4G Wireless Systems

Abstract
Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area
coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral
efficiency . The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra
Wide Radio Band (UWB),and Millimeter wireless. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile
speed will be up to 200km/hr.

The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and
frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive modulation and
power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access
cell anywhere.

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INTRODUCTION
4g wireless systems
Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by "generation designations.
Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation (1G) systems were marked by analog frequency
modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless
communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly
for voice transmission and reception

The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G-an "in between " service
that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with
Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled " by
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM.

In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and
paging services, as well as interactive media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and
other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth-these systems provide only
WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor
static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension " of wireless communication.

The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio
Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed.
Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.Frequency band is 2 ]8 GHz. it gives the ability for world
wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels
correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the
mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed
information services, and entertainment broadcast services.

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Features
Features
o Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband
services

o IP based mobile system

o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit

o Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services

o Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services

o Better scheduling and call admission control techniques

o Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network
service a difficult problem)

o Better spectral efficiency

o Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all ]IP, look for
4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including802.11,
WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN).

o An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies,
some of which are currently under development.

FUTURE

We do have are good reasons for 4G development and a variety of current and evolving
technologies to make 4G a reality. Highlighting the primary drivers for 4G wireless systems are
cost, speed, flexibility, and universal access. Both service providers and users want to reduce the
cost of wireless systems and the cost of wireless services. The less expensive the cost of the
system, the more people who will want to own it.

The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the
business model the service providers use—from the dedicated channel per user model to one of a
shared-use, as-packets-are-needed model. This will most likely be the model service provider’s
use when 4G systems are commonplace (if not before).

Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communications systems. Data-rate increases of

10-50X over 3G systems will place streaming audio and video access into the hands of
consumers who, with each wireless generation, demand a much richer set of wireless-system

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features. Power control will be critical since some services (such as streaming video) require
much more power than do others (such as voice).

4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies. This
will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely a cell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many
different tasks—telephony, Internet access, gaming, real-time information, and personal
networking control, to name a few.

A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applications as it would as a device

to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers.
Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user the capability of global roaming and access—the
ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless system would
truly go into a "one size fits all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about
everyone.

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WORKING
The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early
eighties and second generations systems in the late 1980s were intended primarily for
transmission of voice. The initial systems used analog frequency modulation where as the second
as well as the subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques with time
division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or the code division
multiple access (CDMA). The third generation wireless systems which are just getting
introduced in the world markets offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant
improvements over the 2G systems. The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice
and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet
access and variety of other services. However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN)
coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and limited coverage for 2 Mbps. Hence providing broadband
services would be one of the major goals of the 4G Wireless systems.

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Advantages of a 4G network :
 Better spectral efficiency

 High speed

 High capacity

 High bandwidth

 Tight network security

 High usability: any time, anywhere and any with technology

 Support for multimedia services low transmission cost

 Low cost per bit

 A seamless network of multiple protocols and air interface

 Affordable communication system

 Have easier access to services and application

 Increases the level of use of synchronization

 Machine to machine communication provided

 Global access, service portability, and a variety of quality of services provided

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Disadvantages of a 4G network :
 The battery uses is more

 Hard to implement

 Need complected hardware

 It needed to avail services of 4G technology

 The equipment required for a next-generation network is still very expensive

 The network has more problem has security issues

 Not many areas of 4G services yet

 Network protocol and standardization have not to be defined

 High data prize for consumers

 Need different handsets

 Power consumption is high

 Roaming and data or voice work together has not yet been implemented

 Require closer base station and are expensive

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4G Technology

4G Technology is an up & coming technology , 4G stands for fourth generation data

download speeds , 4G LTE is the 4th generation wireless mobile modern , With high data speed ,
The 4G can reach 100Mbps , 150Mbps and 300Mbps , future will update to 1000Mbps , 4G
mobile networks offer amazing speed & efficiency and they took the mobile market by storm .

4G network theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate over 3G networks , With the
appropriate amount of spectrum & good network engineering , 4G LTE network is very fast ,
The Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based network has the potential to reach 100 Mbps , while the
WiMAX network can top out at 70 Mbps.

The people in the society continue to demand quicker & easier access to their information , The
consumers are using 4G as a widespread wireless standard while the providers bolster the
security aspects of their devices , The demand from the wireless society of today has found its
solution to deliver their data as quickly as possible & it is fourth-generation technology .

4G LTE which means fourth generation long term evolution , It aims to offer the users faster ,
more reliable mobile broadband internet for the devices such as the smartphones , the tablets &
the laptops , Its speed is much more faster than the 3G , so , if you are using it , you will not
encounter slow or poor internet speed .

