MAT

HEMAT
ICS-L
INE
SANDANGL
ES
 LINES AND ANGLES

CONTENTS B

 Line segment, Ray, Collinear points, Angle

O
 Measure of an angle, Types of angles A
 An angle of 360°:
 Bisector of an angle If a ray OA starting from its original position
OA, rotates about O, in the anticlockwise
 Complementary, Supplementary, direction and after making a complete
revolution it comes back to its original position,
Adjacent angles we say that it has rotated through 360 degrees,
written as 360°.

  Linear pair of angles O A

This complete rotation is divided into 360 equal
  Vertically opposite angles parts. Each part measures 1°.
1° = 60 minutes, written as 60'.
1' = 60 seconds, written as 60''.
SOME BASIC TERMS
We use a protractor to measure an angle.
 Line segment:  Types of angles:
A part (or portion) of a line with two end points
B
 Ray:
A part of a line with one end point. Right angle

 Collinear points:
O A
If three or more points lie on the same line other (i)
wise these are called non collinear points.
B
 Angle:
Two rays with a common end point form an Acute angle
angle.
B O
A
(ii)

B
O A Obtuse angle
OA, OB are rays & O is end point.
 Measure of an angle: O
A
The amount of turning from OA to OB is called
(iii)
the measure of AOB, written as mAOB. An
angle is measured in degrees denoted by ‘o’.
 Straight angle EXAMPLES 
Ex.1 Find the measure of an angle which is 20°
B O A more than its complement.
(iv)
Sol. Let the measure of the required angle be x°.
Then, measure of its complement = (90 – x)°.
Reflex angle x – (90 – x) = 20 2x = 110 x = 55
O Hence, the measure of the required angle is 55°.
A Ex.2 Find the measure of an angle which is 40°
less than its supplement.
B Sol. Let the measure of the required angle be x°.
Then, measure of its supplement = (180 – x)°.
(v)
(180 – x) – x = 40 2x = 140 x = 70
Hence, the measure of the required angle is 70°.
Complete angle Ex.3 Find the measure of an angle, if six times its
complement is 12° less than twice its
O supplement.
A
Sol. Let the measure of the required angle be x°.
(vi)
Then, measure of its complement = (90 – x)°.
 Bisector of an angle: Measure of its supplement = (180 – x)°.
A ray OC is called the bisector of AOB, if 6(90 – x) = 2(180 – x) – 12
mAOC = mBOC.
 540 – 6x = 360 – 2x – 12
B  4x = 192 x = 48.
Hence the measure of the required angle is 48°.
C
Ex.4 Convert 180° in degree, minute & second.
O Sol. 180° = 179° 59' 60''.
A
1 Ex.5 Find the measure of the supplement of an
In this case, AOC = BOC = AOB. angle of 87°28'43''.
2
Sol. We may write, 180° = 179°59'60''.
 Complementary angles:
supplement of an angle of (87°28'43'')
Two angles are said to be complementary, if the
sum of their measures is 90°. = an angle of [180° – (87°28'43'')]

Two complementary angles are called the = an angle of [179°59'60'' – 87°28'43'']

complement of each other. = an angle of (92°31'17'').
Ex. : Angles measuring 20° and 70° are Hence, the measure of the required angle
complementary angles. = (92°31'17'').
 Supplementary angles: Ex.6 If A = 36°27'46'' and B = 28°43'39'',
Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the find A + B.
sum of their measures is 180°.
Sol. A + B = 36°27'46'' + 28°43'39''
Two supplementary angles are called the
supplement of each other. = 64°70'85'' = 64°71'25'' = 65°11'25''
Ex. : Angles measuring 60° and 120° are Ex.7 Find the complement of each of the following
supplementary angles. angles :
 (i) 58° (ii) 16°   4x = 180º  x = 45º
2 Thus, the measure of the given angle is 45º.
(iii) of a right angle (iv) 46° 30'
3 Ex.12 Two supplementary angles are in the ratio
Sol. (i) 90° – 58° = 32° 2 : 3. Find the angles.

