notify students of their registration status anytime they log onto the
school’s website and also maintains the integrity of the information being
processed by using password to limit access to only approved individuals.

1.5 Scope and limitation of the Study

The scope of this research work is centred on the students’ registration process.
The system also creates automatic database for the storage of successfully
registered students.
Due to time constraint and limited resources, the use of biometric could not be
incorporated into the work for authentic identification of real students as well as
incorporating text message alert facilities.
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to obstruct the efficiency of the
researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in
the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

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Time constraint- The researcher will at the same time engage in this study with
other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Workflow: According to the Workflow Management Coalition glossary (1996)
workflow is defined as the automation of a business process, in whole or part,
during which documents, information or tasks are passed from one participant to
another for action, according to a set of procedural rules.

Office Management System: According to Fischer and Layna (1999) it is a

system that defines, creates and manages the execution of office management
through the use of software, running on one or more workflow engines, which is
able to interpret the process definition, interact with office management
participants and, where required, invoke the use of IT tools and applications.

Web-Based System: K.M. Hussain and D.S. Hussain (1997) opined that the term
Web-Based system refers to those applications or services that are resident on a
server that can be accessible using a Web browser and is therefore accessible from
anywhere in the world via the Web.

Internet: Behrouz and Chung (2004) in their book defined internet as a global
system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. They further opined that It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a
broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. According to them,
internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably,

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the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the
infrastructure to support electronic mail.

World Wide Web (WWW): Commonly called the Web, is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents contained on the Internet as noted by Sanjay Sharma (2006).
With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images,
videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks.

JAVA: Java s a fully computational object-oriented language. As such, it is a

suitable vehicle for conventional standalone programs or applications, which is the
main use of the language today. Java is also a multithreaded language and this
feature makes it a highly scale able language for programs that execute on web
server. Consequently, in recent years there has been increasing use of java for
server SID, or server programming.

Employer: a person or organization that employs people.

Employee: a person employed for wages or salary, especially at nonexecutive

level.

W-4 tax form: is a form completed by an employee to indicate his or her tax
situation (exemptions, status, etc.) to the employer. The W-4 form tells the
employer the correct amount of tax to withhold from an employee's paycheck.

Office management: is a profession involving the design, implementation,

evaluation, and maintenance of the process of work within an office or other
organization, in order to sustain and improve efficiency and productivity.

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 CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction
According to Coalition Glossary (2012), office management and automation of a
business process, is the way in which documents, information or tasks are passed
from one participant to another for action, according to a set of procedural rules.
Office management is a term used to describe the tasks, procedural steps,
organizations or people involved required input and output information, and tools
needed for each step in a business process.

According to Rohit Upadhyay et al. (2015), the term office automation refers to all
tools and methods that are applied to office activities which make it possible to
process written, visual, and sound data in a computer-aided manner. Office
automation is intended to provide elements which make it possible to simplify,
improve, and automate the organization of the activities of a company or a group
of people (management of administrative data, synchronization of meetings, etc.).
Considering that company/organizations require increased communication, today,
office automation is no longer limited to simply capturing hand written notes. In
particular, it also includes the following activities:
1. Exchange of information
2. Management of administrative documents
3. Handling of numerical data
4. Meeting planning and management of work schedules
In an automated system, all these tasks are performed using computer or
information technology. Various computer-based systems are used for office
automation. The following computer-based systems are used in many offices for
office automation:

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 i. Document Management System
ii. Message Handling System
iii. Office Support System

Document Management System: Document management system consists of

different applications that are used to prepare documents. These applications are:
 Word Processing: It is used to create and edit documents. The documents
may include letters, memos, proposals, reports, newsletters and brochures
etc.
 Desktop Processing: It is used to make the documents more attractive by
inserting photos and graphics into the documents.
 Spreadsheet Software: It is used to manage and to process data in rows and
columns.
 Reprographic: It is the process of reproducing multiple copies of a
document.
 Image Processing: It is used to scan images and to store them into
computer. These images can be inserted into the document.

Message Handling System: Message handling system is used to send and receive
message electronically from one location to another. In most of the offices, the
messages are sent and received through computer network and facsimile (Fax). For
example, e-mails or voice mails are sent and received through Internet.

Office Support System: Office support system is used to coordinate and manage
the activities of work group. The members of the work group can share their work
and co-ordinate with each other. Groupware and desktop organizers are examples
of office support system.

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Web-Based Management System
In today’s world, technology plays a great role in an organization and helps to
achieve objectives effectively and efficiently by handling their processes with the
turbulent environment. So, organizations need to adopt technology and the main
purpose of web-based ATI management systems is to help ATI to manage various
operations including student data, administrative, and functional operations
efficiently.

There are numerous definitions for web-based management system. According to

the Piccoli, (2012) web-based management system is a type of information systems
that has widely spread and becomes one of the most important resources in
providing the key organizational activities such as automation of everyday tasks
and decision making process.

Further web-based ATI management system makes the information flow quicker
and more accessible and institutional system is more centralized and easier to keep
updated. Also ATI system is needed for all parties involved in education, parents,
student, academic and non-academic staff in ATIs and parent interest usually is to
have a better and quicker way to communicate with academic staff of their children
or the ATI administration. They get more involved as they can get up-to-date
information about the ATI events, student results and attendance instead of the
current annual system. As well as administrators apply their knowledge of hit and
miss approach in scheduling classes which wastes manpower and much time
unnecessarily that does not utilize the current technology.

