1

ENGR 1025U: ENGINEERING DESIGN LECTURE 3

Multiview
Projection Drawings
Sketches

Sharman Perera
• Office: ERC 4027
• Phone ext. 5505
• Office Hours: Tue. & Thurs. 12:00-1:00 PM
• Email: Through Canvas
• Section: 038

Hidayat Shahid
• Office: ENG1021
• Phone: ext. 2791
• Office Hours: Tuesday & Friday 10:00-11:00
• Email: Through Canvas
• Sections: 002, 035
Projection Theory

Comprises the principle used to graphically represent 3D objects on 2D

Media

Types Variables
• Parallel Projection • Line of Sight
• Perspective Projection • Plane of Projection

Pictorial illustration with shades and shadows

2
Line of Sight (LOS)

Imaginary ray of
light between eye
and object
Projection Plane

The imaginary flat plane

upon which the image
created by the line of
sight is projected
Multiview Projection

It is an Orthographic projection in which the object is of behind the plane projection, and the object is oriented such
that only two of its dimensions are shown.

Multiview Drawing employs Multiview projection technique

Six Principle Views

Infinite number of views,

however some views are
more important
• Mutually Perpendicular
Views

The object is
imagined to be
suspended in a glass
box, producing the six
principal views

6
Six Principle Views (continued)

Unfolding the glass box

to produce a six-view
drawing

7
Frontal Plane of Projection

Front View

8
Horizontal Plane of Projection

Top View
Profile Plane of Projection

The Right Side View is Standard Side View Used for 3rd Angle Projection
Side View
Conventional View Placement

ANSI & ISO Standards

Conventional View Placement

U.S. Standard Third-Angle Projection and ISO standard First Angle Projection (Six
views, not all used)

U.S. Standard Third-Angle Projection ISO Standard First-Angle Projection

Top View

Frontal View Side View

Eight Rules of Orthographic Projection

1: Alignment of 2: Distances in 3: True Length and

4: Foreshortening
Features Related View Size

Every point or feature in Distance between any to Features are true length Features are
one view must be points of a feature in or true size when the foreshortened when
aligned in any adjacent related views must be lines of sight are the lines of sight are
view equal perpendicular to the not perpendicular to
feature the feature

5: Configuration 7: Parallel 8: Contiguous

6: Edge View
of Planes Features Planes

Areas of the same Parallel features will Surface that is parallel to No Tow contiguous areas
feature will always be always appear parallel the line of sight will can lie in the same
similar from one view in all views appear on edge and be plane
to the next, unless represented as line
viewed on edge
Principle of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 1: Alignment of Features

• Every point or feature in one view must be
aligned in any adjacent view.
Principle of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 2: Distances in Related View

• Distance between any two points of a feature in
related views must be equal.
Alphabet of Lines

Please refer to and review Chapter 1 – section 1.6

Center Line Hidden Line

The alternating long and short dashed line Dashed Line

Center Line & Conventions
Hidden line Conventions
One-View Drawings

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Electronic layouts, PCB Building plans

Example: One-View Drawings

One-view drawing of a shim plus a note indicating thickness. Most shafts, bolts, screws, etc., should be
represented by single views this way.
One-View Drawings

Sketching a Single-View Drawing

One-View Drawings

Sketching a Single-View Drawing

One-View Drawings

Sketching a Single-View Drawing

One-View Drawings

Sketching a Single-View Drawing

Two-View Drawings

Note: Cylinder can also be represented by one view with

length specification
Two-View Sketching

Using construction lines, develop profile,

overall size and location of features

Sketch features, erase construction lines

2
6
Centering a Two-View Sketch
Three-View Sketch

Step 1: Blocking

Sketch overall dimensions

Step 2: Add Construction Lines

To locate features and size (start from the Front view)

Project the width from the front to the top view and height
from the front to the side view

Step 3: Sketch feature details

Construct the Miter Line to share the depth dimensions

between the top and the side views

The Miter line is drawn at a 45° angle as a point of intersection

for lines coming to and from the right side and top views.

Step 4: Add all the hidden lines and center lines

Darken all final lines and erase construction lines to

create completed three view sketch
Multiview from 3D CAD Model

Predefined multiviews in CAD Software Programs

Multiview from 3D CAD Model

Creation of Front, Side and Top vies by changing the viewpoint and using pre-saved blocks
View Selection

Surface of the major features

Parallel or Perpendicular to
the glass planes
Minimum Number of Hidden
Lines
View Selection

Poor Orientation

Bad orientation
More hidden lines
Poor representation
View Selection

Minimum Number of Hidden Lines

View Selection

Natural or Assembled state

View Selection

Minimum Number of Views

True Length Lines and Edges

Perpendicular to the Line of Sight (LOS)

Principles of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 3: True Length and Size

Features are true length or true size when
the lines of sight are perpendicular to the
feature.
Inclined Line ( Ture or Foreshortened Length)

Parallel to a plane of projection, but inclined to adjacent planes

Foreshortening in
the adjacent planes
Oblique Line

Line 1-2: Parallel to no principle plane of projection

Foreshortening in every
view and always appear as
a inclined line
Principles of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 4: Foreshortening
Features are foreshortened when the lines of
sight are not perpendicular to the feature.
Principle (Normal) Plane

Parallel to one of the principle planes of projection

True size and Shape in one

view; horizontal or vertical
in two adjacent view
Principle (Normal) Plane

True size and shape in one view; horizontal or vertical in two adjacent view
Principle (Normal) Plane

Frontal Plane Horizontal Plane Profile Plane

Front view Top View Side View
Inclined Plane

Perpendicular to ONLY one of the principal planes of projection and inclined to

adjacent planes

Can not be view in true size and shape

True size and shape only in Auxiliary

view
Oblique Plane

Not Parallel or Perpendicular to any of the principle planes of

projection

Can not be viewed in proper size and

shape or as an edge

A secondary Auxiliary view is required.

Combination of Planes

Surface D is on an inclined plane

Surface E is on an oblique plane

Multiview drawing of primitives
Principles of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 5: Configuration of
Planes
Areas of the same feature will
always be similar from one view to
the next unless viewed on edge.

Surface B is always an
irregular four-sided
polygon (trapezoid)
Principles of Orthogonal Projection

Rule 6: Edge View

Parallel features will always appear
parallel in all views

Parallel Edges
Principles of Orthogonal Projection

Line of
Sight
Rule 7: Edge View
Surface that is parallel to the line
of sight will appear on edge and be
represented as line

Shown as edge
e.g. surfaces C, D, F, G
Disclaimer and Acknowledgements

Unless otherwise specified, images, figures and descriptions of this lecture are extracted and/or
modified from the following textbooks:

“Fundamentals of Solid Modeling and Graphics Communication,” 7/E, McGraw-Hill, 2019.

ISBN: 9781260084801, Authored by: Bertoline, G. R. Nathan W. Hartman, and William Ross.

Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., Novak, J. E., Lockhart, S.,
“Technical Drawing,” 13/E, ISBN: 0-13-513527-3, Prentice Hall 2009.

Copyrights of those images belong to the above authors and publishers. This PW file is not a
published document and has been generated just for demonstration purposes.

With special thanks to the contributions from Dr. James Yang, Dr. Ahmad Barari and Dr. Ali Hosseini for
preparing the lecture slides