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FORMULAE

PURE MATHEMATICS

For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c =0

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

For an arithmetic series:

n
un =a + (n − 1)d , S=
n {2a + (n − 1)d }
2

For a geometric series:

un = ar n −1

a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n ) a
=Sn , r > 1, =Sn , r < 1, =S∞ , r <1
r −1 1− r 1− r

Binomial expansion:

n n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2 b 2 + . . . + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2

n n!
= =
n
 Cr
r r !(n − r )!

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)...(n − r + 1) r

(1 + x) n =1 + nx + x + ... + x + ... where n is a real number and x < 1.
1× 2 1 × 2 × ... × r

Summations:

n n n
1 1 1 2
∑r
=
r =1 2
n(n + 1), ∑r
r =1
2
=
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1), ∑ r3
=
r =1 4
n (n + 1) 2

Complex numbers:

z n =(cos x + i sin x) n =cos nx + i sin nx, where n is an integer and x is real

=
eix cos x + i sin x, where x is real

[ r (cos x + i sin x)] = r n (cos nx + i sin nx)

n
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Maclaurin’s series:
2 r
e x =1 + x + x + ... + x + ... for all x
2! r!
2 3 r
ln(1 + x) = x − x + x − ... + (−1) r +1 x + ... , (−1 < x ≤ 1)
2 3 r
2 3 r
ln(1 − x) =− x − x − x − ... − x − ... , (−1 ≤ x < 1)
2 3 r
3 5 2 r +1
sin x = x − x + x − ... + (−1) r x + ... , for all x
3! 5! (2r + 1)!
2 4 2r
cos x = 1 − x + x − ... + (−1) r x + ... , for all x
2! 4! (2r )!
2 r
f ( x)= f (0) + x f ′(0) + x f ′′(0) + ... + x f ( r ) (0) + ...
1! 2! r!

The trapezium rule

b−a
y dx 1 h {( y0 + yn ) + 2( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 )}=
b
∫a
=
2
, h
n

The Newton-Raphson iteration

f ( xn )
xn += xn −
1
f ′( xn )

TRIGONOMETRY

Sine rule = a = b c
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A

Arc length of a circle s = rθ , (θ in radians)

Area of a sector of a circle Area = 1 r 2θ , (θ in radians)

2

Area of a triangle Area 1=

= ab sinC 1=bc sinA 1 ca sinB
2 2 2
1 − t2
If tan α t=
= , then sin α 2t = and cos α
2 1 + t2 1 + t2

Trigonometric identities:

cos 2 α + sin 2 α =
1, 1 + tan 2 α =sec 2 α , 1 + cot 2 α =cosec 2α

sin(α=
± β ) sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos(α ± β ) =
cos α cos β  sin α sin β
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tan(α ± β )
=
tan α ± tan β
1  tan α tan β
, α ±β ≠ k+ 1 π
2 ( )
sin 2α = 2sin α cos α

cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 α

α +β α −β
sin α + sin β =
2sin cos
2 2
α +β α −β
sin α − sin β =
2 cos sin
2 2
α +β α −β
cos α + cos β =
2 cos cos
2 2
α +β β −α α +β α −β
cos α − cos β 2sin
= sin or − 2sin sin
2 2 2 2

STATISTICS

Frequency distributions

Mean, x =
∑ fx
∑f

∑ fx 2 −  ∑ fx  = ∑ f ( x − x )2
2

Standard Deviation, s =  
∑f ∑f  ∑f

Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
r= , for n pairs of values of x and y
 n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )2   n∑ y 2 − ( ∑ y )2 
  

Regression line of y on x

y= a + bx, passing through ( x , y ) where

=x
∑
=
x
and y
∑y
n n

n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
b=
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2

a= y − bx
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MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v=
u + at , 1 (u v)t ,
s =+ ut + 1 at 2 ,
s= v2 =
u 2 + 2as
2 2

Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is
gx 2
=y x tan θ −
2V cos 2 θ
2