Software for three-dimensional interpretation of data

obtained by resistivity and induced polarization methods

(land, borehole and marine variants)

ZONDRES3D
Program functionality ....................................................................................................................4

Resistivity and polarizability of rocks ............................................................................................5

Program installation and deinstallation ........................................................................................8

Program registration ......................................................................................................................8

System requirements .......................................................................................................................8

Program start-up, main options .....................................................................................................9

Creation and opening of data file ........................................................................................................... 9

Setting and modifying tomography profiles and data ........................................................................ 11

Customization dialog for the start model ............................................................................................ 14

Data quality control module ................................................................................................................. 17

Main Window......................................................................................................................................... 20

Main Menu Toolbar .............................................................................................................................. 21

Main Menu Functions ..................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

“Hot” keys .............................................................................................................................................. 26

Status bar ............................................................................................................................................... 26

Main data file format ....................................................................................................................27

1st part of data file: Observed data...................................................................................................... 27

2nd part of data file: Topography data .............................................................................................. 29

Features of operating with various data types in ZondRes3D ....................................................30

Cross-borehole tomography data ......................................................................................................... 30

Monitoring and multichannel survey data. Additional options. ....................................................... 31

1

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 IP parameters inversion. ....................................................................................................................... 32

Marine survey data. ............................................................................................................................... 32

Apparent parameters visualization ..............................................................................................33

Graphics plan ......................................................................................................................................... 33

Pseudosection ......................................................................................................................................... 36

Contour plan .......................................................................................................................................... 37

Data inversion ...............................................................................................................................40

Inversion parameters setup dialog ....................................................................................................... 40

Model visualization modes and parameters .................................................................................48

Option «Buffer» of the main menu ..............................................................................................49

3D model parameters setting dialog .............................................................................................51

Modeling .......................................................................................................................................57

Acquisition configuration specification ............................................................................................... 57

Model editor ........................................................................................................................................... 60

Work with model ................................................................................................................................... 61

Cell parameter setup dialog .................................................................................................................. 62

Saving interpretation results ........................................................................................................62

Data import and export.................................................................................................................63

Usage of graphical base layers for 2D and 3D models ....................................................................... 63

Outbound image setup dialog ............................................................................................................... 64

Logging and lithology data file format ........................................................................................69

Appendix 1. Palette settings..........................................................................................................73

Appendix 2: Graphics set editor ...................................................................................................73

Appendix 3: Graphics editor ........................................................................................................74

Appendix 4: Legend editor ...........................................................................................................77

Appendix 5: Pseudosection parameters setup dialog ..................................................................78

Appendix 6: Axes editor ...............................................................................................................81

2

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Appendix 7: Model parameters setup dialog ...............................................................................84

Appendix 8: 3D model editor........................................................................................................85

Appendix 9: Print preview dialog .................................................................................................87

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Program functionality

«ZONDRES3D» is computer program for 3D interpretation of electrotomography profile

data obtained by resistivity method, induced polarization or excitation-at-the-mass method.
Friendly interface and ample opportunities for data presentation allows solving assigned problem
with maximum efficiency.
Finite-element method as mathematical apparatus is used to solve forward and inverse
problem. It gives best results in comparison with mesh methods [Dey&Morrison, 1979; Lowry,
1989].
For point source field modeling medium is divided into triangle cells grid with different
resistivity. Potential behavior inside grid cell is approximated by linear basis function.

N ( x, z ) 
a  bx  cy  dz (1)
2A
           
          I ( x) ( z ) (2)
x  x  z  y  z  z 


    0 (3)
n
where  – spectral potential value, λ – spatial frequency, I - current strength value, σ –
medium electroconductivity, δ - Dirac delta function.
Least squares method with regularization is used for inverse problem solution (inversion).
Regularization increases solution stability and allows receiving smoother resistivity and potential
distribution [Constable, 1987].
A W WA  C RCm  A W
T T T T T
f  CT RCm (4)
where A – the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives, C – smoothing operator, W – relative
error matrix, m – section parameters vector, μ - regularizing parameter, Δf – discrepancy vector
between observed and calculated values, R – focusing operator.
During inverse problem solution development special attention was devoted to a priori
information accounting (data weights, parameters turndown).
«ZONDRES3D» has powerful system of profile data visualization, electrodes editor and
system of sensitivity and method resolution analysis.
Two types of graphics are used to display observed and calculated data, their discrepancy
or measurement weigths in the program. They are graphics plan and pseudosection.
4

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 «ZONDRES3D» uses simple and clear data file which allows combining different types
of array on one profile. Apparent resistivity, signal to current strength ratio and apparent
polarizability can be used as measured characteristics. Program allows importing and visualizing
data using other methods which makes data interpretation process more integrated.
«ZONDRES3D» has modeling system that includes all main array types used in
resistivity method. Dialog mode is used for array parameters selection and defining number of
gage points.
«ZONDRES3D» is easy-to-use instrument for automatic and interactive
electrotomography data interpretation and can be used on IBM-PC compatible PC with Windows
system.

Resistivity and polarizability of rocks

Electrical resistivity (ER) (units are the ohm*meter (Om*m)) is a measure of how
strongly rocks oppose the flow of electric current and is the most universal electromagnetic
property. In rocks and ores it varies within wide limits: from 10-3 to 1015 Om*m. For the most
widespread sedimentary, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks ER depends on mineral composition,
physical-mechanical and water properties, salt concentration in groundwater, in a less degree on
their chemical composition, and on other factors (temperature, depth of occurrence,
metamorphism degree, etc.) [Hmelevskoj, 1997].

Electrical resistivity of minerals depends on their crystal bonds. Dielectric minerals

(quartz, micas, feldspars, etc.) which mostly have covalent forces are characterized by very high
resistivity (1012 - 1015 Om*m). Semiconductor minerals (carbonates, sulfates, haloids, etc.)
which mostly have ionic bonds are characterized by high resistivity (104 - 108 Om*m). Clay
minerals (hydromicas, montmorillonite, kaolin, etc.) have ion-covalent bonds and are
characterized by quite low resistivity.

Ore minerals (native and some oxides) have electronic conduction and carry current very
well. First two groups of minerals create “rigid” matrix solid material. Clay minerals create
“plastic” matrix solid material that is able to adsorb bound water whereas rocks with “rigid”
minerals can adsorb only solutions and free water (water that can be extracted from rock).

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Electrical resistivity of free groundwater changes from Om*m unit fractions in case of
high total salt content to 1000 Om*m in case of low one. Chemical composition of dissolved
salts does not really matter that is why electrical exploration allows assessing only total salt
content. Electrical resistivity of bound water that is adsorbed by solid particles of rocks is very
low and does not change greatly (from 1 to 100 Om*m). Its constant mineralization (3-1 g/l)
explains this fact. Average mineralization of ocean water is 36 g/l.

Pore water (bound and free) has very low electric resistivity in comparison to matrix of
the majority rocks, that is why electric resistivity of rocks is almost independent of their mineral
composition but depends on porosity, fracturing, and water saturation. Increase of their values
causes decrease of electric resistivity because ion content in groundwater grows. This is the
reason why electroconductivity of the majority of rocks is ionic (electrolytic).

Rise of temperature in 400 causes resistivity decrease in half. It can be explained by ion
mobility increase. Resistivity of rocks increases unevenly at freezing as free water becomes
almost dielectric and electroconductivity is determined only by bound water that freezes at very
low temperatures (below -500 С). Increase of resistivity varies in different rocks: several times in
clays, up to 10 times in hard rocks, up to 100 times in clay and sandy loams, and up to 1000
times and more in sands and coarse rocks.

Despite the fact that resistivity depends on numerous factors and varies within wide limits
in different rocks, main laws of ER are well determined. Volcanic and metamorphic rocks are
characterized by high resistivity (from 500 to 10000 Om*m). Among sedimentary rocks high
resistivity (100 – 1000 Om*m) can be found in rock salts, gypsums, limestones, sandstones, and
some other rocks. As a rule, in detrital sedimentary rocks the more grain size is the higher
resistivity rock has, that is ER depends on clayiness on the first place. In passing from clays to
clay and sandy loams and sands resistivity changes from unit fractions and first Om*m to tens
and hundreds of Om*m [Hmelevskoj, 1997].

Polarizability coefficient expresses ability of rocks to polarize that is to accumulate

charge during passage of current and discharge then after current interruption. Coefficient is
measured in percents as ratio of voltage that remains in potential circuit some time after current
interruption (usually 0.5-1 sec.) to voltage in this circuit during passage of current.

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Polarization is complex electrochemical process that progresses in rocks during passage
of direct or low-frequency alternating (up to 10 Hz) current. Ores with electronic conduction
(sulphides, sulphosalts, some native metals, individual oxides, graphite, and anthracite) are
characterized by the highest polarizability. These IP potentials’ origin is connected with so called
concentrated and electron polarization of ore minerals. Polarizability coefficient has up to 2-6 %
value above water-encroached loose sedimentary rocks where clay particles are present. Their
polarizability is caused by deformation of external plates of double electrical layers which form
at solid-liquid contact. The majority of volcanic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks saturated
with mineral water have low polarizability [Hmelevskoj, 1997].

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Program installation and deinstallation

«ZONDRES3D» program is supplied by internet. Current manual is included in the

delivery set. Latest updates of the program can be downloaded from website: www.zond-
geo.ru/english
To install the program copy it from CD to necessary directory (for example, Zond). To
install updates rewrite previous version of the program with the new one.
Secure key SenseLock driver must be installed before starting the program. To do that
open SenseLock folder (the driver can be downloaded from CD or website) and run
InstWiz3.exe file. After installation of the driver insert key. If everything is all right, a message
announcing that the key is detected will appear in the lower system panel.
To uninstall the program delete work directory of the program.

Program registration

For registration click “Registration file” item of the main menu of the program. When a
dialog appears, fill in all the fields, select file name, and save it. Created file is transmitted to
specified in the contract address. After that user receives unique password which depends on
HDD serial number. Input this password in “Registration” field. The second option is to use the
program with supplied SenseLock key inserted in USB-port while working.

System requirements

«ZONDRES3D» can be installed on PC with OS Windows 98 and higher. Recommended

system parameters are processor P IV-2 GHz, memory 4 Gb, screen resolution 1024 X 768,
colour mode – True colour (screen resolution change is not recommended while working with
data).
As far as the program is actively using the registry, it is recommended to launch it as
administrator (right click on program shortcut – run as administrator), when using systems
higher than Windows XP.