(ii) 90° – 16° = 74° Sol. Let the two angles be 2x and 3x in degrees.
Then,
2
(iii) 90° – (90°) = 90° – 60° = 30° 2x + 3x = 180º  
3
   5x = 180º  x = 36º
(iv) 90° – 46° 30'
Thus, the two angles are 2x = 2 × 36º = 72º
= 89° 60' – 46° 30'
and 3x = 3 × 36º = 108º
= 43° 30'
Ex.13 Write the complement of the following angles:
Ex.8 Find the measure of an angle which is 30º 20´
complement of itself.
Sol. Complement of
Sol. Let the measure of the angle be xº, Then,
30º20´ = 90º – 30º 20´
Then, the measure of its complement is given
= 90º – (30º + 20´)
to be xº.
= (89º – 30º) + (1º – 20´)
Since, the sum of the measures of an angle
and its complement is 90º = 59º + (60´ – 20´) [ 1º = 60´]
 xº + xº = 90º  2xº = 90º xº = 45º = 59º + 40´ = 59º 40´
Ex.9 Find the measure of an angle which forms a Ex.14 Find the supplement of the following angles :
pair of supplementary angles with itself. 134º 30´ 26´´
Sol. Let the measure of the angle be xº. Then, Sol. Supplement of an angle of 134º 30´ 26´´
xº + xº = 180º 2xº = 180º xº = 90º = 180º – (134º 30´ 26´´)
Ex.10 An angle is equal to five times its = (179º – 134º) + (1º – 30´ 26´´)
complement. Determine its measure. = 45º + (60´ – (30´ + 26´´)) [ 1º = 60´]
Sol. Let the measure of the given angle be x = 45º + (59´ – 30´) + (1´ – 26´´)
degrees. Then, its complement is (90 – x)º.
= 45º + 29´ + 34´´ = 45º29´34´´
It is given that :
 Adjacent angles:
Angle = 5 × Its complement
Two angles are called adjacent angles, if
  x = 5(90 – x) x = 450 – 5x
(i) they have the same vertex,
  6x = 450  x = 75
(ii) they have a common arm and
Thus, the measure of the given angles is 75º.
(iii) their non-common arms are on either side of
Ex.11 An angle is equal to one-third of its the common arm.
supplement. Find its measure.
Sol. Let the measure of the required angle be x B
degrees. Then,
Its supplement = 180º – x. It is given that : C
1 O
Angle = (Its supplement) A
3
In the given figure, AOC and BOC are
1 adjacent angles having the same vertex O, a
  x = (180º – x) 3x = 180º – x
3
 common arm OC and their non-common arms OA Construction : Draw a ray OF opposite to ray OA.
and OB on either side of OC.
Proof : Since ray OB stands on line FA, we have :
 Linear pair of angles: AOB + BOF = 180° [linear pair]
Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair AOB + BOC + COF = 180° ….(i)
of angles, if their non-common arms are two
opposite rays. [BOF = BOC + COF]

C C B

B O A F O A

In the adjoining figure, AOC and BOC are E

two adjacent angles whose non-common arms OA D
and OB are two opposite rays, i.e., BOA is a line Again, ray OD stands on line FA.
AOC and BOC form a linear pair of angles. FOD + DOA = 180° [linear pair]
Theorem 1 : or FOD + DOE + EOA = 180° …(ii)
Prove that the sum of all the angles formed on the
[DOA = DOE + EOA]
same side of a line at a given point on the line is
180°. Adding (i) and (ii), we get :
Given : AOB is a straight line and rays OC, OD AOB + BOC + COF + FOD + DOE +
and OE stand on it, forming AOC, COD, EOA = 360°
DOE and EOB.
AOB + BOC + COD + DOE + EOA
= 360°
C D
E [COF + FOD = COD]
Hence, the sum of all the angles around a point O
is 360°.
A O B  Vertically opposite angles:
To prove : AOC + COD + DOE + EOB Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite
= 180°. angles, if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
Proof : Ray OC stands on line AB. Let two lines AB and CD intersect at a point O.
 AOC + COB = 180° Then, two pairs of vertically opposite angles are
formed :
AOC + (COD + DOE + EOB) = 180°
(i) AOC and BOD (ii) AOD and BOC
[COB = COD + DOE + EOB]
AOC + COD + DOE + EOB = 180°. A D
Hence, the sum of all the angles formed on the O
same side of line AB at a point O on it is 180°.
C B
Theorem 2 :
Theorem 3 :
Prove that the sum of all the angles around a point
is 360°. If two lines intersect then the vertically opposite
angles are equal.
Given : A point O and the rays OA, OB, OC, OD
and OE make angles around O. Given : Two lines AB and CD intersect at a point O.
To prove : AOB + BOC + COD + DOE + To prove : (i) AOC = BOD, (ii) AOD = BOC
EOA = 360°
Proof : Since ray OA stands on line CD, we have:
 A D
C B
50°
O O
C B
A D
AOC + AOD = 180° [linear pair]. Sol. AOD + AOC = 180° (linear pair)
Again, ray OD stands on line AB.
AOD + 50° = 180°
AOD + BOD = 180° [linear pair]
AOD = 130°
AOC + AOD = AOD + BOD
Also BOD = AOC
[each equal to 180°]
(vertically opposite angles)
AOC = BOD
& BOC = AOD = 130°
Similarly, AOD = BOC (vertically opposite angles)
 IMPORTANT POINTS 130°, 50°, 130°.
 Ex.16 In the adjoining figure, AOB is a straight line.
 Two angles are called adjacent angles if – Find the value of x. Hence, find AOC,
(i) they have the same vertex, COD and BOD.
(ii) they have a common arm, and
C
(iii) uncommon arms are on either side of the °
1 9) D
common arm. x–
(2
 Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear (3x+7)° x°
pair of angles, if the non-common arms are A O B
two opposite rays.
Sol. (3x + 7)° + (2x – 19)° + x° = 180' (linear pair)
 If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the
adjacent angles so formed is 180º. 6x – 12) = 180°
 If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180º, 6x = 192°
then their non-common arms are two opposite x = 32°
rays.
AOC = 3x + 7 = 3(32) + 7 = 96 + 7 = 103°
 The sum of all the angles round a point is
equal to 360º. COD = 2x – 19 = 2(32) – 19 = 64 – 19 = 45°
Two angle are called a pair of vertically BOD = x° = 32°.
opposite angles, if their arms form two pairs
Ex.17 Two lines AB and CD intersect at a point O
of opposite rays. such that BOC + AOD = 280°, as shown
 If two lines intersect, then the vertically in the figure. Find all the four angles.
opposite angles are equal.
C B