It is different from course or Learning Management Systems (LMS) as ATIs have

different needs towards learning process in social manner as well as the
educational structure has some nuances compared to general education Institutes.

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2.2 Computer Systems and Other Related Concepts
The introduction of computer into information technology has massively improved
the information need of organization; the success of this machine is dependent on
the knowledge base. Therefore, one can be prompted to ask aloud “what is a
computer”. Funk (1980), defined a computer as an electronic device that can
perform automatically and at a high speed a sequence of logical operations
according to instructions given to it inform of a pre-arranged program.
Anigbogu, (2000) defined a computer as an electronic device capable of accepting
data and instructions, processing the data based on the instructions to generate
results or output in such a manner that is yet to be equalled by any other known
machine to mankind.

Chimezie, (1990) stated that Computers are looked upon as obedient servant’s who
are ever ready to free man from tedious procedures and produce results as
compared with human computing time.

Obilikwu, (1995) described computer as a machine that is capable of accepting

input data, store and process the data based on instructions given by the computer
user and in this way produce expected results generally called output. These
definitions of computer would lead us to answer the question “what is a program?”

In his definition Obilikwu, (1995) defined a program as a sequence of instructions

given to the computer to perform a specific operation. From Encarta
Encyclopaedia, computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to
perform some processing function or combination of functions. The above
definitions of computer clearly demonstrated the limitless area of operations of
computer in as much as such task is programmable. Computer is applicable in

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virtually all areas of human endeavour ranging from Agriculture, Education,
Business, Sports, Entertainment, Medicine, Construction and Military etc.

French (1992), in his book titled” computer Science” fourth edition, he relates the
relevance of computer to management and stated that a company needs
information in which to base decisions concerning the current operations and
future plans. It requires the information to be timely and accurate. He then cited the
example of the use of computer in the area of management control to production
and stated “production must be able to respond quickly to changes in demand and
other circumstances. To do so require the provision of up to date information this is
accurate and timely”.

Aluko, (1991) stated that “in virtually any job whether clerical, technical, business,
or professional; whether it is a banking, medicine, education etc. Computers are
useful tools” and that “computers are tools with which we calculate, measure,
assess, store, retrieve, regulate and monitor information”. Hence, the blood and life
wire of any system is information. A typical system (Education, Management etc.)
cannot survive without good management information system (MIS).

Management Information System (MIS) are information systems, typically

computer-based, that are used within an organization. The concept of Management
Information System is a complex variable although Murdick, (1971), simplified it
when he said “there is probably no more challenging and diversified subject than
management theory, system theory and computer science”.

Admission processing system, result processing system, course registration system

is typical information processing system or organizational information system on
candidates’ admission and performances. World Net describes an information

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system (IS) as “a system consisting of the network of all communication channels
used within an organization, and includes software and hardware”. It may also be
defined as “a system that collects and processes data (information) and provides it
to mangers at all levels that use it for decision making, planning, program
implementation and control.

The aim of information system to admission, registration and result processing in

universities is improving the quality and accuracy of information provided to all
involved as well as assisting universities in compiling and reporting information.
The information system (IS) has common data set on admission, admittance
regulations of different universities and admission procedures.
Computerization is a social process for providing access to and support for
computer equipment to be used in activities such as teaching, accounting, writing,
designing, circuits, file processing etc. Computerization entails social choices
about the levels of appropriate investment and control over equipment and
expertise, as well as choices of equipment.

Dunlop and Kling (1991), by the early 1990s, computing and telecommunications
accounted for half of the capital investments made by private firms. However,
paper (1980) Feigenbaum and McCorduck (1983) and Yourdon (1986) stated that
the most fervent advocates of computerization have argued that the actual pace of
computerization in schools, factories and homes is too slow.

Taylor (1980), classified computer-based education includes both computer-

assisted instruction programs that interact with students in a dialogue and a broader
array of educational computer applications such as simulations or instruction in
computer programming. There is major national push for extended application of
computer based education at educational levels. For example, in the mid-1980s

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private several colleges and Universities required all their freshmen students to buy
a specific kind of Micro-computers and others invested heavily in visions of
“wired Campus”.

Kling (1983) avers that computer-based education has been promoted with two
different underlying ideologies in all levels of education. Some educators argue
that computer- based instructional approaches can help fulfil the traditional values
of progressive education: the simulation of intellectual curiosity, initiative, and
democratic experiences. For examples, (1984) has argued that computerized
universities are qualitatively different than traditional universities: College students
with micro computers in their dorm rooms will be more stimulated to learn because
they will have easy access to instructional materials and more interesting problems
to solve.

Papert, (1979) argues that in a new computer based school cultivate, students will
no longer simply be taught mathematics. These visions portray an enchanted social
order transformed by advanced computing technologies. Other advocates are a bit
less romantic, but not less enthusiastic.
Computers can provide a unique vehicle for this transmission”. Hence, it is
important to note that computer-based education goes a long way in helping the
students as well as the staff to effectively make use of the computerized course
registration system. It also helps in convincing the stakeholders of the importance
and need for adopting the computerized admission, registration and result
processing system as it provides effective and accurate handling of student’s files.

Therefore, a computerized course registration system is usually a system, which is

implemented with a computer to achieve the utmost efficiency and desired goals.