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Program start-up, main options

Creation and opening of data file

To start up «ZONDRES3D» it is necessary to create data file of certain format which

contains electrodes coordinates, topography and measuring results. «ZONDRES3D» supports
also most popular data formats: RES3DINV (Geotomo Software, M.H. Loke), ABEM (Sweden),
AGI (Advanced Geosciences, Inc., USA), Syscal (Iris Instruments, France).

ZondRes3D files Open Zond data or project file.

Geosoft file Open Geosoft data file.
Syscal text file Open Syscal data file.
ABEM text file Open ABEM data file.
AGI data file Open AGI data file.
Res3dInv Open Res3dInv data file.

One area data usually corresponds to one file. Text data files of «ZONDRES3D» format
have «*.z3d» extension (see «Main data file format» for more details).
For correct running of the program data file must not contain:
 incorrect symbols of records separator (TAB and SPACE use only);
 absurd data values (for example, negative values of apparent resistivity).
Desirably, there must be no more than 100000 observed data values and total unique electrodes
position - no more than 5000 for one file.
ZondRes3D program can also assemble files of *.z2d format into one project. In order to
do this in the dialog window «Open» in the «File name» field set *.z2d data types, press Enter
and select necessary files. After that the Multi-files case dialog will become available (pic.1)
and there it is necessary to specify types of the loadable data.

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Pic.1 . Dialog of selection of loadable data types
Program allows to load the following data types:
Collect from 2D – assembles data of several profiles over the area. Usually 2D data has only X
horizontal coordinate and after choosing this option for every profile, the coordinate setting
dialog will become available (Pic. 2). There it is necessary to set coordinates of the beginning
and the end of every chosen profile.

Pic. 2. Dialog of coordinates setting for 2D profiles.

Collect Res – this option should be used in case of multiple measurements without changing

array position. Select this option on the toolbar and there will appear the additional list
which allows to choose an active channel (record).
Collect IP – an analog of previous option for polarizability monitoring.
If you load data types Collect Res and Collect IP, Time lapse menu activates. This menu is
responsible for inversion settings for data of monitoring (more).
Collect survey – the option makes it possible to merge data from different areas into one project.
After selecting this option program will suggest to specify offset value in meters for every
chosen data file.

When working with cross-borehole tomography data, vertical coordinate of electrodes

should have negative value. For more information about the details of operating with this data
type check the corresponding section.

To upload data from table text file or MS Excel file, pick File/Import from text/excel.
After selecting file, you will see Export text data dialog (Pic. 3). Start and End buttons in the
top panel of the dialog window allow to set string of the beginning and the end of the data. Select
the necessary string and press the corresponding button. Strings of the beginning and the end of
the data will be highlighted in grey colour.
10

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 In the top panel there is also a drop-down list in which the data type should be chosen.
Land – land survey data, Underwater – marine survey data, Cross-boreholes - cross-borehole
data.
In the adjacent drop-down menu, it is necessary to specify measurement units of
polarizability. IP % - percent from 0 to 100, IP mV/V – mV/V from 0 to 1000, IP deg – if you
operate in frequency domain, you can pick phase shift in degrees (always negative).
In the first string of every column in data table there is a drop-down list which allows to
specify data type. Line – measurement profile number, С1х, С2х, С1y, С2y, С1z, С2z – current
electrodes’ coordinates, Р1х, Р2х Р1y, Р2y, Р1z, Р2z – potential electrodes’ coordinates, ro_a –
apparent resistivity, res – module of normalized signal, IP – polarizability.

Pic. 3. Dialog of data export Export text data

Press OK button and the data will be uploaded, and you will see a window of
measurements parameters settings (more).

Setting and modifying tomography profiles and data

After uploading data file, setting profiles dialog Set lines for survey appears (Pic. 4).
This dialog lets you set, delete and modify profile lines (if 3D survey is assembled from 2D
11

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
profiles), change coordinates of electrodes as well as upload picture or map as a base layer for
the site plan. The dialog is available in the program main menu Options/ Set survey lines.

Pic. 4. Customization dialog for profile lines Set lines for survey

The main dialog panel contains the following functions:

Map - load and display raster map file (pic. 4)

Topography - display the relief isolines
Load Google map

Add profile line. To set profile lines click the left mouse button; to set the last
point click the right mouse button
Include measurement points in profile automatically. The points contained in a
rectangular area around the specified line.
Remove current profile

Remove all profiles.

12

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Set the current profile number

Convert from geographic coordinates to rectangle. If it is known a priori

geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) were in the file, it is necessary to
convert them to rectangular using this button.
Set coordinates in a table (Locations dialog)

Select equal axes image scale or maximum window area filling.

Set size of automatic selection measured points area in a profile

Set the current profile name

Go to the data inversion mode for selected profiles system

To change coordinates of electrodes, use the button, which activates Locations

dialog (pic. 5). Coordinates of electrodes can be uploaded from text file containing columns with
site number, two horizontal and vertical coordinates, or they can be copied straight from any table
file.

Pic. 5. Setting dialog Locations for coordinates of observation sites.

13

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 To finish operating with profiles editor and go to inversion, press the button.

Customization dialog for the start model

Customization dialog for the start model Mesh constructor appears after setting profile

lines and pressing the button. This dialog is also available in program main menu
Options/Mesh constructor.
The window includes two tabs - XY view and XYZ view.
XYZ view tab contains three-dimensional image of created mesh (pic. 6). To rotate the
image, use the left mouse button. To scale the image, use scroll wheel. To move along the axes,
use the right mouse button. Press Shift and hold it while right-clicking the axis to enable axes
editor (more).

Pic. 6. Mesh constructor window, XYZ view tab.

In XY view tab setting of all mesh partition parameters is accomplished. The tab consists
of two sections (pic. 7). In the left section there is a horizontal plan, the right section contains
mesh partition settings. Toolbar contains the following buttons:

14

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Build a model in accordance with defined parameters

Remove line. Hold the mouse pointer over needed line and click the left mouse button

Add line. Hold the mouse pointer over the place where you want to create a line and
click the left mouse button

Show relief map as a base layer

Rotate observation area by a defined angle

Define rotation angle

Undo rotation

Pic. 7. Mesh constructor window, XY view tab.

15

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Settings of mesh partition consist of:
Drop-down menu Mesh type sets mesh type. The following mesh types are available:
Regular – fits for the majority of standard observing systems when electrodes are situated quite
regularly, General – for relatively irregular observing systems, One line – in cases when
observing system is considerably elongated in one direction (one or two long profiles). Program
will add cells automatically.
Section Axes angles sets angles for X and Y axes (Х-axis, degree and Y-axis, degree
respectively). If Rectangular check box is selected, the value of rotation angle for second axis
will change so that their mutual orthogonality remains.
Section Div. number lets you set a number of cells along X and Y axes.
Drop-down menu Divide type allows to choose automatic or manual mode for mesh
setting.
If you choose Divide type – Automatic, the following sections are available:
Section Options, including the following check boxes: Remove empty line – remove empty cells
(without measurement points), Smooth mesh - program will remove vertexes offset towards
electrodes, Correction – program will find the optimal mesh increment if distance between
profiles/electrodes is not constant, Topo smoothness – set the degree of relief smoothing (values
from 1 to 5, where 5 – maximum smoothing degree).
Section Extra div allows to set a number of intermediate cells for X and Y axes respectively.
If you choose Divide type – Manual, section Axes Range becomes available, there you
can set the minimum and the maximum coordinates values along X and Y axes respectively.
Section Z-axis, Max.depth is intended for setting partition along vertical axis. Max.
depth – determines the depth of the lower layer. It should be borne in mind that the maximum
depth value must not be too large because there is a decreasing with depth in the influence of
magnetic and density section parameters. Start height – sets thickness of the first layer. This
value must comply with the required resolution. Increment – sets ratio of abutting layers
thickness. This parameter is usually in the range of 1 to 2. Div number – sets a number of layers
in the model. It is usually enough to have 12-14 layers to describe model. Setting too large
values of this parameter is not desirable because it will lower computing speed. Topo coeff – set
coefficient of topographic form distortion with the depth (0-5). 0 – relief of each next layer repeats
the previous one. 1 – relief flattens out with the depth, the last layer is flat (pic. 8).

16

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Pic. 8. Model layers distortion using Topo coefficient parameter from 1 to 5.

To finish operating with mesh constructor and go to inversion, press the

button.
Data quality control module

There is a special module in ZondRes3D to control quality and edit data. You can access
it in Options/Quality control module menu. The module allows the following operations with
data:
1. Visualize measurements results as graphs of various parameters and in the form of
data pseudosections for different arrays;
2. If possible, assess the quality of data (determine weights of measurements) based
on the principle of reversibility;
3. Remove data directly from displayed parameters graphs;
4. Edit data manually or automatically;
5. Smooth the data.
Capability to group data by arrays, levels of signals, various geometric parameters,
weights of measurements combined with manual and automatic options of editing makes it
possible to carry out the whole data quality control cycle when preparing for the inversion.
Quality control module window consists of toolbar and three tabs – graphs of display
parameters (Data graphics, pic. 9), selection of parameters to display (Settings) and
pseudosections (Pseudo).

17

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 9. Quality control module - graphs of display parameters tab.

Selection of parameters to display tab lets you choose array which’s data will be used
(Electrode array), specify the way to group data for chosen array (by span, current or potential
electrode position, etc., Graphics Type) and the display value – normalized signal, apparent
resistivity or apparent polarizability. Shifted is used if there are graphs for one or more spans
with offsets which are associated, for example, with badly grounded electrode or a local object
beneath the electrode. When using this option, program leads graphs to one level automatically.
Graphs of chosen parameters are displayed in Data graphics tab. Here you can work
with data interactively using toolbar. Measurements are displayed as dots on graphs. Position of
electrodes corresponding to the measurement is displayed in the bottom part of graphs window
when left-clicking on the measurement site (pic. 8). Parameter values corresponding to chosen
measurement are displayed when hovering the mouse cursor over relevant graph point.
Zooming in or dragging some part is performed with pressed button (“rubber
rectangular” tool). To zoom in a segment move mouse cursor down and to the right with left
button pressed (Pic. 10A). To return to primary zoom do the same but with mouse cursor moving
up and to the left (Pic. 10B).