O
EXAMPLES  A D
Ex.15 Two lines AB and CD intersect at O. If
AOC = 50°, find AOD, BOD and
Sol.  AOC = BOD = x(Let)
BOC.
(vertically opposite angles)
AOC + (AOD + BOC) + BOD = 360°
x + 280° + x = 360°
 2x = 80° BOC  AOC 180
= =  90
x = 40° 2 2

AOC = BOD = x° = 40°. Ex.20 In figure OA and OB are opposite rays :

280
and BOC = AOD = = 140°. C
2
Ex.18 In figure, OA, OB are opposite rays and y° x°
AOC + BOD = 90°. Find COD.
A O B

C (i) If x = 75, what is the value of y ?

D (ii) If y = 110, what is the value of x ?
Sol. Since AOC and BOC form a linear pair.
A O B Therefore, AOC + BOC = 180º
Sol. Since OA and OB are opposite rays.   x + y = 180º ...(1)
Therefore, AB is a line. Since ray OC stands (i) If x = 75, then from (i)
on line AB.
75 + y = 180º
AOC + COB = 180°
y = 105º.
AOC + COD + BOD = 180°
(ii) If y = 110 then from (i)
[COB = COD + BOD]
x + 110 = 180
(AOC + BOD) + COD = 180°
  x = 180 – 110 = 70.
90° + COD = 180°
Ex.21 In figure AOC and BOC form a linear
[ AOC + BOD = 90° (Given)] pair. Determine the value of x.
COD = 180° – 90° = 90°
Ex.19 In figure, OP bisects BOC and OQ, AOC. C
Show that POQ = 90°.
4x° 2x°
C A O B
Q
P
Sol. Sol. Since AOC and BOC form a linear pair.
1
3 4 2  AOC + BOC = 180º
A O B
  4x + 2x = 180º
According to question, OP is bisector of BOC
  6x = 180º
1 = 2
180º
  x = = 30º
BOC 6
or 1 =
2 Thus, x = 30º
and OQ is bisector of AOC Ex.22 In figure OA, OB are opposite rays and
3 = 4 AOC + BOD = 90º. Find COD.
AOC
or 4 =
2
BOC AOC
1 + 4 = 
2 2
 C D E C

A O B A O B

Sol. Since OA and OB are opposite rays. Sol. Since OE and OF bisect angles AOC and
Therefore, AB is a line. Since ray OC stands COB respectively. Therefore,
on line AB. Therefore,
 AOC = 2EOC ....(i)
AOC + COB = 180º [Linear Pairs]
and COB = 2COF ....(ii)
  AOC + COD + BOD = 180º Adding (i) and (ii), we get
[COB = COD + BOD] AOC + COB = 2EOC + 2COF
  (AOC + BOD) + COD = 180º   AOC + COB = 2(EOC + COF)
  90º + COD = 180º   AOC + COB = 2(EOF)
[AOC + BOD = 90º (Given)]   AOC + COB = 2 × 90º
  COD = 180º – 90º [ OE OF EOF = 90º]
  COD = 90º   AOC + COB = 180º
Ex.23 In figure ray OE bisects angle AOB and OF But AOC and COB are adjacent angles.
is a ray opposite to OE. Show that
FOB = FOA. Thus, AOC and COB are adjacent
supplementary angles. So, AOC and COB
B form a linear pair. Consequently OA and OB
are two opposite rays. Hence, A, O, B are
collinear.
F O E Ex.25 If ray OC stands on line AB such that 
AOC = COB, then show that 
AOC = 90º.
A
Sol. Since ray OC stands on line AB. Therefore,
Sol. Since ray OE bisects angle AOB. Therefore, AOC + COB = 180º [Linear pair] ...(i)
EOB = EOA ....(i)
Now, ray OB stands on the line EF. C