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In well developed countries, where education systems are computerized; course
registration system should be and/or is one of the modules contained in the college
portal. A “College Portal” therefore is personalized software that captures the
entire education business process and makes all operations accessible via the web,
thus allowing schools to effectively serve all stakeholders, students, lecturers,
administrators and parents. It provides many functionalities including Admissions,
Registration, Financial Services (transactions- processing), Exams & Records,
Grading, Staff Management, Facility Management, Student self-care (My school),
Alumni Records, Library and College shop, etc and supports workflow and
messaging and provides other collaboration tools and advanced reporting engines.

Russell, M. (1987), dealt extensively on the need for the use of computers on such
data base system like computerized course registration system. In the words of
Dimorji, (2003) at the centre of any information system is a database, which is any
collection of related information grouped together as a simple item. The term can
also apply to the ways in which information is catalogue used analyzed, stored and
used manually.

Russell was also of the view that without a computer, effective handling of
Candidates’ records cannot be achieved effectively. According to him, “The oxford
University has more than ninety- six thousand student’s records. No person would
precisely remember the details of these records”. The computer is the most
possible application to retain an unlimited number of records with the utmost
current updating possibilities.

This is true as can be seen as posited by Eloba, (1992) Computer in school record
keeping, Technical Education Today, Vol. 3 No182. “That at a department with
over a thousand candidates, with the use of computer, all qualified for admission

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only 100 candidates need to be chosen. With the ranking of the scores or grades of
the candidates, the management is in position to choose best candidates with the
best results with ease and on time” with the use of computer. Again, many
computerized systems have become more than tools they are environments that
people sometimes find hard to change and so on.

Kling and Suzanne (1988), argue that we have much to learn about future uses and
consequences of computerization by carefully examining past and present
experiences. Knowing full well how the University program is being run
(manually), studying the past and present experiences energize the idea of
computerization of the board or the program.

Also, Kling, (1994) illustrates that systems being computerized offers exciting
possibilities of manipulating large amount of information rapidly with little effort
to enhance control, to create insights, to search for information, and to facilitate
cooperative work between people.

2.3 Computer Systems and Data Processing

Computers are key features of the electronic office, and it is important to be aware
of the reasons why they process information better than a manual system.
The functions of computers in information or data or result processing include:
1. To process information or result more quickly.
2. To handle bigger volumes of processing.
3. To undertake complex processing.
4. To process information more reliably i.e. with less chance of error mistakes.
5. To process information at less cost than a manual system.
6. To improve the scope and quality of management information.

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2.3.1 Data Processing Stages
Whatever method, or combination of methods, is used it will be seen that result
will pass through the same basic stages in the processing cycles. The result
processing stages are:
 Input (act of receiving result for processing)
 Sorting (arranging result in a desired order to make processing quicker and
easier).
 Processing (operating on result in order to obtain desired result).
 Storage (filling away of result for later use).
 Output (result of processing).
 Control (regulating the different result processing functions to ensure that the
result is being processed effectively).

2.3.2 Modes of Data Processing

1. Batch Processing: It is a technique by which items to be processed must be
coded and collected into groups or batches prior to processing. A batch consists
of either a convenient number of records or a collection of records relating to a
given period, i.e. daily, weekly, monthly, etc. accumulated until a sufficient
number are present to justify mass updating of master file.
2. Real - time Processing: The processing of result in a sufficiently rapid manner
so that the results of the processing are available in time to influence the
current activity or process being monitored or controlled. The processing is
applied to the master file as they happen and result is obtained from the system
on demand.
3. On-line Processing: It concerns the equipment which is connected or
reengaged and functioning with the CPU and main program e.g. teletype units,
consoles, card-reader, OCR readers, VDU etc. it is at least a one-way
communication between operators at terminal and the CPU.

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4. Time-sharing Processing: The system interacts with many users, giving each
of them fast individual attention on a time slice basis. Multi programming is
necessary in a time-sharing system (Murdick, 1971).

2.4 Theoretical Framework

The management theory of Max Weber
The Max Weber theory of management, sometimes called bureaucratic
management theory, is built on principles outlined by Frederick Taylor in his
scientific management theory. Like Taylor, Weber advocated a system based on
standardized procedures and a clear chain of command. Weber stressed efficiency,
as did Taylor, but also warned of the danger of emphasizing technology at the
expense of emotion.
Systems theory
Systems Theory is based upon the analytic division of the natural world into
environment and systems. This division constitutes the major foundational,
axiomatic philosophical assumption of Systems Theory. On the one hand there is
an infinitely complex ‘environment’, and on the other hand there are self-
replicating systems. Systems are engaged in processing information. Systems also
model the environment, and can respond adaptively to environmental changes. The
planet earth presumably began as pure ‘environment’ with only simple, self-
organizing physical and chemical systems which arose by the chance contiguity of
components and energy. For instance, the water cycle is a system by which water
molecules associate and dissociate in processes such as evaporation and
condensation. More complex systems can only be built incrementally, so that over
time, simple physical and chemical systems must have evolved into complex
biological systems such as those observable and biological systems eventually led
to the social systems generated by human culture.

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A system might therefore include entities such as a single cell, a multi-cellular
organism such as human or social organizations of varying sizes from a
corporation, to the UK National Health Service, to a whole nation. For any given
analysis, the 'environment' is everything that is external to such a system under
consideration. Systems are actually defined in terms of processes, but sometimes
processes coincide closely with physical structures so that a cell's environment
might (approximately) consist of everything outside the cell, including other
systems such as other cells, the whole organism and other organisms.

