STUDENT KIT LAB MODULE

Program: EE242 / CEEE242 / CEEE223 Semester: 7

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Date
Version: 1.0 March 2022
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY V
Course Code: EPO662
Mode of Delivery: ! Face to Face Virtual

VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION LINE WITH

MIXED LOADS

Authors

Prepared by: Dr. Zulkiffli Bin Abdul Hamid Date : June 2020

1st Revision : Dr. Zulkiffli Bin Abdul Hamid Date : March 2022
 ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Field/Module: Power System / PS1
VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION
Experiment Title:
LINE WITH MIXED LOADS

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

CLO1: Work in a team effectively to perform laboratory works

(A3).
Course Learning
CLO2: Display proficiency using laboratory tools in conducting
Outcomes:
experiment (P4).
CLO3: Determine a suitable technique in order to solve the
complex engineering problem (C4).
CLO4: Present the findings observed from the experiment/case
study clearly and effectively through a lab/PBL report (A3)

Upon completion of this experiment, students should have the:

MO1: Ability to gain basic functions in PowerWorld Simulator.

Module Outcomes: MO2: Ability to draw several simple circuits in PowerWorld

Simulator.

MO3: Ability to perform simulations and analysis on load

variations in power transmission system using PowerWorld
Simulator

1. Perform the tasks as given/instructed in the lab module.

Instructions: 2. Submit the report in a group.
*Read the guidelines on PowerWorld Simulator as provided in this
laboratory manual.

1. No food or drink is allowed in lab unless food or drinks are

provided as a part of the lab.
2. Shoes must be worn in lab.
Safety
3. Please ensure all the diagram connection is checked or
Instructions:
approved by instructor/assistance engineer before running the
experiment.
4. Always bring test pen during laboratory session.
1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Overview on Loads in Transmission System

Loads in power systems are divided into industrial, commercial and residential. Very
large industrial loads may serve in the transmission system. Large industrial loads are
served directly from the sub transmission system and small industrial load are served
from the primary distribution network. The industrial loads are composite/inductive
loads, and induction motors form a high proportion of these load. These composite
loads are the functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the system
load. Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating and cooling
(resistive load). These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligible
small reactive power [1].

1.2 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

PowerWorld Simulator is a power system simulation package designed from the ground
up to be user-friendly and highly interactive. Simulator has the power for serious
engineering analysis, but it is also so interactive and graphical that it can be used to
explain power system operations to non-technical audiences. With Version 22, several
works have been continued to make Simulator more powerful and easier to use with
the addition of a number of major new features and hundreds of smaller enhancements.

1.3 Simulation of One-line Diagram

1.3.1 This section explains the procedures for simulation of one-line diagram. The simulation
is done by the software through Newton-Raphson load flow analysis. The essential
parameters like bus voltages, line flows, losses and line loading percentages will be
calculated via the simulation. A one-line diagram of 6-bus power system before running
load flow is shown in Figure 1.1.

1.3.2 To perform Newton-Raphson load flow analysis, click Run Mode > Tools > Solve
Power Flow – Newton as indicated by the red-colored rectangles in Figure 1.1. The
one-line diagram of 6-bus power system will be as in Figure 1.2.

1.3.3 The bus voltages, real and reactive line flows, real and reactive power loss, line loading
percentages, generator power and load power can be observed in Figure 1.2. For
example, voltage at bus 3 is 136.94 kV < – 6.98º, line flow for line 2-3 is 26.26 MW –
j5.05 MVar for sending-end and 25.46 MW + j3.64 MVar for receiving-end, real and
reactive power loss for line 2-3 are 0.80 MW and – j1.41 MVar, line loading percentage
for line 2-3 is 27%, real and reactive power for generator G1 is 53 MW and – j13 MVar,
real and reactive power for load L6 are 30 MW and 0 MVar.

1.3.4 The animated line flow can be played and stopped using the ‘Play’ and ‘Stop’ button
as shown in Figure 1.1. This animation will show the moving line flows with specific
direction from sending-end to receiving-end bus.
 Figure 1.1: 6-bus power system before simulation

Figure 1.2: 6-bus power system after simulation

1.4 Parameter Adjustment during Simulation

1.4.1 The real and reactive power of loads and generators can be increased or decreased
during simulation using the adjustment button as shown in Figure 1.3. With a one-time
click on the upward (increase) or downward (decrease) arrow, those values will be
adjusted to a desired value.
 Figure 1.3: Adjustment button during simulation

2. PRE-LAB WORK

2.1.1 For pre-lab work, students are required to perform theoretical analysis on transmission
line by answering the following question:

A 50 Hz, 132 kV, 190 km, three-phase transmission line has impedance and admittance
of z = 0.05 + j0.05 Ω/km and y = j5x10–6 S/km respectively. The line is supplying a
three-phase load of 150 MVA, 0.85 power factor lagging at the rated voltage. By using
nominal-pi model of transmission line, determine:

i) the ABCD parameters,

ii) the sending-end parameters (line-to-line voltage, current and complex power),
iii) the voltage regulation,
iv) and the efficiency of the line.
(15 marks)
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1. CASE 1: RESISTIVE LOAD

3.1.1. Open the folder ‘Resistive Load’. In the folder, there are two files in PWB and PWD
format. Open the file ‘6bus_system_resistive_load.PWB’ using PowerWorld
Simulator. A 6-bus power system as in Figure 3.1 will appear. In the 6-bus power
system, make sure that the real and reactive power of the loads at bus 3, 4, 5 and 6 (i.e.
L3, L4, L5 and L6) are as follows:

Load L3: P = 30 MW, Load L4: P = 10 MW, Load L5: P = 20 MW, Load L6: P = 30
MW

Figure 3.1: 6-bus power system for resistive load case

3.1.2. Solve the load flow using Newton-Raphson method. Then, click the ‘Play’ button.

3.1.3. Print-screen the one-line diagram of 6-bus power system at this condition and save it.
This will be the result for Low Resistive Load.

3.1.4. Increase the load power for Medium Resistive Load based on the following values:
Load L3: P = 50 MW, Load L4: P = 30 MW, Load L5: P = 20 MW, Load L6: P = 30
MW

3.1.5. Repeat step 3.1.3 for Medium Resistive Load.

3.1.6. Increase the load power for High Resistive Load based on the following values: Load
L3: P = 50 MW, Load L4: P = 30 MW, Load L5: P = 40 MW, Load L6: P = 50 MW

3.1.7. Repeat step 3.1.3 for High Resistive Load.

3.1.8. At High Resistive Load, increase the real power of generator G2 so that the maximum
percentage of line loading is below 60%. This condition is known as High Resistive
Load with Generation Increment.
3.1.9. Repeat step 3.1.3 for High Resistive Load with Generation Increment.

3.1.10. Click the ‘Stop’ button and close the file ‘6bus_system_resistive_load.PWB’.

3.1.11. For all cases, record all the results in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 under Section 4,
RESULTS.
3.2 CASE 2: IDUCTIVE LOAD

3.2.1. Open the folder ‘Inductive Load’. In the folder, there are two files in PWB and PWD
format. Open the file ‘6bus_system_inductive_load.PWB’ using PowerWorld
Simulator. A 6-bus power system as in Figure 3.1 will appear. In the 6-bus power
system, make sure that the real and reactive power of the loads at bus 3, 4, 5 and 6 (i.e.
L3, L4, L5 and L6) are as follows:

Load L3: P = 30 MW, Q = 10 MVar,

Load L5: P = 20 MW, Q = 5 MVar,
Load L4: P = 10 MW, Q = 5 MVar,
Load L6: P = 30 MW, Q = 10 MVar

3.2.2. Solve the load flow using Newton-Raphson method. Then, click the ‘Play’ button.

3.2.3. Print-screen the one-line diagram of 6-bus power system at this condition and save it.
This will be the result for Low Inductive Load.

3.2.4. Increase the load power for Medium Inductive Load based on the following values:

Load L3: P = 30 MW, Q = 30 MVar,

Load L4: P = 10 MW, Q = 15 MVar
Load L5: P = 20 MW, Q = 10 MVar,
Load L6: P = 30 MW, Q = 40 MVar

3.2.5. Repeat step 3.2.3 for Medium Inductive Load.

3.2.6. Increase the load power for High Inductive Load based on the following values:

Load L3: P = 30 MW, Q = 40 MVar,

Load L4: P = 10 MW, Q = 35 MVar
Load L5: P = 20 MW, Q = 15 MVar,
Load L6: P = 30 MW, Q = 50 MVar

3.2.7. Repeat step 3.2.3 for High Inductive Load.

3.2.8. Click the ‘Stop’ button and close the file ‘6bus_system_inductive_load.PWB’.

3.2.9. Open the folder ‘Inductive Load with Capacitor Compensation’. In the folder, there are
two files in PWB and PWD format. Open the file
‘6bus_system_inductive_load_capacitor_compensation.PWB’ using PowerWorld
Simulator. A 6-bus power system as in Figure 3.2 will appear. In the 6-bus power
system, make sure that the real and reactive power of the loads at bus 3, 4, 5 and 6 are
as in the step 3.2.6 (i.e. High Inductive Load case).

3.2.10. Solve the load flow using Newton-Raphson method. Then, click the ‘Play’ button.

3.2.11. Adjust the reactive power of shunt capacitors at bus 5 and 6 (i.e. C5 and C6) so that the
maximum percentage of line loading is below 50%. This condition is known as High
Inductive Load with Shunt Capacitor Compensation.
 Figure 3.2: 6-bus power system for inductive load (capacitor compensation)

3.2.12. Repeat step 3.2.3 for High Inductive Load with Shunt Capacitor Compensation.

3.2.13. Click the ‘Stop’ button and close the file

‘6bus_system_inductive_load_capacitor_compensation.PWB’.