  EOB + FOB = 180º ...(ii) {linear pair]

Again, ray OA stands on the line EF.
  EOA + FOA = 180º ....(iii)
A O B
Form (ii) and (iii), we get
 EOB + FOB = EOA + FOA But AOC = COB (Given)

  EOA + FOB = EOA + FOA   AOC + OC = 180º

[ EOB = EOA (from (i)]   2AOC = 180º AOC = 90º

  FOB = FOA.
Ex.24 In figure OE bisects AOC, OF bisects
COB and OE OF. Show that A, O, B are
collinear.
Ex.26 In Fig., lines 1 and 2 intesect at O, forming Ex.28 In Fig., AB and CD are straight lines and OP
angles as shown in the figure. If a = 35º, find and OQ are respectively the bisectors of
the values of b, c, and d. angles BOD and AOC. Show that the rays OP
and OQ are in the same line.
1
A
b
c a 2 D
3 1
d
Q 4 O 6 P
2 5
C B
Sol. Since lines 1 and 2 intersect at O.
Sol. In order to prove that OP and OQ are in the
Therefore,
same line, it is sufficient to prove that 
a = c [Vertically opposite angles] POQ = 180º.
 c = 35º [a = 35º] Now, OP is the bisector of AOC
Clearly, a + b = 180º  1 = 6 ...(i)
[Since a and b are angles of a linear pair] and, OQ is the bisector of AOC
 35º + b = 180º  3 = 4 ....(ii)
 b = 180º – 35º Clearly, 2 and 5 are vertically opposite
angles.
  b = 145º
 2 = 5 ....(iii)
Since b and d are vertically opposite
angles. Therefore, We know that the sum of the angles formed at
a point is 360º.
d = b  d = 145º [b = 145º]
Therefore,
Ex.27 In Fig., determine the the value of y.
1 +2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 360º
C
D   (1 + 6) + (3 + 4) + (2 + 5) = 360º
5y° 2y°   21 + 23 + 22 = 360º
B O
5y° A [Using (i), (ii) and (iii)]
E F   2(1 + 3 + 2) = 360º
  1 + 2 + 3 = 180º POQ = 180º
Sol. Since COD and EOF are vertically
opposite angles. Therefore, Hence, OP and OQ are in the same straight
line.
COD = EOF  COD = 5yº
Ex.29 In Fig., two staright lines PQ and RS intersect
[ EOF = 5yº (Given)] each other at O. If POT = 75º, find the
Now, OA and OB are opposite rays. values of a, b and c.

 AOD + DOC + COB = 180º R

 2yº + 5yº + 5yº = 180º 2c Q

O
4b a
 12yº = 180º
75° b
180º S
 yº = = 15. P
12
T
Thus, yº = 15.
Sol. Since OR and OS are in the same line.  Parallel lines:
Therefore,
The lines which are in same plane and do not
 ROP + POT + TOS = 180º intersect each other an y where, i.e. distance
 4bº + 75º + bº = 180º 5bº + 75º = 180º between parallel lines is same anywhere

 5bº = 105º bº = 21

Since PQ and RS intersect at O. Therefore, 
QOS = POR m q r
p t a b
[Vertically oppsostie angles]
 Transversal line :
 a = 4b
A line which intersect two or more given lines at
 a = 4 × 21 = 84 [ b = 21] distinct points, is called a transversal of the given
Now, OR and OS are in the same line. lines.
Therefore.
A
ROQ + QOS = 180º [Linear pair] 
 2c + a = 180 B m
 2c + 84 = 180 [ b = 84] p
 2c = 96 c = 48 Here || m and p is transversal line.
Hence, a = 84, b = 21 and c = 48 * Part of transversal which is between the two
Ex.30 In fig if AOC + BOD = 70º, find COD. lines is called intercept (AB).