For a human organization such as an autonomous hospital, the environment

external to the system might include physical aspects such as climate and
geography, but also other organizational systems such as politics, the law and the
media. Management systems (where they occur) are a form of social organizational
system which is engaged in modeling the organization it manages. For a system of
management, everything other than itself is ‘environment’, but the organization
that is being managed constitutes the most immediate environment.

2.5 Empirical Framework

Much empirical work has attempted to test the role of social capital relative to
socio-economic outcomes such as income, poverty, crime rate, health and so on.
Cross sectional analysis represents the main and still most popular econometric
methodology used so far. The reasons why this standard practice has been
dominating empirical papers are at least two. Firstly, the use of survey-
questionnaires allows social scientists to capture different aspects of the life, habits
and social conditions of individuals that might affect their wealth. However, very
often this type of data set is based on a particular year and it is not always repeated
consistently in subsequent years. Even when surveys are conducted with a regular
frequency, this might not always occur on a yearly basis.

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Secondly, opinions and perceptions about attitudes, codes of conducts, norms,
values and trust are not likely to change dramatically on a yearly basis. On the
contrary, unlike popular economic variables such as investment, consumption and
unemployment, these “opinion-shaped-variables” might require a remarkable
length of time in order to change (for instance it is likely that my opinion about
trusting other people in general might remain unchanged from one year to another.
This means that it might take more than three or four years for an opinion about a
particular value to change). Hence, under these circumstances, panel or time series
analysis might not produce the expected outcome. Hence, more “consistent”
analysis might apply pooled cross section methodologies that allow the social
scientist to detect, at least, the co-movements of the aggregate variables over a
period of time that is above the year. The merit of these approaches is to include
socio-economic variables in the model specification in order to capture what, quite
reasonably, the pure economic model leaves aside (Charley: 2010). However, the
lack of data and a not yet established theoretical framework reduce somehow the
consistency of the empirical analysis leaving large room (Maybe too large and too
often) for the author’s interpretation of the results.

Relative to this issue, Durlauf and Fafchamps (2004) identify some of the main
problems which are common in the empirical literature of social capital.

Firstly, in analysis at the individual level, it is not always clear whether individual
returns from social capital are good indicators of aggregate returns. For instance
the employment relationship might create informal networks where individual
returns to social capital (inside the network) might exceed social returns and
therefore generate unequal outcomes by reinforcing the insider-outsider system.

22
Secondly, model specifications might raise problems of exchangeability linked to
the problem of choosing the control variables in the regression. This problem refers
to the choice of a model that is not correctly specified. In this sense, the model
does not work across different contexts. In other words, observations and specific
models should be comparable across different contexts. The unlucky alternative
would be that “the residuals in the sample will contain forms of heterogeneity that
call into question the placement of the observations in a common regression”
(Durlauf and Fafchamps, 2004) with the unhappy consequence of a specific model
that work only for that particular case study and from which it is not able to deduct
any “general regression” useful for other studies and cases.

Thirdly, some empirical analysis might suffer from model uncertainty and more
precisely from parameter heterogeneity.

23
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the
methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall
validity and reliability. The methodology section answers two main questions:
How was the data collected or generated? How was it analyzed? Methodology can
properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods appropriate to a field of
study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge.

Research may be very broadly defined as systematic gathering of data and

information and its analysis for advancement of knowledge in any subject.
Research attempts to find answer intellectual and practical questions through
application of systematic methods. Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines
research as "studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or
experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of
accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such
new or revised theories or laws". Some people consider research as a movement, a
movement from the known to the unknown.

A research methodology or involves specific techniques that are adopted in

research process to collect, assemble and evaluate data. It defines those tools that
are used to gather relevant information in a specific research study. Surveys,
questionnaires and interviews are the common tools of research. The organized
questioning and exploration either by hypothesis formation or scientific testing of
any inquisition or query by following a set of standard rules and procedures is
defined as research methodology. Research methodology is applied on two

24
important types of research process which involves basic research and applied
research. Basic research includes the work or research that has not been done
before. On the other hand, applied research involves the work that has already been
done.

3.2 Source of data collection

During the research work, data collection was carried out in many places.
Ingathering and collecting necessary data and information needed for system
analysis, two major fact-finding techniques were used in this work and they are:
(a) Primary source
(b) Secondary source

Primary Source
Primary source refers to the sources of collecting original data in which the
researcher made use of empirical approach such as personal interview and
questionnaires.
Secondary Source
The need for the secondary sources of data for this kind of project cannot be over
emphasized. The secondary data were obtained by the researcher from magazines,
Journal, Newspapers, Library source.

3.2.1 Method of Data Collection

In the investigation proper, several methods of data collection were employed
which includes interviewing of office representatives, evaluation/inspection of
forms and direct observation. These methods were adopted to ensure the validity of
data collected and relevance of the result after processing the data.

25
3.2.1.1 Interviewing
In view to investigation, office representatives, final year course adviser, as well as
undergraduate students who are potential users of the proposed system were
interviewed. This method yields the most profitable result as it is obtained by
physical contacts; hence a first-hand knowledge of the various processes involved
is obtained by speaking to the operator of the system. The essential element of the
interview is obtained directly and in a short time than when other methods are
employed since the interviewer is with the interviewed.