18

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 10. Mouse cursor navigation to zoom in/out
To display shortly only one graph, left-click on its line and all the other graphs will be
hidden. To display one or more chosen graphs durably, use list of graphs on the right side of the
window. If graphs are displayed (hidden), press Shift and pick one of the graphs and all the
others will be hidden (displayed).
Data quality can be controlled in three ways – based on weights of measurements
(determined while measuring), visually using graphs smoothness and based on comparison of
initial data and forward problem solution of inversion model.
Display of calculated graphs for inversion model (drawn with dotted line) can be
regulated using the button. Initial data points which don’t coincide with calculated ones may
be considered to have low quality and it makes sense to remove or edit them and then conduct
inversion again.
To remove unsatisfactory data, select the corresponding points while the button
(selecting points regime) is pressed. Points can be selected by right-clicking either on them
individually (tool must be current) or on the graph area ( tools or ). Selected points are
displayed as crosses on graphs. To cancel selection, use the tool similar to one described
above. Operating with the button pressed makes selected points unselected and vice versa. To
hide/show selected points use the button.
If button is pressed, it is possible to edit measurements – drag point up or down using
the left mouse button.

Data editing options are also available when pressing button in the main window
panel.
Select visible Select all visible points
Select invisible Select all hidden points
Deselect all Deselect all points

19

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Smooth selected Smooth selected points
Set weights selected Set weights for selected points
Correct signs by calc Option for cross-borehole data where the sign
is important. Inversion is modulo, and this
option allows to correct signs of measured data
in accordance with calculated.

To set graph display parameters use the button (lines and points parameters –
thickness, colour, etc., more). To fix axes limits so that they don’t change automatically while
working with data, use button.
The tool allows to smooth data. Each next click on the button increases smoothing
degree.
The button is designed to refresh pseudosection (Pseudo tab) because it doesn’t occur
automatically.
Changes which are made on the data while editing in QC module are not saved as a
default. To save changes and go to inversion, press the button.
There are some examples of operating with data quality control module in the films http://zond-
geo.ru/zmovies/ert_qc_denoising.exe и http://zond-geo.ru/zmovies/editsmoothert.exe.

The Main Window

ZondRes3D main window is divided into 4 sections (pic. 11). In the top left corner there
is a 3D model section. In the top right corner observed and calculated graphs for selected profile
are displayed. In the bottom left corner there is a plan of graphs or plan of contours for all the
profiles. In the bottom right corner there is a 2D plan of model in the selected direction. Click the
right mouse button in one or another section to see settings menu for this section. Settings are
described in more details in corresponding parts of the guidance.

20

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Pic. 11. Main Window of ZondRes3D

For all sections but 3D model zooming in or dragging some part is performed with
pressed button (“rubber rectangular” tool). To zoom in a segment move mouse cursor down and
to the right with left button pressed (Pic. 12A). To return to primary zoom do the same but with
mouse cursor moving up and to the left (Pic. 12B).

Pic. 12. Mouse cursor navigation to zoom in/out

The Main Menu Toolbar

The toolbar serves for quick run of the most frequently used functions. It contains the
following functional buttons (from left to right):

21

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Open data file.
Save data.
Run inversion parameters setup dialog.
Run dialog for settings of 3D model image parameters.

Go to previous slice of the model.

Copy current slice of the model to clipboard.

Paste data into current slice of the model. If right-click the button, there will
be menu of options for filling the model:
Current – paste model for selected parameter into current slice
Current&+ – paste model for selected parameter into current and all next
slices
Current&- – paste model for selected parameter into current and all previous
slices
All params – apply selected paste regime to all parameters
Run forward solution process.
Start (one click) or cancel (second click) inversion process.
Run data interpretation mode of resistivity method (DC).
Run data interpretation mode of induced polarization method (IP).
Two pop-up lists are intended to select current profile and data slice
(corresponding to the same spans).

Functions of the main window menu

The following table lists items found in the Menu with their corresponding functions:

File/ Create survey Open data file.

File/ Open file Run synthetic measurement system generation dialog.
File/ Import from text/excel Import a data file in text or Microsoft Excel format (more)
File/Save file Save data.
File/Edit data Open current data file in Notepad editor.
File/Print preview Print main window of the program.

22

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
File/Reg file Create register file.
File/Registration Register program.
File/Recent Recently used files.
File/Exit Exit program.
Options/Quality control Run processing and initial data quality control module (more).
module
Options/ Mesh constructor Run starting model setup dialog. (more).
Options/Set survey line Call survey line setup window (more).
Options/Program setup Run inversion parameters setup dialog. (more).
Options/ Display observed and calculated data in pseudosection.
Data/Pseudosection
Options/Data/Graphics plot Display observed and calculated data in graphics plan.
Options/Data/Observed data Display observed pseudosection in second part of window.
Options/Data/Calculated Display calculated pseudosection in second part of window.
data
Options/Data/Data misfit Display misfit pseudosection in second part of window.
Options/Data/Apparent Display apparent resistivity values.
resistivity
Data/Resistance Display resistance values.
Options/Data/ABMN Display values of normalized signals.
normed
Options/Data/Type graphics Run graphics plan feature, where each graphic corresponds to:
Iso-AB – certain source position
Iso-MN – certain receiver position
Iso-psz – certain pseudo-depth (array geometric factor).
Options/Data/Point position/ Set measurement point:
3 electrodes – for three-electrode array ((M+N)/2 – the middle of
MN, (A+M)/2 – the middle of AM);
4 electrodes – for four-electrode array (Auto – automatically,
MN/2 – the middle of MN, AB-O-MN – the middle between AB
and MN).
Options/Data/Error gates Display confidence interval.

23

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Options/Model/Block Display model as blocks.
section
Options/Model/Smooth Display model in smooth interpolated graphic palette.
section
Options/Model/Plane Choose model slice orientation.
Options/Model/Model Display model parameters distribution plot. Minimum and
histogram maximum values of parameter’s colour scale can be specified in
the dialog window.
Options/Cutting Cut angle X – set angle to cut a model along X axis.
Cut angle Y – set angle to cut a model along Y axis.
Blanking cut – cut a model according to set angle.
Options/Inversion/Smooth Definition of a level, relative to which smoothness of a calculated
ness model is determined. Available values:
Median - from data average;
Start model - from a starting model (useful when a priori
information is available)
Previous - from the previous iteration.
Diagonal filter – include diagonal smoothing component (use not
only adjoining cells but also diagonal cells).
Options/Inversion/Resolutio Increasing sensitivity results in increasing influence of deeper
n model cells.
Options/Inversion/Optimizat Damping factor – additional optimization of regularizer at each
ion iteration. This regime allows to speed up the process algorithm
convergence but several times increases time of each iteration.
Since time of inversion for large models is estimated at hours, in
some cases it is recommended to disable this regime.
Dec factor – to speed up inversion at each iteration, damping
factor is divided by set coefficient.
Options/Inversion/Groups Combine corner cut cells under inversion.
cut cells
Options/Import/Export/Back Load background – load image file as a base layer for 2D plan
ground 2D (more).
Remove current – remove current base layer.
24

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Options/Import/Export/Back Load background – load image file as a base layer for 3D plan
ground 3D Remove current – remove current base layer.
Options/Import/Export/Imp Import current 3D model in Zond3D format .
ort mod3D
Options/Import/Export/Exp Export current 3D model in Zond3D format.
ort mod3D
Options/Import/Export/Imp Import current 2D model in Zond2D format.
ort mod2D’s
Options/Import/Export/Exp Export current 2D model in Zond2D format.
ort mod2D
Options/Import/Export/Save Save 3D model as a set of images for different rotation angles.
rotations
Options/Import/Export/Save Save 3D model as a set of images for different positions of slice
slides plane.
Options/Import/Export/Exp Export model for current profile in program of 2D inversion
ort line to z2d ZondRes2D format.
Options/Import/Export/Outp Exported picture setup.
ut settings
Options/ Boreholes/Load Open and display a file with borehole log data and stratigraphic
borehole data columns
Options/ Boreholes/
Create/edit borehole data (more)
Create/Edit borehole data
Options/ Boreholes/ Remove borehole data.
Remove borehole data
Options/ Boreholes/ Set Set width of borehole columns.
column’s width
Options/ Boreholes/ Edit Edit positions of boreholes and corresponding lithology columns.
positions
Options/Extra/Edit remote Edit position of remote electrode.
electrodes
Options/Extra/Remote to Set remote electrode as an infinity.
infinite

25

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Options/Extra/Remove data Remove data with large misfit. After choosing this option, there
with big misfit will appear dialog where you can set the threshold value of the
misfit.
Options/Extra/Get synthetic Use calculated data for points with large errors.
for big misfit
Options/Extra/EM coupling The option is used when measuring at high frequencies. In this
removal case for large spans there is an induction influence. The option is
used to suppress this influence. More information in video
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddH0boEPCPE
Buffer/ Model 1, 2…. Save the current model to clipboard (more).
Buffer/ Open Open saved to clipboard models and compare.

Help/ About About the program.

Help/ Context Run manual.
Help/ Check for updates Check for updates.

“Hot” keys

Cursor pad /cursor in model editor Change active cell of the model.
Delete / cursor in model editor Clear active cell.
Insert / cursor in model editor Insert current value to active cell.
F / cursor in model editor Fix active cell value.
X / cursor in model editor Use “magic wand” tool to select domain.
V / cursor in model editor Delete selected.
Up/down / cursor in model editor Change current value.
Space Calculate forward problem.

Status bar
Status bar is located in the lower part of program window and is divided into a few
sections which contain different information:
Cursor and active cell coordinates.
Active cell parameters.
Model editor mode.

26

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Calculation progress bar.
Relative misfit.
Additional information.
For example, number of observed values
and model cells or calculation process
status during inversion.

Main data file format

Program presents universal data format which consists of information about current and
potential electrodes coordinates and measured values (normalized signal or apparent resistivity
and apparent polarization).
ZONDRES3D data file format has *.Z2D extension.
For our purpose data file can be divided into 2 parts: 1) observed data, 2) topography data
(if present).

1st part of data file: Observed data

If the file contains monitoring data or multichannel IP data, before the first string the stages
configuration is written:
time_#chann 1 2 3 n
where numbers are for monitoring stages or times/frequencies values for IP.
First line contains control keys which define what kind of data is contained in every column.
Following designations (keys) for electrode coordinates are accepted in «ZONDRES3D»:
Current C1x C2x C1z C2z C1y C2y
Potential P1x P2x P1z P2z P1y P2y
Z coordinates can be specified if necessary. For example, in case of using downhole
source or marine measurements. When outputting Z coordinates of electrodes, you should bear in
mind that negative values mean that electrode is lowered towards measurement surface. Positive
coordinates are used for marine survey when electrode is disposed on the surface or in the layer
of water.
Symbol * before electrode key (for example, *C1x) means infinite electrode which’s coordinates
must be taken into account when calculating, but it is not involved in mesh generation or display.
27

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Prof is an index of profile which has been measured (is used to display different 2D profiles data
separately).
For measured values:
Apparent resistivity Ro_a
Normalized signal modulus (potential to current strength ratio) Res
Normalized signal SRes (for example, for downhole source measurements, taking sign into
account).
If monitoring data is used, stage index is added to the key for every stage (for example, ro_a1
ro_a2).
It is recommended to ALWAYS use Res or SRes values while creating data file to avoid
mistakes if topography data is present.
Normalized signal values calculated theoretically with account of sign are saved into file with
Tres index while modelling.
Apparent polarizability Eta_a
Apparent polarizability, measured in time domain and calculated with the following
formula, can be used as Eta_a:
Eta_a (%) =(UIP / UCUR) · 100%, (6)
where UCUR – potential during current transmission,UIP – during pause. If charging is
used, measured values should be divided by ten first.
In frequency domain apparent polarizability can be measured by phase displacement
(IP), which is converted to apparent polarizability using the following empiric formula.