C 
IMPORTANT POINTS
D
 Two angles on the same side of a
transversal are known as the corresponding
angles if both lie either above the two lines
O
or below the two lines.
A B
 The pairs of interior angles on the same
Sol.  AOC + COD + BOD = 180º
side of the transversal are called pairs of
or (AOC + BOD) + COD = 180º consecutive interior angles.
or 70º + COD = 180º
 If a transversal intersect two parallel lines,
or COD = 180º – 70º then each pair of corresponding angles are
or COD = 110º equal.
Ex.31 In fig. find the value of y.  If a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
then each pair of alternate interior angles
are equal .

 If a transversal intersects two lines in such a

way that a pair of alternate interior angles
3y are equal, then the two lines are parallel.
5y 2y
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
then each pair of consecutive interior angles
Sol. 2y + 3y + 5y = 180º
are supplementary.
180º
10y = 180º y = = 18º
10º
 EXAMPLES 
 If a transversal intersects two lines in such a Ex.32 In figure m || n and 1 = 65º. Find 5
way that a pair of consecutive interior angles and8.
are supplementary, then the two lines are
parallel. 
2 1
 If two parallel lines are intersected by a
m 3 4
transversal, the bisectors of any pair of alternate
interior angles are parallel. 5 6
n 8 7
 If two parallel lines are intersected by a
transversal, then bisectors of any two
corresponding angles are parallel. Sol. We have,
 If the bisectors of a pair of corresponding 1 = 3 [Vertically opposite angles]
angles formed by a transversal with two given
lines are parallel, prove that the given lines are and,3 = 8 [Corresponding angles]
parallel.  1 = 8
 If a line is perpendicular to one of two given  8 = 65º [ 1 = 65º (Given)]
parallel lines, then it is also perpendicular to the
other line. Now, 5 + 8 = 180º
 If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior  5 + 65º = 180º
angle so formed is equal to the sum of two
interior opposite angles.  5 = 180º – 65º = 115º

 If all sides of a polygon are equal it is called a Thus, 5 = 115º and 8 = 65º.
regular polygon. Ex.33 In figure m || n and angles 1 and 2 are in the
 Sum of all the interior angles of a polygon of raito 3 : 2. Determine all the angles from 1 to
n-sides = (n – 2) × 180º (n  3) 8.

 Each interior angle of a regular polygon of 

(n  2)  180º 1 2
n-sides = m 4
n 3
5 6
 Sum of all the exterior angles formed by n 8 7
producing the sides of polygon = 360º.
 No. of sides of polygon
Sol. It is given that 1 : 2 = 3 : 2. So, let
360º
= 1 = 3xº and 2 = 2xº
180º each interior angle
But 1 and 2 form a linear pair.
 1 + 2 = 180º
1 3 1 3    3xº + 2xº = 180º 5xº = 180º
2 4 180º
2 4   x = = 36º
5

Corresponding angles Exterior Alternate angles   1 = 3xº = (3 × 36)º = 108º

and,2 = 2xº = (2 × 36)º = 72º
1 3 1
2 4 2 Now, 1 = 4 and 2 = 3
[ Vertically opposite angles]
Interior alternate angles Cointerior angles   4 = 72º and 3 = 108º
 Now, 6 = 2º and 3 = 7  a = 55º + 38º [Using (i)]
[Corresponding angles]  a = 93º.
  6 = 72º and 7 = 108º [2 = 72º] Thus, a = 93º
Again, 5 = 7 and 8 = 6 Ex.36 In figure AB || CD. Determine X.

 5 = 108º and 8 = 72º Sol. Through O, draw a line  parallel to both AB
and CD. Then,
Hence, 1 = 108º, 2 = 72º, 3 = 108º, 
4 = 72º, 5 = 108º 6 = 72º, 7 = 108º A 45° B
and 8 = 72º. x° 1

0 2
Ex.34 In figure AB || DC and AD || BC. Prove that
DAB = DCB. 30°
D C
A B
 1 = 45º [Alternate s]
and 2 = 30º [Alternate s]
 BOC = 1 + 2 = 45º + 30º = 75º
D C So, x = 360 – BOC = 360 – 75 = 285º
Sol. Since AD || BC and AB is a transversal Hence, x = 285º
intersecting them at A and B respectively. Ex.37 In figure AB || CD. Find the value of x.
Therefore
108°
DAB + ABC = 180º
E x°
[Consecutive interior angles] ...(i) 112°
Again, AB || CD and BC is a transversal
interacting them at B and C respectively. Sol. Draw EF parallel to both AB and CD.
Therefore, Now, AB || EF and transversal AE cuts them
ABC + DCB = 180º at A and E respectively.