3.2.14. For all cases, record all the results in Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 under Section 4,
RESULTS.

3.2.15. Experiment ends.

4. RESULTS

4.1.1 For all cases in Section 3.1 and Section 3.2, record the results in Table 4.1, Table 4.2,
Table 4.3 and Table 4.4. The voltage drop can be calculated using equation (4.1) and
(4.2).

Vd = Vs – Vr (4.1)

("! ∠$! ) = ("" ∠$" ) − ("# ∠$# ) (4.2)

where,
Vs : sending-end voltage magnitude
Vr : receiving-end voltage magnitude
Vd : voltage drop magnitude for a transmission line
θs : sending-end voltage angle
θr : receiving-end voltage angle
θd : voltage drop angle

Note: sending- and receiving-end voltage are determined based on line flow
direction.

4.1.2 Analyse the results by answering all the questions under Section 5, DISCUSSION.
 Table 4.1: Power flow results for Low, Medium and High Resistive Load
Sending-end Voltage, Receiving-end Total Power
Line Voltage drop, Vd
Vs Voltage, Vr Line Losses
Resistive
Loading
Load From To Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Real Reactive
(%)
bus bus (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (MW) (MVar)

1 4
Low 1 6
2 3
1 4
Medium 1 6
2 3
1 4
High 1 6
3 4
(10 marks)
Table 4.2: Power flow results for High Resistive Load with Generation Increment
Sending-end Voltage, Receiving-end Total Power
Line Voltage drop, Vd Line
Resistive Vs Voltage, Vr Losses
Loading
Load From To Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Real Reactive
(%)
bus bus (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (MW) (MVar)
1 4
1 6
High 2 3
Generator PG (MW)
Power, G2 QG (MVar)
Note: the transmission lines in the above table are those that have top three the highest line loading percentage
(5 marks)
 Table 4.3: Power flow results for Low, Medium and High Inductive Load
Sending-end Voltage, Receiving-end Total Power
Line Voltage drop, Vd Line
Inductive Vs Voltage, Vr Losses
Loading
Load From To Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Real Reactive
(%)
bus bus (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (MW) (MVar)
1 4
Low 1 6
2 3
1 4
Medium 1 6
2 3
1 4
High 1 6
2 3
(10 marks)
Table 4.4: Power flow results for High Inductive Load with Capacitor Compensation
Sending-end Voltage, Receiving-end Total Power
Line Voltage drop, Vd Line
Inductive Vs Voltage, Vr Losses
Loading
Load From To Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Real Reactive
(%)
bus bus (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (kV) (Degree) (MW) (MVar)
1 4
1 6
High 2 3
Shunt QC5 (MVar)
capacitor,
C5 & C6 QC6 (MVar)
Note: the transmission lines in the above table are those that have top three the highest line loading percentage
(5 marks)
5. DISCUSSION

5.1.1 Based on the results from Table 4.1 to Table 4.4, plot the following graphs and explain
the relationship between voltage drop and load level for each graph.

• Graph 1: highest magnitude of voltage drop versus load level for resistive load (low,
medium, high and high with generation increment)
• Graph 2: highest magnitude of voltage drop versus load level for inductive load
(low, medium, high and high with shunt capacitor compensation)

(10 marks)

5.1.2 Based on the results from Table 4.1 to Table 4.4, plot the following graphs and explain
the relationship between total real power loss and load level for each graph.

• Graph 3: total real power loss versus load level for resistive load (low, medium,
high and high with generation increment)
• Graph 4: total real power loss versus load level for inductive load (low, medium,
high and high with shunt capacitor compensation)

(10 marks)

5.1.3 Based on the results from Table 4.1 to Table 4.4, plot the following graphs and explain
the relationship between line loading percentage and load level for each graph.

• Graph 5: highest line loading percentage versus load level for resistive load (low,
medium, high and high with generation increment)
• Graph 6: highest line loading percentage versus load level for inductive load (low,
medium, high and high with shunt capacitor compensation)

(10 marks)

6. QUIZ

Note: Quiz will be given by lab instructor during lab session.

(10 marks)

7. CONCLUSION

7.1.1 Conclude all the findings based on the results, analysis and discussion. In your
conclusion, relate all the findings with voltage stability in power system. Hence, state
what do you get from this experiment.
(10 marks)
8. REFERENCES

[1] Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Higher Education,
March 1, 2004.
[2] John Grainger, Jr. William Stevenson, Gary W. Chang, Power Systems Analysis 2nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, December 28, 2015.
[3] PowerWorld Simulator Online Training Videos:
https://www.powerworld.com/training/online-training

END