3.2.1.2 Evaluation and Inspection of Documents

Close examination of some documents was carried out and it proved to be an
important method in the course of the investigation. Through the inspection, some
deductions and inference, which are of immense benefit to this research, were
drawn.

3.3 Problems of the Existing System

Due to the manual means being used by the university, in keeping information
about student’s examination processing, a lot of problems are encountered which
includes:
1. Students overtly or covertly register more credits units
2. Results hardly come out on time for students to know the courses to register
for the next semester in case of any carry-over.
3. There is no uniformity in the mode of course registration.
4. Loss of vital documents as the filing system is manual
5. Takes a lot of time to retrieve a particular student’s results.

26
3.4 Proposal of New System
The new system which is a web based system office management system that will
automate in real time the processing of student information which hitherto is done
manually. The new system will cut process short which in turn will save man hour.
Students’ data will be stored in a well-managed database as compared with the way
they are stored in the old system which make retrieval of file a herculean task.

3.5 Objectives of the New System

This study is motivated by the desire to enhance the process of managing and
handling the activities been carried out in an office environment with the view of
eliminating any form of error which normally occurs while handling the office
documents. The functionality of the new system must meet and support the user’s
requirements and needs.
The new system should be able to eliminate the duplication and redundancy in the
database.

The new system should be able to eliminate the voluminous paper work of the
existing system and produce timely management report. It should have a clearly
defined content of the past records of every student.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.0 Introduction
4.1 System Analysis
System analysis is the process of studying an old system with the intention of
improving on it through better procedures and methods. The purpose of the study
is to analyse the manual system and identify where the problem lies. According to
E.C and Chapman R. J. “system analysis is defined as the method of determining
how best to use computer with other resources to perform tasks which meet the
information needs of an establishment. Before moving into the major system
design building blocks of this new system we need to analyse the existing system
and identify their weakness. An effective analysis can be done by classifying the
overall objective in the organization and by determining which document and
information are needed to achieve the desired objective. Furthermore, there is
need to examine the current data process collection and general information needs.

An observation of the method of processing documents in some selected schools in

Aba shows that they use manual mode of data processing to process documents
which include results of the students among others.

System Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system
by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before
planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how
computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.

System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system. System
Analysis and Design

28
(SAD) mainly focuses on:
 Systems
 Processes
 Technology

4.1.1 Analysis of input

The input to the system is the student’s information form. This form is used for
recording student’s data, school management details and signals that form the input
to the system.

4.1.2 Processing of Input

Based on the data collected from various students, an analysis is carried out. The
data are processed to obtain the accurate information on student record as need.
The proposed Result Processing System will contain the following modules:
Login Page: This page provides fields for the login details of the user.
Admin Page: This page gives access to creation of accounts such as the enroller
(course adviser), the validator (head of department) accounts. Other accounts such
as schools, departments, courses, course units, etc are as well created by the admin
through this page.
Enrolment Page: The enroller here is the course adviser of the respective levels
and departments. His duty is to create students’ accounts and validation thereof.
Validation Page: This page is strictly for the head of department. He validates the
record of the students created and populated by the enroller (course adviser)
through this page. After his/her validation, the access to edit record for the
particular student by the course adviser is terminated.

29
4.1.3 Output
The output design was based on the inputs. The report generated gives a
meaningful report to the management. The system designed generated the
following reports.
1. Students’ semester result
2. Students’ session result
3. Transcript
4. Score Sheet
5. General Register
6. Students’ personal record
These outputs can be generated as soft copy.

4.2 Analysis of Facts Gathered

Using simple random sampling, 3 tertiary institutions in Aba were randomly
selected and their staffs were interviewed and analysis of their responses was given
below.
The respondents were asked to rate the old system of office management as regards
to processing student information in their school. Below were their responses.

Table 1: Rating of the Old System

RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE %

HIGHLY 27 18
EFFICIENT
EFFICIENT 33 22
HIGHLY 65 43
INEFFICIENT
INEFFICIENT 25 17
TOTAL 150 100

30
Source: field survey, 2022

The old system that is in use was rated efficient by 40% of the respondents while
60% of the respondents rated it inefficient.
On the question on whether they would want web based office management system
introduced in their school, the distribution of their responses were as in the table
below:
Table 2: Response on the Need for Computerization

RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE

%
YES 85 57
NO 45 33
UNDECIDED 20 10
TOTAL 150 100
Source: field survey, 2022

Table 3: is it really difficult to update previous data/information

RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE
%
YES 85 57
NO 45 33
UNDECIDED 20 10
TOTAL 150 100
Source: field survey, 2022

Table 4: How is the manual system?

RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE

31
 %
GOODD 85 57
BAD 45 33
UNDECIDED 20 10
TOTAL 150 100
Source: field survey, 2022

Table 5: How is the new system?

RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE
%
GOOD 85 57
BAD 45 33
UNDECIDED 20 10
TOTAL 150 100
Source: field survey, 2022

Table 6: Is the old system more preferable than the new system?
RESPONSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE
%
YES 45 57
NO 85 33
UNDECIDED 20 10
TOTAL 150 100
Source: field survey, 2022

4.3Design of Input and Output of the Proposed System

Data and storage is considered to be the heart of any information system. The
computer cannot accept data in human readable form, such as speech or a hand

32
written document. It is necessary therefore to present data to the computer in a way
which provides easy conversion into its own electronic pulse-based forms. This is
achieved by supplying data using input devices such as a keyboard, which converts
it into machine sensible form and also produces output through monitor and
printer.