[Consecutive interior angles] ....(ii) BAE + FEA = 180º

From (i) and (ii), we get 108º + 1 = 180º1 = 180º – 108º =

72º
DAB + ABC = ABC + DCB
Again, EF || CD and transversal CE cuts them
  DA B = DCB at E and F respectively.
Ex.35 In figure AB || CD. Determine a   FEC + ECD = 180º

55° D B
C
108°
0 a1
2 E 1
2 F
112°
38°
A B D

  2 + 112º = 180º
Sol. Through O draw a line  parallel to both AB
and CD.   2 = 180º – 112º
Clearly, a = 1 + 2 ....(ii)   2 = 68º
Now, 1 = 55º [Alternate s] Now, x = 1 + 2
and 2 = 38º [Alternate s] x = 72º + 68º = 140º
Ex.38 In Figure AB || DE. Prove that ABC +  PAC = 100º [ACS = 100º]
BCD = 180º + CDE.
 PAB + BAC = 100º
E
D [PAC = PAB + BAC]
C  70º + BAC = 100º
BAC = 30º
A B
Now, ray AB stands at A on PQ.
Sol. Through C, draw CF parallel to both AB and
 PAC + CAQ = 180º
DE. Since AB || CF and the transversal BC
cuts them at B and C respectively. Therefore,  100º + CAQ = 180º 
ABC + 1 = 180º ....(i)   CAQ = 80º
[conseu. interior angles are supplementary] Hence, ABC = 70º, 
Similarly, DE || CF and tranversal CD   BAC = 30º and CAQ = 80º.
intersects them at C and D respectively.
Therefore, Ex.40 In Figure if 2 = 120º and 5 = 60º, show
that m || n.
CDE = 2 [Alternate angles] ....(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2
1
m 3
ABC + 1 + 2 = 180º + CDE 6
4
5
E n 7
D 8

2 Sol. We have
C
F 1
2 = 120º and 5 = 60º
A B But 2 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
  ABC + BCD = 180º + CDE   4 = 120º, 5 = 60º
[ 1 + 2 = BCD]   4 + 5 = 120º + 60º = 180º
Ex.39 In Figure PQ || RS, PAB = 70º and ACS =   4 and 5 are supplementary angles.
100º. Determine ABC, BAC and CAQ.
  Consecutive interior angles are
A
70° supplementary.
P Q
  m || n.
Ex.41 In figure show that AB || EF.
A B
100° 66°
RB C S E F
Sol. Since PQ || RS and transversal AB cuts them 36° 150°
at A and B respectively. 30°
C D
 ABC = PAB [Alternate angles]
Sol. We have,
ABC = 70º [PAB = 70º (Given)]
 BCD = BCE + ECD
Now, PQ || RS and transversal AC cuts them
at A and C respectively. = 36º + 30º = 66º

 PAC = ACS [Alternate angles]   ABC = BCD

 Thus, lines AB and CD are intersected by the 3 4 3
line BC such that ABC = BCD i.e. the   zº + zº + × zº = 180
8 3 8
alternate angles are equal. Therefore,
3 1
AB || CD ....(i)   zº + zº + zº = 180
8 2
Now, ECD + CEF = 30º + 150º = 180º
15
This shows that the sum of the interior angles  zº = 180º
on the same side of the transversal CE is 180º 8
i.e. they are supplementary. 4 3
[ x = y and y = z
  EF || CD ....(ii) 3 8
From (i) and (ii), we have 4 3 z
x = × z= ]
AB || CD and CD || EF AB || EF. 3 8 2
Hence, AB || EF 8
  zº = 180º × = 96º
Ex.42 In figure given that AOC = ACO and 15
BOD = BDO. Prove that AC || DB. 3 3
Now, y = z y = × 96º = 36º
D 8 8
A
4 4
and x = y x = × 36º = 48
O 3 3
C
B Ex.44 In figure lines AB and CD are parallel and P
is any point between the two lines. Prove that
Sol. We have,
ABP + CDP = DPB.
 AOC = ACO and BOD = BDO
A B
But AOC = BOD [Vertically opp. s]
  ACO = BOD and BOD = BDO M
P
  ACO = BDO
Thus, AC and BD are two lines intersected by C D
transversal CD such that ACO = BDO i.e.
alternate angles are equal. Therefore, AC || DB. Sol. Through point P draw a line PM parallel to
4 3 AB or CD.
Ex.43 In figure AB || DC if x = y and y = z,
3 8 Now,
find the values of x, y and z.
PM || AB [By construction]
B
y° C ABP = MPB [Alternate angles] ....(i)
x° z°
It is given that CD || AB and PM || AB by
construction. Therefore,
PM || CD
A D
[Lines parallel to the same line are parallel
Sol. Since AB || DC and transversal BD intersects to each other]
them at B and D respectively. Therefore,
 CDP = MPD [Alternate angles] ....(ii)
ABD = CDB CDB = xº
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
In BCD, we have
yº + zº + xº = 180º ABP + CDP = MPB + MPD = DPB
Ex.45 Prove that two lines perpendicular to the From (i) and (ii), we get
same line are parallel to each other.
ABC = DEF
Sol. Let lines , m, n be such that  n and
Case II : When both pairs of arms are
m  n as shown in figure.
parallel in opposite sense in this case,
We have to prove that || m A
n F
1  E

B G C
D
2 m
D AB || DE and transversal BC cuts them at B
and G respectively.