Eta_a (%) = - 2.5 ·  IP (degrees) (7)

Multichannel IP measurements are set with keys ipi1-ipin (in percentage) in time domain
and ph1-phan (in degrees) in frequency domain.
Calculating error or measurement weight is specified in Weight and WeightIP columns,
it defines measurements quality. Measurement weight values should range from 0 to 1. If there is

no error data (Weight column is absent), weight value is automatically specified as 1 for each
measurement.
Second and the following lines contain data corresponding to each measurement, written in the
same sequence as control keys in the first line.
In case different (in number of electrodes) arrays are used in one profile * symbol should
be written instead of missing coordinate value. Sample-file – sample_with_array_combi.

28

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Then (if necessary) horizontal mesh complementary nodes column is filled. Each new
node coordinate is entered after *** symbol. Complementary nodes are usually added for model
extension over last electrodes of area and if there is sharp relief beyond area. Sample-file –
sample_with_ext_nodes.
After file is read data normalization (if necessary) can be performed using the following
formula which corresponds to apparent resistivity on direct current.
U
a  G  , (8)
C
where G - array geometric factor, U – measured value, С – current strength value.

2nd part of data file: Topography data

If topography data is present, the next line contains word topo and is followed by list of
coordinate and relief excess values. If relief is taken into consideration during interpretation, it is
advantageous to use res values as initial data. Following additional control keys correspond to
different methods of relief specifying.
topow – this key is used if marine survey data interpretation is performed (on water
surface or on the bottom). In this case bottom or bottom going to land (combined measurements)
profile is used as relief coordinates. After space in the same line water surface level (relative to
fixed below coordinates of profile bottom (in the same coordinate system as the relief)), water
resistivity and number of complementary water layer splits (3-10) must be also specified. Main
window function Underwater options can be used to change the former two parameters.
Sample-file – water1. Combined systems when measurements are performed on the bottom and
on water surface can be specified. In order to do that vertical electrode coordinates relative to
bottom profile level should be entered.
topo* – this key simplifies entering topography data if cable is located on water surface
(mobile system). Sample-file – water2.

29

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Features of operating with various data types in ZondRes3D
Cross-borehole tomography data
For cross-borehole tomography data Z coordinate must be negative. When uploading file,
program determines data type automatically and in case of borehole data you will see prompt to
confirm:

Pic. 13.
In the resulting window Mesh constructor (more) in the section of vertical Z-axis splitting the
axis type should be set as Borehole. In this case program splits vertical axis automatically
relying on a number of electrodes.
There is an example of 3D model for cross-borehole tomography project in the picture
14. To display all the electrodes, you have to check the box in 3D model settings Show/Survey
points.

Pic. 14. An example of 3D model for cross-borehole tomography data

30

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Monitoring and multichannel survey data. Additional options.
When operating with multichannel measurements or monitoring data, in the main menu it
will be an additional Time Lapse tab which allows to customize inversion for all the channels at
the same time. The tab contains the following items:
Time lapse/Channels Calls up a list of channels. There is an opportunity to set the name
for every channel (name column) and set whether or not to invert
the current channel (column inv).
Time lapse/Channel plot Show graphs of a parameter depending on measurement/channel
number.
Time lapse/ Time lapse Run the inversion for all the measurements/channels.
inversion
Time lapse/Next from Invert the next channel relying on results of the previous. If the
previous option is not activated, the current model for this stage is used as
an initial approximation for every next iteration.
Time lapse/Max iter numb Set a maximum number of iterations.
for next
Time lapse/Clear all models Remove models for all the channels.

Time Lapse/Chanel plot option calls up the Multi-channel plot window (pic. 15), in
which there are graphs of parameter depending on measurement/channel number for every span.
The main menu of this window contains the following buttons:

- Go to the next span, while the coordinates of the current and potential electrodes for
the measurement point now considering are displayed in the top part of the window.

- Smooth the graph for the current span.

- Undo the last action.

- Remove points from the graph. Removal can be done using the lift mouse button.
A certain point of displayed line can be edited using menu items arising when the left
mouse button is pressed on this point. It can be deleted (Delete point), moved manually or
replaced with smoothed value (Smooth point), returned into position which was before editing
was started (Origin point). The button of the toolbar allows to smooth the whole line.
31

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 15. Line editing window for a certain measurement point.

Having models for several monitoring stages, there in the Options/Model tab will be the
additional item Timelapse summary allowing to estimate the time rate of parameter change.

IP parameters inversion.

If there is IP data in the project, several additional options appear. If you go to IP

inversion regime pressing the button in the program main window toolbar, there in the menu
Options/Model/ will be MF display option – to display metal-factor in the model section.
After the inversion of polarizability data this parameter can be displayed.
Having resistivity and polarizability data for different time intervals in the project
simultaneously, the Cole-Cole inversion can be conducted. This menu item is available in IP
inversion regime (after inversion for all time intervals) in the program main menu Time
lapse/Cole-cole inversion. When the calculations are finished, the Cole-Cole model parameters
can be displayed in the model section. For this end select needed parameter Chargeability,

Marine survey data.

If you choose Underwater data type, there will be additional item

Options/Inversion/Underwater options in the program main menu. It contains the following
options:

32

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Resistivity Specify water resistivity
Invert It is desirable to have water resistivity values for marine survey data
interpretation. Use this option if water resistivity data is absent.
Sublayers number Specify number of water layer splits. It depends on water layer
thickness.

Apparent parameters visualization

There is a possibility to visualize apparent parameters as pseudosection
Options/Data/Pseudo-section and as graphics plan Options/Data/Graphics-plot. The current
profile can be selected from the list on the task bar, the profile number corresponds to Prof
index in the data file.
Mathematical algorithms are generally used for the first-time data rating because of large
amount of data. Pseudosections and graphs plans can be used just to selectively estimate
convergence of observed and theoretical parameters as a result of inversion.
In resistivity mode parameter can be represented as normalized signal
(Option/Data/Resistance) or apparent resistivity (Option/Data/Apparent resistivity).

Graphics plan

Graphics plan is used for apparent resistivity values visualization as graphs along profile.
Graphing method can be chosen in the main menu of the program: by certain
pseudodepth Options/Data/ Type graphics /Iso-PsZ with different array factor, by certain
current circuit position Options/Data/ Type graphics / Iso-AB or potential circuit position
Options/Data/ Type graphics / Iso-MN (pic. 16).

33

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 А

C
В

34

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Pic.16. А. Graphics plan created by certain current circuit position (Iso-AB), B. Graphics plan
created by certain potential circuit position (Iso-MN), C. Graphics plan created by certain
pseudodepth (Iso-PsZ).
Mouse clicks are used to work with graphics plan.
Zooming in or dragging some part is performed with pressed button (“rubber
rectangular” tool). To zoom in a segment move mouse cursor down and to the right with left
button pressed (Pic. 17A). To return to primary zoom do the same but with mouse cursor moving
up and to the left (Pic. 17B).

Pic. 17. Mouse cursor navigation to zoom in/out

The following actions are performed by pressing left mouse button on graphic point: all
other graphics are hidden and electrodes positions for active point are shown (while the button is
pressed). To edit measured values move plot point with right button pressed.
Graph editor is called when right-clicking the mouse on the graph with pressed Shift.
(more). Right click on necessary axis with SHIFT button pressed to run axis editor (more). Right
click on legend to the right of the graph with SHIFT button pressed to run legend editor (more).
Click on legend with SHIFT button pressed to select one graph and delete all others.
Second click performs inverse operation.
Use mouse wheel to scroll graphs. In order to do that select a few adjacent graphs (on the
legend) and scroll mouse wheel with mouse cursor in the centre of the legend. Indices of active
graphs will change. Right click on plot point to select value in the table.

35

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pseudosection
In the first approximation pseudosection visualizes parameter distribution with depth
along profile (pic. 19).
Contour graph is created in profile coordinate to pseudodepth axes. Color scale correlates
value to color.

Pic. 18. Pseudosections of apparent resistivity: observed and calculated values.

Double click next to object axes runs context menu which contains the following options:
Log data scale Use logarithmic scale on color bar.
Smooth mode Smooth pseudosection
Display grid point Display measurement point ticks.
Display ColorBar Display colour scale.
Setup Run pseudosection parameters setup dialog. (more).
Print preview Print pseudosection.
Save picture Save pseudosection in graphic file *. emf.
Save XYZ file Save pseudosection in data-file.
X:Y=1:1 Make scales along the vertical and horizontal axes the
same.
Default Set pseudosection parameters on default.

Right click on necessary axis with SHIFT button pressed to run axis editor (more).

36

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Zooming in or dragging some part is performed with pressed button (“rubber rectangular”
tool).
Pseudosection plotting method differs for various arrays. Pseudosection point
position:
1. for Wenner array corresponds to array center on X axis and to ¼ of separation between
the last electrode and array center on Y axis;
2. for Pole-Dipole array - center between potential electrodes on X axis and separation
between current electrode and center of potential electrodes on Y axis;
3. for Dipole-Dipole array - array center on X axis and ½ of distance between dipole centers
(for current and potential electrodes) on Y axis;
4. for Gradient array – center between potential electrodes on X axis and ½ of separation
between nearest current electrode and center of potential electrodes;
5. for Pole-Pole array – array center on X and Y axes;
6. for VES array – array center on X axis and ¼ of distance between the last electrodes on Y
axis.

Contour plan
The data slice is displayed in the program operating window under the 3D model. Observed
parameter (Options/Data/Observed), theoretically calculated parameter
(Options/Data/Calculated data) or misfits values for the area (Options/Data/Misfit) can be
displayed (pic. 19). The slice depth can be changed using the list on the task bar.

Pic. 19. Contour plan.