Edit/Add payroll Details::

First name:
Last name:
Other names:
Martic number:
Session:
Sex:
Department:
Level:
Phone:
Email:
Date/time of payment
Password

Pay student[ name]

4.3.1 System Flowchart

33
4.4 Programming Language Used
The new system is implemented using Java and Java Script. This is because the
programming language has the advantage of easy development. Flexibility and it
has the ability of providing the developer/programmer with possible hints and it
produces a graphical user interface.
i. PHP has its root in C and C++. PHP syntax is most similar to C and C++
language syntax, so programmers find it easy to learn and manipulate.
ii. PHP can run on both UNIX and windows. Hence it is compatible across
various operating systems.
iii. PHP has powerful output buffering that further increases over the output
flow. PHP internally rearranges the buffer so that the header comes
before the content.
iv. PHP is platform independent: this is because it is parsed by the web
browser hence compatibility issues do not arise when code written in
PHP is ported to a different platform.

34
 v. PHP can be used with a large number of relational database management
systems, runs on all of the most popular web servers and is available to
many different operating systems.
vi. PHP is fully an object oriented programming language and its platform
independence and speed on LINUX servers help to build large and
complex web applications.
vii. PHP has also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide
building blocks and design structure to promote Rapid Application
Development (RAD). Some of these include cake PHP, code igniter, Yii
framework and Zend framework.
PHP IDS add security to any PHP application to defend against intrusion. PHPIDS
detects cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, header injection, directory
traversal, remote file execution, local file execution and Denial of Service (DOS).

4.5 System Implementation

The full implementation of this project is to eliminate the old manual system and
its deficiencies and run a full automated result processing system to improve the
overall effectiveness and efficiency of the academic process. System
implementation involves the following: system testing, evaluation, and
deployment.
4.5.1 System Testing and Evaluation
As the implementation process is completed and the system becomes operational,
it becomes necessary to test and evaluate the newly designed system to ascertain it
optimal performance.

Testing

35
The new system was tested to determine if it is in accordance with the user
specification, if it has any semantic errors, runtime errors, logic errors, and syntax
errors and to correct any bugs that might be present.
Testing of the new system involves detailed measure of performance of the new
system against standards which form the basis of comparison to ensure that the
new system holds true to the advantages it should have over the old system without
posing any complications of its own.

Evaluation
System evaluation is the continuous monitoring of the system to determine if is
working effectively and following the standard specification of the system. It has
to do with assessment of the system to determine the efficiency and effectiveness,
profitability, usability and viability with regards to the original intentions.

4.5.2 System Deployment

The deployment of this project is to eliminate the old manual system and its
deficiencies and run a full web based office management system to improve the
overall effectiveness and efficiency of office administration. For the system
deployment to be effective, the following areas of activities were to be carried out
effectively.

4.5.3 Change over Procedure

There are three ways of changing over to a new system; they include

 Direct change over

 Parallel change over
 Pilot change over

4.5.4 Direct Change Over

36
In this method of change over, the new system is used alone; no reference is made
to any particular system. It involves the introduction of completely new system.
The condition for this new system exist when there is no similarity between the
existing and proposed system, also when there is slack of work and the analyst
must be confident that the system must work.

4.5.5 Parallel Change Over

Here, the old and new systems are run concurrently using the same inputs. The
outputs are compared and reason for differences resolved until new system has
been proved satisfactory. At this point, the old system is discontinued and the new
system takes its place.

4.5.6 Pilot Change Over

This involves the changing over of parts or small portions of the system, either in
parallel or directly.

Training of Operators and Users

There is the need to train the potential users of this application on the mode of
operation of the new system. The training of the officials will be based on their
interaction with the system. The software is designed to be more user friendly for
easy access to all the user and operators that have the administrative
privileges/permissions.

File Conversion
File conversion plans must be prepared and arrangements made for parallel runs
before phasing out the old system. The files in the manual process should be input
into the new system database using Postages Plus.
For this product software, I recommend a test-run on the process using test-data
which can be readily generated from previous patient’s record. This should be done

37
severally so that any error noticed can be readily corrected before switching fully
to the new system.

4.6 System Requirement

This is for the implementation of the web application software. For effective and
efficient functioning of the system, the following hardware and software
specifications are recommended.

Software Specifications
The following minimum software specification is needed:
Microsoft Windows 8 Home and Professional Edition (Professional Service Pack
2, 3)
Java 6.0 or any newer version
Postages Plus 8.3
Apache Tomcat server 5.0 or any newer version

Hardware Requirements
This system was designed to run on any personal computer. The following
minimum hardware specification is needed:
Intel dual core processor
VGA or SVGA LCD Monitor
1GB RAM
24 x CD ROM Drive
500GB Hard Drive
Keyboard
Printer
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

38
5.1 Summary
This research work focuses on the use of web based office management system
with emphasis on course registration, result processing for tertiary institutions. The
work covers the manual system of operations as regards the problems identified,
stating the aims of the new system, stating the various specifications and then
implementing the programs. The work was successfully developed using Java
programming language, a user- friendly programming language, and the package
was tested and improved upon which yielded an automated course registration,
examination processing and transcript processing system. The project work cannot
be said to be perfect, but however, its benefits cannot be overemphasized. It has led
to the improvement in the speed of processing operation, efficiency, accuracy and
improved storage of data.