Now,  ABC = EGC ....(iii)

n and m  n [Corresponding angles]

  1 = 90º and 2 = 90º Again, BC || EF and transversal DE cuts them

at G and E respectively.
  1 = 2
 DEF = EGC [Alternate angles] ....(iv)
Thus, the corresponding angles made by the
transversal n with lines  and m are equal. From (iii) and (iv), we get

Hence,  || m. ABC = DEF.

Ex.46 Prove that two angles which have their arms Case III : When one pair of arms is parallel
parallel are either equal or supplementary. in the same sense and the other in opposite
sense. In this case,
Sol. Given : Two angles ABC and DEF such
that BA || ED and BC || EF. A
D
To prove :ABC = DEF
or ABC + DEF = 180º
B G C
Proof : We have the following three cases:
F E
Case I : When both pairs of arms are parallel
in the same sense fig. in this case, AB || DE and transversal BC cuts them
AB || DE and transversal BC cuts them at B   ABC = BGE [Alternate angles] ....(v)
and G respectively
Again, BC || FE and transversal DE cuts them
A
D   DEF + BGE = 180º ....(vi)
[Consecutive interior angles are
supplementary]
B G C
From (v) and (vi), we get
E F
ABC + DEF = 180º
 ABC = DGC ...(i)
Ex.47 In figure bisectors of the exterior angles B
[Corresponding angles]
and C formed by producing sides AB and AC
Again, BC || EF and transversal DE cuts them of ABC intersect each other at the point O.
at G and E respectively. 1
Prove that BOC = 90º – A.
  DGC = DEF ...(ii) 2
 A (v) If 2 = (2x + 30)º, 4 = (x + 2y)º and 
6 = (3y + 10)º, find the measure of 5.
(vi) If 2 = 2 (1), determine 7.
B C
(vii)If the ratio of the measures of 3 and
D E 8 is 4 : 5, find the measure 3 and 8
(viii)If the complement of 5 equals the
O
supplement of 4, find the measures of
Sol. DBC = 180º – B 4 and 5.
1 Sol. (i) since 1 and 5 are the corresponding angles
  DBC = OBC = 90º – B/2 and corresponding angles are equal.
2
Similarly, OCB = 90º – C/2  1 = 5  (120 – x)º = 5xº

In OBC, we have, 120

 120º = 6x  x= = 20º
6
OBC + OCB + BOC = 180º
 1 = (120 – x)º = (120 – 20)º = 100º
or (90º – B/2) + (90º – C/2) + BOC = 180º
and, 5 = 5xº = (5 × 20)º = 100º
BOC = 180º – (180º – B/2 + C/2)
(ii) Since 4 and 5 are consecutive interior
= B/2 + C/2 ...(i) angles. Therefore,
But A + B + C = 180º 4 + 5 = 180º
or B + C = 180º – A [ Consecutive interior angles are
1 1
supplementary]
  (B + C) = (180º – A)
2 2  (x + 20)º + (x + 8)º = 180º
1 1  2xº + 28º = 180º 2xº = 180º – 28º
  B + C = 90º – A/2
2 2 2x = 152º x = 76º
Hence, from (i), we have,  4 = (x + 20)º = (76 + 20)º = 96º
BOC = 90º – A/2 and, 5 = (x + 8)º = (76 + 8º) = 84º
Ex.48 In fig, given that AB || CD. (iii) We have,
2 2 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
1
A 3 B and 4 = 8 [Corresponding angles]
4
 2 = 8
6  (3x – 10)º = (5x – 30)º 3x – 10 = 5x – 30
5
C 7 D  3x – 5x = – 30 + 10 – 2x = – 20
8
x = 10