37

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Red line shows the position of the current profile for which there are graphs of
observed and calculated parameter (top right corner section), blue dotted line shows the current
position of model slice.
Right mouse button click on object section calls up the context menu with the
following options:
Log data scale Use logarithmic scale on color bar.
Smooth mode Smooth pseudosection
Display grid point Display measurement point ticks.
Display ColorBar Display colour scale.
Setup Run parameters setup dialog (more).
Print preview Print contour plan (more).
Save picture Save contour plan to image file.
Save XYZ file Save contour plan to Surfer format.
X:Y=1:1 Make scales along the vertical and horizontal axes the
same.
Load background Load image as a base layer (image file).
Load googlemap Load Google map as a base layer.
Remove background Remove current base layer.
Draw in Surfer Export to Golden Software Surfer

Load background option allows to upload any bitmap file as a base layer whilst the
picture becomes semitransparent. This option is very useful for comparing measured data with
topographic maps, plots, geological maps and tectonic maps as well as with another methods
data (geophysical, geochemical, etc.) which are performed in graphical format. There is an
example of usage geological map as a base layer in the picture 20.
Load googlemap option allows to upload Google map in accordance with set points
coordinates. After choosing this option the UTM zone window where you have to select zone
number will appear (pic. 21).

38

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 20. An example of adjustment of the measured data contour plan and a geological map for
the survey area.

Pic. 21. Choosing UTM zone dialog.

Right click on necessary axis with Shift pressed and the axes editor will appear. (more).

39

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Data inversion
The next step after loading data file and start-up model setup is specifying inversion type
and selecting parameters. Use button or Option/Program setup menu option to run inversion
parameters setup dialog.

Inversion parameters setup dialog

This dialog serves for specifying parameters connected with forward and inverse problem
solutions.
Inversion tab serves for inversion parameters setup (pic.22).

Pic. 22. Program setup dialog window, Inversion tab

Inversion option defines algorithm that is used for inverse problem solution.
Let us consider inversion algorithms by example of subsurface model that consists of
several blocks (pic.23).

40

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 23. Test subsurface model.
For algorithm testing theoretical response should be calculated and 5 percent Gaussian
noise superimposed.
Smoothness constrained is inversion by least-square method with use of smoothing operator. As
a result of this algorithm smooth (without sharp boundaries) and stable parameter distribution is
received (pic.24).

Pic. 24. Regenerated model as a result of Smoothness constrained inversion

Matrix equation for this kind of inversion is the following:
A W WA  C Cm  A W
T T T T T
f (9)
Judging by the equation it can be said that model contrast is not minimized during
inversion. Current algorithm allows receiving minimum misfit values. In the majority of cases it
is recommended to use it for initial stages of interpretation.
Occam is inversion by least-square method with use of smoothing operator and
additional contrast minimization [Constable, 1987]. As a result of this algorithm the smoothest
parameter distribution is received (pic.25).

Pic. 25 Regenerated model as a result of Occam inversion.

41

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Matrix equation for this kind of inversion is the following:
A W
T T

WA  C T C m  AT W T f  C T Cm (10)
Degree of smoothness of received model is in direct proportion to Smoothness factor
value. It should be noted that high values of this parameter can lead to misfit increase.
Marquardt – classic inversion algorithm by least-square method with regularization by
damping parameter (Ridge regression) [Marquardt, 1963]. In case of little quantity of section
parameters this algorithm allows receiving contrast subsurface model. (pic.26).

Pic. 26. Regenerated model as a result of Marquardt inversion

Matrix equation for this kind of inversion is the following:
A W
T T

WA  I m  AT W T f (11)
Unwise usage of this inversion method modification can lead to receiving unstable results
and increasing of RMS deviation, that is algorithm discrepancy.
The best option is to use Marquardt method as specializing (for misfit decrease) after
Smoothness constrained or Occam inversion is performed.
Focused is inversion by least-square method with use of smoothing operator and
additional contrast focusing [Portniaguine, 2000]. As a result of this algorithm piecewise smooth
parameters distribution (that is model which consists of blocks with constant resistivity) can be
received (pic.27).

Pic. 27. Regenerated model as a result of Focused inversion

Matrix equation for this kind of inversion is the following:
A W
T T

WA  C T RC m  AT W T f  C T RCm (12)

42

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 In case of using this type of inversion threshold contrast parameter Threshhold should be
carefully selected. This parameter defines threshold contrast value for adjacent cells, if it is
reached adjacent cells parameters are not averaged (it is considered that there is a boundary
between these cells). Dependence of averaging degree (or weight) of two adjacent cells Ri on
contrast threshold e and contrast between these cells ri is the following:
e2
Ri  . (13)
e 2  ri
2

Blocks – fits parameters for certain domains which differ in resistivity. Domains with
equal resistivity consider as single blocks (pic.28).
Matrix equation for this kind of inversion is the same as for Block algorithm:
A W
T T

WA  I m  AT W T f (14)

Pic. 28. Regenerated model as a result of Blocks inversion

It is recommended to use this algorithm for more precise definition of already received
results of preceding methods (Focused is the best option) after merging cells in necessary blocks
using Cell summarization function. Model editor should be used to select certain blocks
manually: certain domains should be assigned with different parameters. Certain domains will be
highlighted by boundary while working with this dialog window.
Smoothing factor sets dependence of measurement misfit minimization on model misfit.
In case of noisy environment or in order to receive smoother and more stable parameters
distribution quite high smoothing parameter value is chosen: 0.5 – 2.0; 0.005 – 0.1 values are
used for high quality data. High smoothing parameter values mostly lead to high data misfits
(pic. 29). Smoothing factor is used in Occam and Focused inversion algorithms.

43

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 А

Pic. 29. Geoelectric models as a result of Occam inversion

with smoothing factor: 0.01 (А) and 1.0 (B).
Resultant misfit for case А – 4.5 %, case B – 6 %.
Robust weighting scheme – this option should be turned on if there are individual high
deviations caused by systematic measurement errors. It is possible that current algorithm will not
give positive results if amount of rejected data is comparable to amount of high quality data.
Stop criteria field contains inversion stopping criterion.
Iterations – if this function is ON inversion process stops as soon as specified iteration
number is reached.
Focusing parameters field
Threshold – defines threshold contrast value for adjacent cells, and if it is reached
adjacent cells parameters are not averaged (it is considered that there is a boundary between
these cells). This parameter value is chosen empirically (0.001-1) (Pic. 30). Small parameter
value can cause algorithm discrepancy (in this case it needs increasing). Large value leads to
receiving smooth distribution.

Pic. 30. Geoelectric models as a result of Focused

44

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 inversion with Threshold parameter: 0.01 (А) and 0.1 (B)
Sharpness – defines ratio between minimization of causative body volume (0) and
construction of piecewise-smooth distribution (1) (pic. 31). Value of this parameter is chosen
empirically (0.7).

Pic. 31. Geoelectric models as a result of Focused

inversion with Sharpness parameter: 0.8 (А) and 0.2 (B)
Focused filter – defines mechanism of focusing filter construction. If Own filed is
selected, filter is constructed using current parameters (in current interpretation mode). If Other
is selected, focusing filter based on other medium parameter is used. For example, resistivity
model with boundaries which correspond to our idea about medium parameters is received. In
order to create polarizability model with the same boundaries go to induced polarization method
in data interpretation mode, and choose Other and Threshold value that corresponds to
expected polarizability section specifics.

Second tab Options serves for complementary inversion parameters setup (pic. 32).

45

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 32. Program setup dialog window, Options tab
Model field:
Min resistivity(polarizability), Max resistivity(polarizability) – set model parameters
limits of variation for inversion.
Smoothness ratio – specifies smoothness ratio in horizontal and vertical direction. Set
this parameter larger than 1 for vertically-layered subsurface and smaller than 1 for horizontally
stratified earth. Usually this parameter value ranges from 0.2 to 1 (pic.33).

Pic. 33. Geoelectric model as a result of “smooth” inversion with Smoothness ratio
parameter: 1 (А) and 0.3 (B).

46

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Cell grouping – use this option in the majority of models. It activates table that allows
merging adjacent cells and receiving less determinate parameters for inversion. If this option is
used number of cells for forward solution remains the same but number of cells for inversion
decreases. Ideally, number of determinate parameters should be close to amount of data.
The table contains four columns: in the first (Layer) there is a layer number for the initial
model; in the following three columns (X, Y, Z) you can set a number of cells (in the
corresponding direction) which are contained in every cell of the inversion mesh for this layer.
The inversion mesh will be displayed in the model editor, while it is being customized. Double
click on the cells in the X and Y columns allows to unite cells in the horizontal direction for this
and all the underlying layers.
Examples of three inversion meshes are shown below. First one corresponds to model
(pic. 34A), in the second one cells are united into groups of two, starting with second layer (pic.
34B), in the third one cells are united into groups of four, starting with second layer (pic. 34C).

Pic. 34. Examples of inversion meshes.

47

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Model visualization modes and parameters

Model can be displayed as cells Options/Model/Block-section (pic.35А) or in smooth

interpolated palette Options/Model/Smooth-section (pic.35B)

Pic. 35. Model display options:

Block-section (А), Smooth-section (B).

You can choose the model slice orientation (XZ, YZ, XY) using Options/Model/Plane
option.
Double click in different domains of model editor to run context menu with the following
options:

Top domain Display model mesh Display model mesh

Display objects Display objects border

border
Display color bar Display colour bar
Setup Run model parameters setup dialog (more).
Zoom&Scroll Turn on zoom and scroll mode
Print preview Print model
X:Y=1:1 Make scales along the vertical and horizontal
axes the same.
Colour bar Set minimum Set minimum value of colour bar
Set maximum Set maximum value of colour bar

48

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Automatic Automatically select minimum and maximum
value of colour bar
Log scale Set logarithmic scale on colour bar
Smooth image Smooth image contours
Set cursor value Set current value of the parameter

To view model parameters (red colour) and data (blue color) distribution graph
use Options/Model/Model Histogram dialog (pic. 36). Minimum and maximum of parameter
colour scale can be set by changing vertical lines positions.

Pic. 36. Histogram dialog

While moving the cursor in created windows coordinates corresponding to current
window axes are displayed in left section of status panel of program main window.
Border parts of the model are usually characterized by worse resolution. Very often these
domains contain numerous false anomalies. Options/Cutting option allows hiding model
borders by specifying cutting angle (in degrees).

Option «Buffer» of the main menu

49

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Buffer option of the program main menu allows comparing models, obtained with
different inversion parameters and program settings (when using additional geological data, filter
data, etc.). When using this option, all obtained models are displayed in using the same color
palette, and scales.
After getting one of models, click on the Buffer tab of the main menu and select Model 1.
The program offers to set name of a current model, in which different parameters can be stored.
Then, the current model will be saved, and a new inversion can be done with different program
settings and save as a Model 2. It is possible to save up to five different models. To open the
window of saved models, select Buffer/Open in the program main menu.