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Physical and MAC Layer specifications

One promising underlying technology to accomplish the divisiveness is multi-carrier

modulation, a derivative of frequency division multiplexing. MCM was earlier used in DSL
modems and digital audio-video broadcasts. It is a baseband process that uses parallel equal
bandwidth channels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast Fourier transform
(FFT) techniques, MCM's advantages include better performance in the inter symbol interference
(ISI) environment, and avoidance of single frequency interferers. However, MCM increases the
peak-to-average ratio (PAVR) of the signal, and to overcome ISI a cyclic extension or guard
band must be added to the data.

Two different types of MCM are likely candidates for 4G as listed in the above table. These are
the multi-carrier CDMA and orthogonal FDM using TDMA.

Similar to single carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to
distinguish users in MC-CDMA. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several
codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. Either way, multiple users access the
system simultaneously. In OFDM with TDMA, the users are allocated time intervals to transmit
and receive data.

Differences between OFDM with TDMA and MC-CDMA can also be seen in the types of
modulation used in each subcarrier. Typically, MC-CDMA uses quadrature phase-shift keying
(QPSK), while OFDM with TDMA could use more high-level modulations (HLM), such as,
multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) (where M = 4 to 256). How-ever, to
optimize overall system performance, adaptive modulation can be used; where the level of QAM
for all subcarriers is chosen based on measured parameters.

Channel Access
The allocation of the spreading codes or the time slots can be done in such a way that the
throughput is maximized. For example, all the resources can be allocated to a user whose
channel is very clean and users who have very noisy channels can be allocated little amount of

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bandwidth till their channel becomes better. However, the allocation should maintain certain
amount of fairness while distributing the resources.

Error control coding

In 4G systems rate-adaptive coding schemes can be used which can make use of the
channel information from the measured parameters or feedback from the Mobile Terminal (MT).
A Hybrid ARQ scheme can be used to minimize the overhead in case of retransmission. Space
time codes, multiple antennas systems like the smart antennas can be used to further improve the

Higher Layer Issues in 4G

4G is going to be a packet-based network. Since it would carry voice as well as internet

traffic it should be able to provide different level of QoS. Other network level issues
include Mobility Management, Congestion control,and QoS Guarantees :

Mobility Management
Mobility Management includes location registration, paging and handover. The MT should be
able to access the services at any place possible. The global roaming can be achieved by with the
help of multi-hop networks that can include the WLANs or the satellite coverage in remote areas.
A seamless service (Ex : soft handover of the MT from one network to another or from one kind
of service to other) is also important. The hand-over techniques should be designed so that they
make efficient use of the network (routing) and make sure that hand offs are not done too often.

New techniques in location management might be implemented. Each MT need not do location
registration everytime. They can instead do concatenated location registration, which reports to
the network that they are concatenated to a common object. Ex- MTs in a train need to re-register
only when they get off the train and till the network knows that they are in the train.

Congestion Control
Congestion control will be another critical issues in the high performance 4G
networks. Two basic approaches can be taken towards the congestion control : 1. avoidance or
prevention of the congestion and 2. detection and recovery after congestion. The avoidance
scheme will require the network to suitably implement the admission control (measurement
based or pre-computed model) and scheduling techniques. The detection and recovery would
require flow control and feedback traffic management. A conservative approach might be
proposed for the 4G systems because of the wide variety of QoS requirements.

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Quality of Service (QoS)

4G systems are expected to provide real-time and internet-like services. The real-time
services can be classified into two kinds:
1. Guaranteed : pre-computed delay bound is required for the service. Ex voice
2 : Better-than-best effort :
Predictive : Service needs upper bound on end-to-end delay.
Controlled delay : service might allow dynamically variable delay.
Controlled load : Service needs resources (bandwidth and packet processing ).

Guaranteed and Controlled Load services are proposed to appear in 4G.

Some new challenges in 4G

1. Multi-access interface, timing and recovery.

2. Higher frequency reuse leads to smaller cells that may cause intra-cell interference or higher
noise figures due to reduced power levels.
3. The Digital to analog conversions at high data rates, multiuser detection and estimation (at
base stations), smart antennas and complex error control techniques as well dynamic routing will
need sophisticated signal processing.
4. Issues in the interface with the ad hoc networks should be sorted out. 4G systems are expected
to interact with other networks like the Bluetooth, hiperlan, IEEE802.11b, etc.
5. Voice over multi-hop networks is likely to be an interesting problem because of the strict
delay requirements of voice.
6. Security will be an important issue.
7. A new IP protocol might be needed because of the variable QoS services and the network
should do " better than best " effort.
8. Networking protocols that adapt dynamically to the changing channel conditions.
9. Seamless roaming and seamless transfer of services.

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CONCLUSION

The mobile technology though reached only at 2.5G now, 4G offers us to provide with a
very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various
network including Internet, which uses IP network. The 4G systems will be implemented in the
coming years, which are a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology.

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