(i) If 1 = (120 – x)º and 5 = 5xº, find the  2 = (3x – 10)º = (3 × 10 – 10)º = 20º
measures of 1 and 5. and 8 = (5x – 30)º = (5 × 10 – 30)º = 20º
(ii) If 4 = (x + 20)º and 5 = (x + 8)º, find (iv) Since 3 and 6 are consecutive interior
the measure of 4 and 5. angles. Therefore
(iii) If 2 = (3x – 10)º and 8 = (5x – 30)º, 3 + 6 = 180º
determine the measures of 2 and 8.
But 1 = 3 1 + 6 = 180º
(iv) If 1 = (2x + y)º and 6 = (3x – y)º,
determine the measures of 2 in terms of y.    (2x + y)º + (3x – y)º = 180º
   5x = 180º  x = 36.   180º = 9x x = 20º
 1 = (2x + y)º = (72 + y)º [ x = 36]  3 = 4x = 4 × 20º = 80º
But 1 + 2 = 180º and 8 = 5x = 5 × 20º = 100º
  (72 + y)º + 2 = 180º (viii) We have, Complement of 5 = Supplement
of 4
2 = (180 – (72 + y))º 2 = (108 – y)º.
 90º – 5 = 180º – 4
(v) We have,
 90º – 5 = 180º – (180º – 5)
2 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
 4  5  180º 
and 4 = 6 [Alternate angles]  4  180º 5 
 
 2 = 4 = 6
 90º – 5 = 5 
Now, 2 = 4
   2 5 = 90º  5 = 45º
 2x + 30 = x + 2y 2x – x – 2y + 30 = 0
 4 + 5 = 180º
 x – 2y + 30 = 0 ....(1)
   4 + 45º = 180º 4 = 135º
And, 4 = 6 (x + 2y) = (3y + 10) Ex.49 In fig, OP || RS. Determine PQR.
 x – y – 10 = 0 ....(2) R S
O P
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get 130°
110°
(x – 2y + 30) – (x – y – 10) = 0
 – y + 40 = 0 y = 40.
Q
Putting y = 40 in (2), we get x = 50. Sol. Produce OP to intersect RQ in a point T.
 4 = (x + 2y)º = (50 + 2 × 40)º = 130º Now, OT || RS and transversal RT intersect
But 4 + 5 = 180º them at T and R respectively.
R S
 130º + 5 = 180º 5 = 50º O P
(vi) We have, 130°
T
110°
1 + 2 = 180º [Linear pairs]
 2 = 2 1 1 + 2 1 = 180º
  3 1 = 180º 1 = 60º Q

But 1 = 3 [Vertically opposite angles] RTP = SRT [Alternate angles]

 3 = 60º  RTP = 130º
But 3 = 5 [Alternate angles]  PTQ = 180º – 130º = 50º
and 5 = 7 [Vertically opposite angles]  RTP  PTQ  180º 
 Linear Pairs 
 3 = 7 7 = 60º [ 3 = 60º]  

(vii) We have, 3 : 8 = 4 : 5. So, let Since, ray QP stands at P on OT.

3 = 4x and 8 = 5x.  OPQ + QPT = 180º

 5 = 4x and 8 = 5x  110º + QPT = 180º QPT = 70º

 PQR = 180º – (70º + 50º) = 60º
[3 = 5 (Alternate angles)]
[ Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180º]
 5 + 8 = 4x + 5x 
Ex.50 Prove that through a given point we can draw
only one perpendicular to a given line.
Sol. If possible, let PL and PM be two
perpendicular from a point P on a line  as
shown in fig.
P


M L
We know that two lines perpendicular to the
same line are parallel to each other.
Therefore,
PL || PM
But there cannot be two parallel lines passing
through the same point. Therefore, through a
given point we can draw only one line
perpendicular to a given line.
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays 14. If a transversal intersects two lines such that,
with a common initial point. either -
2. An angle whose measure is 90º is called a right (i) any one pair of corresponding angles are
angle. equal, or
3. An angle whose measure is less than 90º is called (ii) any one pair of alternate interior angles are
an acute angle. equal, or
4. An angle whose measure is more than 90º but less (iii) any one pair of interior angles on the same
than 180 is called an obtuse angle. side of the transversal are supplementary then
the lines are parallel.
5. An angle whose measure is 180º is called a
straight angle. 15. Lines which are parallel to a given line are
parallel to each other.
6. An angle whose measure is more than 180º is
called a reflex angle.
7. Two angles are complementary if their sum is 90º.
8. Two angles are supplementary if their sum is
180º.
9. Two angles having a common vertex and a
common arm are called adjacent angles if their
uncommon arms are on either side of the common
arm.
10. Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair
of angles, if their non-common arms are two
opposite rays.
11. Two angles are pair of vertically opposite angles
if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
12. If two lines intersect, then vertically opposite
angles are equal.
13. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then
each pair of -
(i) corresponding angles are equal
(ii) alternate interior angles are equal
(iii) interior angles on the same of the same side
of the transversal are supplementary.