Pic. 37. Dialog window Sections from Buffer

50

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 3D model parameters setting dialog

3D model serves to display the section in 3D view. The image size is controlled with the
mouse wheel. To rotate model use pressed left mouse button. The button on the toolbar of
the program main window serves to set the 3D image parameters, the settings are also available
on right mouse button click in the 3D model section, whereupon the 3D Options appears.
When the button is held down, the following options are available:
3D view settings Run the 3D model parameters setting dialog
OpenGL settings 3D image editor (more)
Print preview 3D model print setting dialog (more)
Plane cut Choose the model slice orientation.
Model Set the start model parameters
Half-space value – set the value of the parameter for the half-
space
Clear model – clear the current model
Clear limits – clear the current parameters limits
MinMax auto – set the parameters limits automatically
Smooth/raster model – smooth/raster the model
Axes settings Call the axis parameters setting dialog (more).
Show Choose the displayed objects (to choose check the boxes opposite
to the needed objects):
Cutting plane – show the model borders
Survey points – show the measurement points
Boreholes – show well log and stratigraphy data
Background – show the base layer
Synchronous cut Change the slice position on the 3D model synchronously with

changing the 2D plan using the buttons.

X:Y:Z 1:1:1 Set the same scale for all the axes

51

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 The 3D image parameters setting dialog consists of five tabs. The Opacity (0-100) option
is situated in the bottom part that allows to set the general model transparency. For more

delicate model transparency parameter settings use the button (pic. 38).

Pic. 38. Opacity vs parameter value dialog window.

There is a filled graph in the Opacity vs parameter value window which shows the
current parameter distribution. Red graph shows the transparency value depending on the
parameter. The background medium parameter value is usually a maximum on the distribution
graph. If it must be shown only anomalous objects, the transparency of those which are close to
background medium is being decreased. Use mouse to change the transparency profile.

The Pie-cut tab – construct a model in the form of opaque parallelogram limited by user-
selected cross-sections (pic.39).
The Smooth option activates the model constructing regime with continuous
interpolative filling. Three sliders set the positions of cutting-off borders for the model.

52

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 B

Pic. 39. Dialog window 3D options, Pie-cut tab (А) and examples of the corresponding
model visualization (B, C).

Inside tab – fully built the model of semi-transparent blocks (pic. 40). The slider in the
top part sets relative cell size from 0 to 100 percent. The unnecessary blocks are cut off in the
Filters section. Hide half-space option forbids drawing of the blocks which’s values are equal to
those of the half-space (convenient to use in the modelling regime). In case of inversion results
displaying it is more suitable to use Opacity dialog settings.

53

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 B

Pic. 40. Dialog window 3D options, Inside tab (A) and examples of the corresponding
model visualization (B, C).

Multi-slide tab – shows a stand of semi-transparent model slices along one of the
directions (pic. 41). Smooth option includes regime of the model graphical construction with a
continuous interpolative filling. Automatic option includes an automatic selection of the stand
direction depending on the angle of vision.

54

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 B

Pic. 41. Dialog window 3D options, Multi-slide tab (A) and an example of the
corresponding model visualization (B).

Isosurface tab – displays three-dimensional isosurfaces of the section parameters (pic.

42). Three sliders determine the values upon which the isosurfaces will be built. The
Smoothness slider determines a smoothness degree of the isosurface. VolRender option
activates the displaying regime for a semi-transparent fog which’s colour is determined by the
model parameters.

A B

55

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 C

Pic. 42. Dialog window 3D options, Isosurface tab (A) and examples of the
corresponding model visualization (B, C).
Multi-planes tab – displays three semi-transparent mutually intersecting planes (pic. 43).
Smooth option activates the model graphical construction regime with a continuous interpolative
filling. Three sliders determine the position of the model intersection planes.

B
A

Pic. 43. Dialog window 3D options, Multi-planes tab (A) and an example of the
corresponding model visualization (B).

56

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Modeling

Modeling is an important process prior to field work. It allows choosing optimal

parameters for measuring system in order to solve assigned geological task. Using initial
information about the lead interpreter can model different geological situations while planning
geophysical works.

Pic. 44. Active window of the program in modeling mode.

On the first stage measuring system parameters should be selected taking into
consideration specifics and depth of burial of the object of interest, work conditions (relief,
grounding conditions), and equipment capability. Use File/Create survey option to run
measuring system parameters setup dialog.
Necessary input data for modelling is an acquisition geometry and an earth model.
ZondRes3D allows to create an acquisition configuration and earth models in itself and also use
acquisition configurations saved in exterior formats and build acquisition configurations based
on other models of Zond software suite and geologic cross-section defined in the form of a
bitmap.
Acquisition configuration specification
Going to the dialog containing the set of options for choosing parameters of the electrical
tomography acquisition configuration, you can use File/Create survey option in the program
main menu.

57

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Through the use of this dialog it is possible to create a measurement configuration using
any of the arrays among the most spread ones (a drop-down list Electrodes array, pic. 45): two-
electrode array (Pole-Pole, A-M), three-electrode array (Pole-Dipole, A-MN), dipole-dipole
array (Dipole-Dipole, AB-MN), Wenner array (Wenner, A-M-N-B), Schlumberger array
(Schlumberger, A-MN-B) and gradient array (Gradient, A-MN-B).

Pic. 45. The most spread arrays types.

The Sub array type list allows to choose a subtype of the array determined above (an
order of the electrodes positions). For example, for three-electrode array it can be a forward array
(Forward, A-MN), reverse (Reverse, MN-A) or their combination (A-MN&MN-A).
In the group of fields Array’s geometry the basic parameters of creating measurement
configuration are determined: electrodes spacing in meters (Minimal separation, m), a number
of electrodes in one array (Electrodes number), a number of arrays on the profile (Number of
shifts), a shift between adjoining arrays (a number of electrodes, Cable shift, n).
In the group of fields Lines areal survey parameters are determined: lines spacing in
meters (Lines separation, m) and a number of lines (Lines number).
Worksheet tab (pic. 47) allows to set additional features of the acquisition geometry.
Basically it is a full-fledged tool for creating measurement record for chosen array. In the table in
the tab bottom part the AO column contains all possible span values, column n x a contains
length of the detector line (selection and cancellation is determined by the check box), columns
step [K] are for the frequency of measurements in horizontal direction with the chosen length of
the detector line (for example, step [K] = 3 means that measurements will be conducted in the
every third possible point).

58

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 46. Dialog window Electrodes array settings (choosing the array type and the basic
features of the geometry)

Pic. 47. Dialog window Electrodes array worksheet (additional features of the geometry).
Data survey picture in the top part of the Electrodes array worksheet tab contains a
graphic image of the created measurement configuration.
Measurement configuration can be saved into text file or in ABEM protocol (*.xml),
MAE instrument (*.sem), Multimax sequence (*.txt), AGI sequence (*.cmd) formats using the
button in the top left corner of the dialog window.

59

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 After setting the parameters of measurement array and pressing the button, the
mesh setting dialog Mesh constructor will appear (more). After pressing Apply and close
button, the functional buttons for operating with the data will appear on the toolbar of the
program main window and brief information about the data and the model will appear in the
right section of the status panel.
You can change measurement configuration, while keeping the model unchanged, using
the program main menu option File/Change array, which returns back to the measurement
configuration creating dialog.

Model editor

Geoelectric medium creation is performed in model editor (bottom graphic section of

program window in block-section mode).
Model editor serves for changing certain cell parameters using mouse. To the right of
model edit region there is a colour bar that connects colours and resistivity values. Right click on
the scale to select current value; this value will be displayed below colour bar.
Work with model cells is similar to raster image editing in graphics editor. When you
move cursor in model domain coordinates and parameters of active cell are displayed in the
bottom status panel of program main window. Current active cell is highlighted by rectangular –
cursor. Selected or fixed cell is marked by white or black dots pattern.

Right click in model editor domain to run context menu that contains the following
options:

Display cell setup Run cell parameters setup dialog

Cell to cursor value Use active cell parameter as current value
Edit mode Run Edit mode
Selection\Free form Highlight set of cells within edit region using mouse. Field is limited
selection by user.
Selection\Rectangular Highlight set of cells within edit region using mouse. Field has
selection rectangular form.
Selection\Elleptical Highlight set of cells within edit region using mouse. Field has elliptic
selection form.

60

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Selection\Magic wand Highlight set of cells within edit region using mouse. Active cell and
adjacent cells whose parameters are close to its parameter are
highlighted. Proximity is specified in model parameters setup dialog.
Selection\Remove Delete selected
selection
Clear model Clear current model

Work with model

Use mouse to work with model.
Left click on cell to set its parameter current value.
Zooming in or dragging some part is performed in Zoom&Scroll mode with pressed
button. To zoom in a segment move mouse cursor down and to the right with left button pressed.
To return to primary zoom do the same but with mouse cursor moving up and to the left
In order to efficiently create a model there are a few cell selection modes in the program:
rectangular, elliptical and free form selections or by certain parameter value. Right click in
model edit region to run appropriate options.
Click on the cell with CTRL button pressed to drag selected set of cells within edit range
using mouse. While dragging the selection with left button pressed content of selected cells
copies to new domain. While dragging the selection with right button pressed content of selected
cells is cut and pasted to new domain.
Parameter value can be also assigned to selected cells using cell parameter setup dialog
Cell setup (pic. 48).

61

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Cell parameter setup dialog

Pic. 48. Cell setup dialog window

This dialog serves for selecting cell parameters or highlights it.
Value – sets cell parameter value.
Fixed – fixes or frees cell parameter.
Min value, Max value – sets cell parameter size of changing.
Apply to selected – uses current settings for all selected cells if this function is ON.
It should be noted that changing modes (resistivity/polarizability) does not change
selected domain.
The main purpose of mathematical modeling is signal level estimation and acquisition
geometry resolution evaluation. Press button in the tool bar to calculate apparent parameters
response in specified geoelectric model (forward solution).
It is possible to regenerate starting model, that is to solve inverse problem using
calculated from current model data, if theoretical signals are saved with filter - Zond calculated
data, and then opened as observed data.

