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Functions

The document introduces functions and the key concepts related to them including domain, range, one-to-one functions, and onto functions. It provides examples of relations that are and are not functions using diagrams and the vertical line test. The document aims to give an understanding of what a function is as well as common function types and how to identify them.

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Sumaira Rehman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Functions

The document introduces functions and the key concepts related to them including domain, range, one-to-one functions, and onto functions. It provides examples of relations that are and are not functions using diagrams and the vertical line test. The document aims to give an understanding of what a function is as well as common function types and how to identify them.

Uploaded by

Sumaira Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Introduction to FUNCTIONS

Dr. SUMAIRA REHMAN


2
Objectives of this Lecture

To have an idea about the followings.


What is a function?
What is a relation?
Difference between relation and function
Domain and Range
Sketch the function
Vertical line test
One-to-one function
Horizontal line test
3
INTRODUCTION

Functions are the major objects we deal with in calculus because they are
key to describing the real world in mathematical terms.
Term function was used first by the German mathematician Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz. He used it to denote the DEPENDENCE of one
quantity on another. The idea of a function was further formalized by
Leonhard Euler who introduced the notation for a function, y = f(x).

Since the value of y is completely determined by the value of x, we say


that y is a function of x. Often the value of y is given by a rule or formula
that says how to calculate it from the variable x.
Example:
The equation
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
is a rule that calculates the area A of a circle from its radius r.
so we say “ Area is a FUNCTION of radius ”

The velocity v of a ball falling freely in the earth’s gravitational


field increases as time t passes by. So
“velocity is a FUNCTION of time ”
Difference between relation and function

RELATION: A relation is any set of ordered pairs and special kind of relation,
called a function.
FUNCTION: A function from a set X to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element ƒ(x) ∈ Y to each element x ∈ X.
The set X of all possible input values is called the domain of the
function.
The set of all values of Y=ƒ(x) as x varies throughout X is called
the range of the function

Write the domain and range of the following function?

F={(0,2),(2,8),(1,6),(5,8),(8,9),(3,10)}
Determine wheather each diagram depicts function or not
Example:
Consider the relation {(0,7),(0,8),(1,7),(1,8),(1,9),(2,10)}

Think over above relation and determine the domain and


range show in diagram as well.
Example:
Consider the relation {(0,7),(0,8),(1,7),(1,8),(1,9),(2,10)}

Here, the relation is given as a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set
of x-coordinates, {0,1,2}, and the range is the set of y-coordinates, {7,8,9,10}.

Note:
Note that the domain elements 1 and 2 are associated with more than
one range elements, so this is not a function.
Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine whether


a given relation is a function or not. The approach is rather simple.
Draw a vertical line cutting through the graph of the relation, and
then observe the points of intersection.

Definition:
If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one
point, then the relation is a function.
Above is an example of relation that is also a
function because pass the vertical line test.
Above is an example of relation that is NOT
function because it fail the vertical line test.
One-to-one Function
A function has many types, and one of the most common functions
used is the one-to-one function or injective function.
Definition:
A function 𝒇 𝑖𝑠 One-to-One if for each x in the domain of 𝒇 there is exactly
one Y in the range and no Y in the range is the image of more than one x in
the domain.
Or
It could be defined as each element of Set X has a unique element on Set Y.

Formally, it is stated as, if f(x) = f(y) implies x=y, then f is one-to-one


mapped, or f is 1-1.
Not one-to-one
Onto Function

A function is onto if each element in the co-domain is an


image of some pre-image.
Or
Function 𝒇 : X Y is called onto (surjective) when given any
element y from Y, there exists x in X so that f(x) = y

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