5.2 Conclusion
Realizing a project of this nature is very exciting. However, the students encounter
a lot a problem which I believe if looked into, will go a long way toward reducing
the tension associated with the design implementation and construction of the
project.

In spite of the constraints encountered during the implementation of this project,

the aim of my project is well accomplished.
Moreover, an attempt to accomplish this project has taken care of the delay
between examination and result processing with minimum mistakes. This has also
forced me to learn, practically, what is involved in the design and implementation
or computerization of project (existing or non-existing).
5.3 Recommendations

39
Based on the achieved objective of this project and the experiences gained during
its designed and implementation, the researcher wish to make the following
recommendations for future improvement:

Tertiary institutions should computerize their result processing system for greater
efficiency, neatness, and reliability. This will go a long way to save the student all
the trouble they go through trying to get their results in one form or the other.

REFERENCES

40
Anigbogu, S. O. (2000). Computer Application and Operation First Edition. Awka:
Optimum Press (Printers, Publisher and Designers).
Blementhal, S.C. (1999). Management Information System New Jersey: Hall Inc,
Eaglewood.
Brian, K. W. & Stacey C. S. (2003). Using Information Technology: A Practical
Introduction to Computers & Communications. McGraw-Hill Irwin,
Montreal.
Beynon-Davies, C. (2000) Rapid application development (RAD): an empirical
review," European Journal of Information Systems.
Demir, K. (2006) School management information systems in primary schools, the
Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 5.
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget (2009). The Bureau of the
Budget". Office of Management and Budget.
Eloba, P. C. (1998). Computer in School Record Keeping Technical Education.
Ikeja, Lagos State: Ekon Press.
French, C. S (1992), Computer Science. Fourth Edition doubles Precisionaldine
Place, London. Webster Publication, Ltd.
Kola, A. (2005). “An Assessment of the Academic Achievement of Students in
Two Modes of Part-Time Programme in Nigeria” in the International
Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning.
Moses, E. E. (2008). “A Real-Time IKBS for Students Results Computation”,
International Journal of Physical Sciences (Ultra Scientist of Physical
Sciences) Volume 20, Number 3(M).
Osaula, E. C. (1978). Introduction to Research Methodology, Ikeja, Lagos
State:Ekon Press. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
Ofoegbu, F. A. (2009). Development of a Computer Programme to Calculate
Students GPA and CGPA Using Java”. A final year project in the
Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
Popoola, R. T. (2004). Time sharing and multi programming. Ibadan: J&T
Publishers.
Richard, M. (2000). Creating database using Microsoft access. Mumbai: Krish
publication.
Shimon, M. (1989). How to Use VISUAL BASIC 6.0. First Edition. U.S.A,
Indianapolis, Indiana 46290. Division of Macmillan Computer Publishing.
Tata, (1995). Database Management Systems. Tata Consultancy Services, Nariman
Point, Bombay, India.
Vossen, G. F. (1991). Data Models, Database Languages and Data base
Management Systems. U.S.A: Adison Wesley Publishing Company.

41
Wikipedia, the free Encyclopaedia, Structured System Analysis and Design
Methodology. Latest update.

APPENDIX A

42
SOURCE CODES

Index.php

<?php

require_once 'library/config.php';

require_once 'library/functions.php';

checkUser();

$content = 'main.php';

$pageTitle = 'Office Management System';

//$script = array();

require_once 'include/template.php';

?>

Login.php

<?php

require_once 'library/config.php';

require_once 'library/functions.php';

$errorMessage = '&nbsp;';

if (isset($_POST['txtUserName'])) {

$result = doLogin();

if ($result != '') {

$errorMessage = $result;

?>

<html>

43
<head>

<title>Office Management System- Login</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

<link href="include/admin.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT;?>include/style.css" rel="stylesheet"

type="text/css">

<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT;?>include/main.css" rel="stylesheet"

type="text/css">

</head>

<body>

<br/>

<br/>

<table width="900" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"

class="graybox">

<tr>

<td><img src="images/complains.jpg" width="900" height="120"></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0"

cellpadding="20">

<tr>

<td class="contentArea"><form method="post" name="frmLogin"

id="frmLogin">

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<table width="350" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"

bgcolor="#336699" class="entryTable">

44
<tr id="entryTableHeader">

<td>:: User Login ::</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td class="contentArea">

<div class="errorMessage" align="center"><?php echo $errorMessage; ?></div>

<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" class="text">

<tr align="center">

<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

<tr class="text">

<td width="100" align="right">User Name</td>

<td width="10" align="center">:</td>

<td><input name="txtUserName" type="text" class="box" id="txtUserName"

size="30" maxlength="40"></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td align="right">Password</td>

<td align="center">:</td>

<td><input name="txtPassword" type="password" class="box" id="txtPassword"

size="30" maxlength="40"></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="100" align="right">User Type </td>

<td width="10" align="center">:</td>

45
<td><label>

<select name="utype" class="box">

<option >&nbsp;&nbsp;--- Select User --- &nbsp;</option>

<option value="admin">&nbsp;&nbsp; Administrator &nbsp;</option>

<option value="customer">&nbsp;&nbsp; Customer &nbsp;</option>

<option value="employee">&nbsp;&nbsp; Staff &nbsp;</option>

</select>

</label></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>

<td><div align="right">New Customer <a href="register.php">Register

Here</a></div></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="3"><div align="right"><a href="forget-password.php">Forget