Saving interpretation results

Profile interpretation result is hold in «ZONDRES3D» file format (extension *.z3d) (see
«Main data file format» for details). Field data, relative measurement weights, and current
subsurface model is saved in this file. Data from the file is used for further load and subsurface
model creation.
62

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Сохранить результат интерпретации, можно нажав кнопку панели инструментов
или соответствующий ей пункт меню File/Save file.
Project file Save observed data and current subsurface model
Project with calculated Save calculated data and current subsurface model
data
Observed Save observed data
Calculated data Save calculated data
XYZV Save table file *.dat with observation points coordinates and
calculated values of the parameter
XYZ Save table file *.dat with observation points coordinates

Data import and export

Usage of graphical base layers for 2D and 3D models

Integration of geophysical methods and accounting a priori information are the best
methods to enhance interpretation data quality. There are a few ways of a priori information
visualization in the program. Options/Import/Export option allows loading different geological
and geophysical information including profile measurements as graphs, models built in other
Zond programs, graphic image as base of section (for example, geological or seismic section)
(pic. 49).

Pic. 49. An example of usage Background 2D function

63

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 50. An example of usage Background 3D function

Using Save rotations option you can save pictures of the model rotation about Y axis in
the chosen direction of the «camera».
The pictures of model sections in the XZ plane in the chosen direction of the «camera»
can be saved using Save slides in the model displaying regime Multi-planes.
To compare the results of different methods, it is convenient to use Import Mod2D’s and
Import mod3d functions. These options allow to upload models saved in other Zond programs
as MOD3D and MOD2D files into the current model as a current model.
Different options for data and resultant model export are described in «Saving
interpretation results».
For the further geological interpretation and preparation of report graphics there is an
opportunity to save the model into three-dimensional dat-file or the model slices in the XZ plane
into 2D dat-files. The model can be saved as a bitmap (Save slides) of definite resolution and
size using the Output settings dialog.

Outbound image setup dialog

64

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Output settings dialog allows adjusting vertical Vertical scale (in meters per sm),
horizontal scale Horizontal scale (in meters per sm), image resolution Print resolution (in DPI)
and font size Font size.

Pic. 51. Picture settings dialog

These settings are applied to model saved in BMP format , only if Automatic option
is ON. Otherwise the same image that is displayed on the screen will be saved.

Creation borehole data

To create a stratigraphy file select Options/Boreholes/Create/Edit borehole data in the
main program menu. The dialog box Add borehole data appears (pic. 52).

Pic. 52 Lithology file creation dialog Add borehole data

65

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Dialog box toolbar contains the following buttons:

Open lithology file

Save lithology file

Create a new borehole

Remove borehole

Add layer in borehole

Remove layer in borehole

The lithology column mode

The logging data mode

Go to the previous borehole

Go to the next borehole

Update data window

Sort boreholes by coordinate

Select fill color of window displaying boreholes (red in the example).

Additional options

There are also windows of setting the horizontal well coordinate (the line start offset) –
horizontal position, name of the well – title, and the inclination angle – angle on the main
panel. The horizontal coordinated of the wells are set in meters. Small empty boxes are intended
to create the filling set. To change the horizontal coordinates, use the program main menu
function Options/Boreholes/Edit position, and then the Locations dialog window will appear
(pic. 53) where you can set or upload coordinates.

66

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 53. Well creating dialog window Locations.

The module contains two main windows. On the left is Data window, containing a table
with the following columns: N - layer index, H - layer thickness in meters, Z – layer bottom
depth in meters, C – filling type. Borehole data are displaying on the right window in graphical
form.

To begin creating a lithology file click the button on the toolbar. Then a new table

appears in the Data Window. To set number of layers, click the button . Then it is necessary
to edit the table: set thickness or bottom depth for every layer, and also choose the filling type
according to the lithology. To call filling dialog Pattern Color Editor, click double the left mouse
button in column C of the data window (Pic. 54). The program offers a rich variety of lithology
fills. The option Color allows choosing the fill color.

67

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 54 Fill editor window

After completing entering borehole data, press a button and the borehole appears in
the graphics window. After that it is necessary to set the horizontal and vertical borehole
coordinates on the toolbar in kilometers, after that the borehole will be displayed in accordance
with its coordinates. In the graphics window active borehole is displayed in red.
For comfortable working with a large number of boreholes it is possible to create a
palette in the program. To create a palette, select a fill on the fills column of the Data window
and then click the right mouse button within fills area in the main program panel. In this way,

fills set can be created and saved. To do this, click the button and choose Save default

palette. Saved fills set can be used when creating a new data file of lithology and logging ( -
Load default palette).

The option Set percent is called by clicking the button and can be used for changing
scale of borehole data in graphical form.
After saving the data file, multiple auxiliary files will be created: *.crt - module project
that can be loaded into the program «ZONDRES3D» and *.txt - file for each borehole, the
names correspond to the horizontal and vertical coordinate. More about the format of lithology
file.
To add borehole data, use Options/ Borehole/Load borehole data. Borehole data will
be displayed on both model section and in the 3D model area (pic. 55).

68

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 55 Lithology data display in the section editor.

To load the available logging data of boreholes prepare a file format described in the part

«Logging and lithology data file format» and load it using the button .

Logging and lithology data file format

Logging data and lithologic columns are hold in certain file formats. First type of files
has txt extension; these files contain logging and lithology data. The following structure is used
to create logging data file:
First column contains measure point depth (from surface), second column contains well
log measurements. Third and forth columns are filled with zeroes.
Logging data sample-file is given below:
0.5 118.3035394 0 0
1 126.9002384 0 0
1.5 123.4170888 0 0
2 116.1519574 0 0
2.5 117.240884 0 0
3 111.9424174 0 0
3.5 142.0405875 0 0
4 125.3686538 0 0
4.5 521.0730567 0 0
5 735.5232592 0 0
69

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 5.5 707.7315998 0 0
6 706.3561614 0 0
6.5 725.9945623 0 0
7 722.433627 0 0
7.5 717.0991126 0 0
8 716.9836552 0 0
8.5 725.5024012 0 0
9 722.3551713 0 0
9.5 731.5717173 0 0
10 723.5097884 0 0
10.5 726.8844987 0 0
11 725.962034 0 0
11.5 743.2485878 0 0
12 726.4061156 0 0
12.5 734.399887 0 0
13 727.9166309 0 0
13.5 116.1921851 0 0
14 517.9613065 0 0
14.5 125.3706264 0 0
15 111.2952478 0 0
15.5 131.911879 0 0
16 107.9217309 0 0
16.5 114.9327361 0 0
17 134.0939196 0 0
17.5 138.4457143 0 0
18 129.1165104 0 0

Pic. 56. Model with plotted well logs.

The following structure is used to create lithology data file:

First column contains lithologic layer depth (from surface). Second column is filled with
zeroes. Third column defines layer colour for visualization, forth – type of pattern.

70

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 57. Model with plotted lithologic columns
First 23 patterns for lithologic column creation are given below (pic.58).

Pic. 58. Types of lithologic pattern

Lithologic data sample-file is given below:

0 1 0 13 Top of layer 1
4 1 0 13 Bottom of layer 1
4 1 0 19 Top of layer 2
11 1 0 19 Bottom of layer 2
11 1 0 27 Top of layer 3
16 1 0 27 Bottom of layer 3

Second type of files has *.crt extension; these are control files which specify type of data
and way of visualization. Structure of CRT file for lithology and logging data visualization for
any quantity of wells is described below.
2280.txt First line – logging or lithology data file
скв2280 Second line – Well name (is displayed on well)
18 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 Third line contains control parameters -
Data record 18 – well coordinate on profile.
2 – image width (in percents to profile length, usually 1 - 20).

71

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
2 – type of data visualization 0 - 3.
0 - logging data (as graph);
1 - logging data (interpolated colour column), section colour scale is used for visualization;
2 - lithologic column;
3 - logging data (colour column), colours for data visualization correspond to model colour scale, column colours
are selected in compliance with model colour scale;
1 – Logging data normalization parameter 0 - 2.
0,1 – the same minimum and maximum is used for all data;
1,2 - subtract average value from every well log;
0 - Logging method index (if different logging methods are displayed indices of all methods
should be specified) 0 – n-1, where n – number of methods.
1 – Plot colour.
0 – Data scale is logarithmic 0 or linear 1.
0 – Vertical well shift relative to the earth’s surface.

3246.txt Description of the following well on profile

скв3246
102 2 2 1 0 1 0 0

72

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 1. Palette settings

Dialog can be used for setting object palette of the program and is called by clicking the
button Palette (Fig. 59). Dialog allows selecting one of the default palettes (forward and inverse
rainbow, grayscale, etc.) or create a custom scale. To add a slider on the scale, click the right
mouse button with pressing Ctrl. To remove a slider, press the key Delete. It is also possible to
save a custom palette. To do this, click the button . To load existing ones, click the button .

Pic. 59 Palette settings dialog.

Appendix 2: Graphics set editor

Pic. 60 Graph set customization dialog.

Graphics set editor serves for colour adjustment of graphics set.

73

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Option Style defines algorithm of graphic’s colour palette specification.
Interpolated palette is used if Interpolate is selected. It is created using colours specified
in fields min colour, 1/3 colour, 2/3 colour и max colour. Value const sets the same colour
(option colour) for all graphics. Value random assigns random colours for all graphics.
Option Line sets colour for graphic’s connecting lines. If this function is OFF palette
colour is used otherwise specified in Line field colour is used.
Option Pointer sets colour for graphic point’s colour fill. If this function is OFF palette
colour is used otherwise specified in Pointer field colour is used.
Option Border sets graphic point’s outline color. If this function is OFF palette colour is
used otherwise specified in Border field colour is used.
Button Options runs graphics setup dialog.
Button Default returns graphics default settings.

Appendix 3: Graphics editor

Pic. 61 Graph setting dialog.

Graphics editor serves for graphic interface adjustment. Right click with SHIFT button
pressed on graphic to run it.

Tab Format contains connecting line settings.

74

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Button Border runs connecting line parameters setup dialog.
Button Colour runs colour setup dialog.
Button Pattern runs filling parameters setup dialog.
Button Outline runs graphic’s connecting line setup dialog.
Button Shadow runs shadows setup dialog.

Tab Point contains plot point settings.

Option Visible is used to show/hide plot points.
Option Style sets point shape.
Option Width sets point width in display units.
Option Height sets point height in display units.
Option Inflate margins defines if image size is zoomed in according to point size or not.
Button Pattern runs point’s colour fill setup dialog.
Button Border runs point’s outline parameters setup dialog.
Button Gradient runs point’s gradient colour fill setup dialog.

Tab Marks contains settings of graphic’s point marking.

Tab Style.
Option Visible is used to show/hide plot point marking.
Option Draw every allows plotting every second, third and so on marking depending on
selected value.
Option Angle sets point marking rotation angle.
Option Clipped defines whether point marking is plotted or not if it is located beyond
graphic borders.

Tab Arrows allows adjusting arrow from marking to point.

Button Border runs arrow line parameters setup dialog.
Button Pointer runs arrowhead shape setup dialog (options in tab Point).
Option Length sets arrow length.
Option Distance sets distance between arrowhead and plot point.
Option Arrow head sets type of arrowhead. None – arrowhead specified by Pointer
button is used. Line – classic thin arrowhead is used. Solid - classic thick arrowhead is used.
Option Size sets arrowhead size if classic arrow is used.

75

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Tab Format contains graphic settings of marking frame.
Button Colour runs frame background colour selection dialog.
Button Frame runs frame line setup dialog.
Button Pattern runs background parameters setup dialog.
Option Bevel sets frame type: usual, elevated or submerged.
Option Size sets elevation or submergence level.
Option Size rounds frame corners.
Options Transparent and Transparency sets frame seamlessness degree.
Tab Text:
Button Font runs marking font setup dialog.
Button Outline runs marking letter outline setup dialog.
Option Inter-char spacing sets letter spacing for marking text.
Button Gradient runs gradient fill for marking text setup dialog.
Option Outline gradient specifies if gradient fill is used in outline or interior of letters.
Button Shadow runs marking text shadow setup dialog.
Tab Gradient contains gradient fill settings for frame around markings
Tab Shadow contains shadow settings of frame around marking.

76

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 4: Legend editor

Pic. 62. Graph legend setting dialog.

Editor allows adjusting graphic and legend interface. Right click with SHIFT
button pressed on legend to the right of the graph to run it. Pop-up window with set of tabs will
appear.

Tab Style contains settings of legend display, allows choosing data label format and showing
boundaries between legend labels and so on.
Tab Position serves for choosing legend position relative to graphics plan.
Tab Symbols sets legend symbols display parameters.
Tab Title specifies legend name and allows adjusting its format.
Tab Text serves for adjusting legend label format.
Tabs Format, Gradient and Shadow contain settings of legend window, its gradient fill, and
shadow.

77

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 5: Pseudosection parameters setup dialog

Pic. 63 Contour-section parameters setting dialog.

This dialog serves to set the contour-section parameters.

Field Box margins
Left margin – sets image indent (in pixels) from window left edge.
Right margin – sets image indent (in pixels) from window right edge.
Top margin – sets image indent (in pixels) from window top edge.
Bottom margin – sets image indent (in pixels) from window bottom edge.

Field User data limits

Option User limits specifies whether minimum or maximum data values or values from
Minimum and Maximum filed are used for setting isoline sections.
Field Minimum sets minimum value to specify isoline sections.
Field Maximum sets maximum value to specify isoline sections.

СolorScale section allows operator of creating palette (check the box to use these settings).

78

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Num levels section – sets a number of contour intervals. Contour intervals are set with uniform
linear or logarithmic spacing depending on the data type.
Isolines option – tell the program whether to draw contours.
To configure filling parameters, use the Settings button. After clicking this button there
will be the Edit Levels dialog (pic. 64). The dialog is presented as a table with the following
columns. С_color – colour scale for filling. To edit the colour scale, right-click on the name of
the column and you will see the Color palette dialog (more). To edit a certain colour, right-click
on this colour. L_color – colour scale for contours. Editing is conducted similarly to the colour
scale for filling. When right-clicking on the column name, the Automatic dialog appears, there
you can set maximum and minimum value for the contours and also specify logarithmic contour
spacing. Column L_visible – allows to deactivate one or more contours, deselect the check box
of the corresponding value.

Pic. 64 Dialog window Edit levels

The Font button is intended for the setting of the filling legend font parameters. After
clicking the TeeFont Editor dialog will appear.
The Font button calls the font setting dialog for the filling legend.
The Outline button runs the setting dialog for the letters outline.
The Inter-char spacing option sets the letter spacing for text.
79

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
The Gradient button runs the setting dialog for gradient text filling.
The Outline gradient option specifies where to apply gradient text filling, on the outlines or the
letters interior.
The Shadow button runs the setting dialog for the look of the text dropping shadow.

80

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 6: Axes editor
Many objects have axes. Axes editor is used to adjust appearance and scale axes. Right
click on necessary axis with SHIFT button pressed to run it.

Pic. 65 Axes editor window

Pop-up menu with two fields (options and default) appears. The first one runs dialog, the
second sets values on default.
First tab of Scales dialog contains options for axes scale parameters setup.
Option Auto defines how minimum and maximum axis values are chosen. If this option is ON
axis limits are set automatically otherwise values from Minimum and Maximum filed specified
by user are selected.
Option Visible shows/hides selected axis.
Option Inverted defines axis orientation.
Button Increment change runs dialog for axis label step definition.
Option Logarithmic selects logarithmic or linear axis scale. In case of sign-changing scale
additionally use options from LinLog options field.
Option Base sets logarithm base for logarithmic axis.
Field LinLog options contains options for linear-logarithmic axis adjustment. Linear-
logarithmic scale allows representing sign-changing or zero containing data in logarithmic scale.
Option Dec Shift sets indent (in logarithmic decades) relative to maximum axis limit modulo to
zero. Minimum decade (prezero) has linear scale, others have logarithmic.
Option Min dec sets and fixes minimum (prezero) decade value if option is ON.
Option Rounded limits defines whether it is necessary to round minimum and maximum axis
values or not.
Fields Minimum and Maximum contain options for axis limits adjustment.
81

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Option Auto defines whether axis limit is selected automatically or using Change button.
Option Offset sets percentage axis limit shift relative to its actual value.

Tab Title contains options for axis header adjustment.

Tab Style:
Option Title sets axis header text.
Option Angle sets header text rotation angle.
Option Size sets header text indent. If 0 value is specified it is selected automatically.
Option Visible shows/hides axis header.
Tab Text:
Button Font runs header font setup dialog.
Button Outline runs dialog for header letters’ outline adjustment.
Option Inter-char spacing sets letter spacing in axis header.
Button Gradient runs gradient fill setup dialog for header text.
Option Outline gradient specifies if gradient fill is used in outline or interior of letters.
Button Shadow runs axis header shadow setup dialog.

Tab Labels contains options for axis label adjustment.

Tab Style:
Option Visible shows/hides axes labels.
Option Multiline is used for setting multiline axes labels.
Option Round first rounds first axis label.
Option Label on axis hides labels that go beyond axis.
Option Alternate arranges labels in two lines.
Option Size sets axis label indent. If 0 value is specified it is selected automatically.
Option Angle sets label rotation angle.
Option Min separation % sets minimum percentage label spacing.
Tab Text:
Button Font runs label font setup dialog.
Button Outline runs dialog for label letters’ outline adjustment.
Option Inter-char spacing sets letter spacing in label text.
Button Gradient runs label gradient fill setup dialog.
Option Outline gradient specifies whether gradient fill is used in outline or interior of letters.

82

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
Button Shadow runs label shadow setup dialog.

Tab Ticks contains options for axis main ticks adjustment.

Button Axis runs axis line setup dialog.
Button Grid runs line setup dialog for main ticks’ grid.
Button Ticks runs external main axis tick setup dialog. Option Len sets its length.
Button Inner runs internal main axis tick setup dialog. Option Len sets its length.
Option Centered centers grid of axis ticks.
Option At labels only displays main axis ticks only if axis labels are present.
Tab Minor contains options for axis intermediate ticks adjustment.
Button Grid runs line setup dialog for intermediate ticks grid.
Button Ticks runs external intermediate axis tick line setup dialog. Option Len sets its length.
Button Minor runs internal intermediate axis tick line setup dialog. Option Len sets its length
Option Count sets number of intermediate ticks between main ones.
Tab Position defines axis size and position.
Option Position % sets axis indent relative to its standard position on graph (in percent to graph
size or in screen units depending on selected option Units).
Option Start % sets axis start indent relative to its standard position on graph (in percent to
graph size).
Option End % sets axis end indent relative to its standard position on graph (in percent to graph
size).

83

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 7: Model parameters setup dialog

Options tab

Pic. 66 Setting dialog for the model parameters, Options tab.

Field Box margins

Left – sets image indent (in pixels) from window left edge.
Right – sets image indent (in pixels) from window right edge.
Top – sets image indent (in pixels) from window top edge.
Bottom – sets image indent (in pixels) from window bottom edge.
Selection admissibility sets threshold value of adjacent cells parameter difference which defines
their unification and highlighting together (in Magic Wand mode).
Transparency – sets the transparency values.
The Font button runs font setting dialog.
Colors tab.

84

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 67 Setting dialog for the model parameters, Colors tab.

The Palette button runs the palette setting dialog (more).

Field Others
Body border sets colour of boundary line between adjacent cells if measure of discrepancy
between them exceeds specified in Parameter alteration option value.
Grid sets mesh colour.
Selection sets mark colour of selected cell.
Fixed sets mark colour of fixed cell.

Appendix 8: 3D model editor

Dialog is available when clicking the button, then you can choose OpenGL settings
option. The dialog window TeeOpenGL Editor will appear (pic. 68).

85

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Pic. 68 3D model editor TeeOpenGL Editor

The Options section is intended to set general image parameters.

Ambient Light – sets brightness of external backlighting.
Smooth Shading – smooths shadows.
Font Outlines – highlights axes titles.
Font 3D Depth – sets font depth.
Draw style – chooses 3D model rendering style (Solid – solid filling, Wireframe – show only
frame, Points – show as points).
Shininess – sets brightness.
Anti-alias lines – activates/deactivates smoothing lines.

Light 0, 1 и 2 tabs set the light source parameters.

Visible – activates/deactivates the chosen source.
Color… - sets colour of light source.
Intensity – sets intensity of light source.
Spot – size of source, Default – sets the default value.
Fixed position – sets position of source along axes.
Set direction – sets light direction along axes.

86

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 Appendix 9: Print preview dialog
Print preview dialog is called in the main program menu File/Print preview. It is also
available by double-clicking on any object in the program.
When choosing this option by right-clicking on any object of the program, only this object
will be printed.

Pic. 69 Print preview window

To move a printing object on a sheet click the left mouse button.

In the main menu of the Print Preview window the following buttons are:

- Select Printer. In the pop-up menu it is possible to select

one of the configured printers.

- The button prints settings. In the opening window, it is possible to choose

the size and orientation of the sheet, the print properties, the number of pages per sheet and other
parameters.

87

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017
 - After changing the required parameters it is possible to send a figure for
printing using this button.

- Save in bitmap files.

- Closes the Print preview window.

88

Zond geophysical software

Saint-Petersburg 2001-2017