Password</a></div></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
46
<td><input name="btnLogin" type="submit" id="btnLogin" value=" Login Now "
style="font-size:14px;color:#0066FF;padding:5px 8px;"></td>

</tr>

</table></td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</form></td>

</tr>

</table></td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>Powered By: <a href="http://www.Springlight.org/">Springlight

Technology</a></p>

</body>

</html>

Register.php

<?php

require_once 'library/config.php';

require_once 'library/functions.php';

$errorMessage = '&nbsp;';

if (isset($_POST['txtUserName'])) {

//echo $_POST['txtUserName'];

$result = doRegister();

if ($result != '') {
47
$errorMessage = $result;

?>

<html>

<head>

<title>Office Management System - Login</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

<link href="include/admin.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT;?>include/style.css" rel="stylesheet"

type="text/css">

<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT;?>include/main.css" rel="stylesheet"

type="text/css">

<script type="text/JavaScript">

<!--

function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01

var p,i,x; if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {

d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}

if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i]

[n];

for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++)
x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);

if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;

function MM_validateForm() { //v4.0

48
 var i,p,q,nm,test,num,min,max,errors='',args=MM_validateForm.arguments;

for (i=0; i<(args.length-2); i+=3) { test=args[i+2]; val=MM_findObj(args[i]);

if (val) { nm=val.name; if ((val=val.value)!="") {

if (test.indexOf('isEmail')!=-1) { p=val.indexOf('@');

if (p<1 || p==(val.length-1)) errors+='- '+nm+' must contain an e-mail address.\n';

} else if (test!='R') { num = parseFloat(val);

if (isNaN(val)) errors+='- '+nm+' must contain a number.\n';

if (test.indexOf('inRange') != -1) { p=test.indexOf(':');

min=test.substring(8,p); max=test.substring(p+1);

if (num<min || max<num) errors+='- '+nm+' must contain a number between

'+min+' and '+max+'.\n';

} } } else if (test.charAt(0) == 'R') errors += '- '+nm+' is required.\n'; }

} if (errors) alert('The following error(s) occurred:\n'+errors);

document.MM_returnValue = (errors == '');

//-->

</script>

</head>

<body>

<br/><br/>

<table width="900" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"

class="graybox">

<tr>

<td><img src="images/complains.jpg" width="900" height="120"></td>

</tr>
49
<tr>

<td valign="top">

<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20"

align="center">

<tr>

<td class="contentArea">

<form method="post" name="frmUserReg" id="frmUserReg" action="">

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<table width="600" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"

bgcolor="#336699" class="entryTable">

<tr id="entryTableHeader">

<td>:: User Registration ::</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td class="contentArea">

<div class="errorMessage" align="center"><?php echo $errorMessage; ?></div>

<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" class="text">

<tr align="center">

<td colspan="2"><div align="right"><a href="login.php">Back</a></div></td>

</tr>

<tr class="entryTable">

<td class="label">&nbsp;User Name</td>

<td class="content"><input name="txtUserName" type="text" class="box"

id="txtUserName" size="30" maxlength="20"></td>

</tr>

50
<tr class="entryTable">

<td class="label">&nbsp;Password</td>

<td class="content"><input name="txtPassword" type="password" class="box"

id="txtPassword" value="" size="30" maxlength="20" /></td>

</tr>

<tr class="entryTable">

<td class="label">&nbsp;User Type </td>

<td class="content"><select name="utype" class="box">

<option value="customer">&nbsp;&nbsp; Customer &nbsp;</option>

</select> </td>

</tr>

<tr class="entryTable">

<td valign="top" class="label">&nbsp;Address.</td>

<td class="content"><textarea name="txtAdd" cols="40" rows="4" class="box"

id="txtAdd"></textarea></td>

</tr>

<tr class="entryTable">

<td class="label">&nbsp;Mobile No. </td>

<td class="content"><input name="txtMob" type="text" class="box" id="txtMob"

value="" size="30" maxlength="20" /></td>

</tr>

<tr class="entryTable">

<td class="label">&nbsp;E-mail</td>

<td class="content"><input name="Email" type="text" class="box" id="Email"

value="" size="30" maxlength="60"></td>

51
</tr>

<tr>

<td width="200">&nbsp;</td>

<td width="372">&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

<td><input name="btnLogin" type="submit" id="btnLogin" value=" Register Now

" ></td>

</tr>

</table></td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</form></td>

</tr>

</table></td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</body>

</html>

Report.php

<style>

52
.xyz {

-moz-border-radius:10px;

border:#CC9900 solid 1px;

background-color:#FFFFFF;

padding:10px;

width:280px;

float:left;

margin-right:30px;

.xh2 {

color:#000033;

font-size:14px;

.xli {

line-height:20px;

</style>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<div class="xyz">

<h2 class="xh2">

Complain Status Details

<ul>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repo&id=open"><li class="xli">Open

Complains</li></a>

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<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repo&id=close"><li class="xli">Close
Complains</li></a>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repo&id=working"><li
class="xli">Working Complains</li></a>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repo&id=assign"><li
class="xli">Assigned Complains</li></a>

</ul>

</h2>

</div>

<div class="xyz">

<h2 class="xh2">

Detail Reports

<ul>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repod&id=engineer"><li
class="xli">Employee Details</li></a>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repod&id=customer"><li
class="xli">Customer Details</li></a>

<a href="view.php?mod=admin&view=repod&id=plans"><li class="xli">Plan

Details</li></a>

</ul>

</h2>

</div>

54