TOPIC 1
FUNCTIONS
Prepared by
DR NOR AZALINA ROSLI
CONTENTS
1 Basic Definition
2 Linear and quadratic functions
3 Polynomial, Rational and Circular functions
4 Exponential, Logarithmic and Hyperbolic functions
BASIC DEFINITION-CONCEPT OF FUNCTION
Function is a relation between two sets where
it assigns exactly ONE element in Set A to
each element in Set B
SET A SET B
C
D
E
F
Which one is not a function?
BASIC DEFINITION-CONCEPT OF FUNCTION
Example :
y = 4x + 1 y as function of x
Otherwise, we can write it as
y = f(x) f(x) as a function of x
Where f(x)=4x+1
In most cases, the relationship is usually using
the relationship between y and x. x and y may
represent numerical quantities, but f stand for a
relationship between x & y.
DOMAIN AND RANGE
SET B
SET A
C
D
E
F
Which one is domain?
Which one is range?
DOMAIN AND RANGE
DOMAIN AND RANGE
Example :
Find the domain and range of function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
DOMAIN AND RANGE
Example :
Find the domain and range of function
f ( x) = 2x − 8
DOMAIN AND RANGE
Example :
Find the domain and range of function
𝟏
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝒙−𝟏
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION
Functions can be added, subtracted,
multiplied or divided. In general, the
definition
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION
Example :
f(x) = x, g(x) = x2
Find;
➢ f(x) + g(x)
➢ (f-g)(x)
➢ (f.g)(x)
➢ (f/g)(x)
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTION
Example :
For f ( x ) = x + x and
2
2
g ( x) = , find each
( x + 3)
value.
(a) ( f − g )( 2 )
(b) g (3)
2
INVERSE FUNCTION
Inverse function of a function,f is a reverse
operations carried out by f
x y = f (x)
f (•)
x = f ( y) y
f −1
(•)
INVERSE FUNCTION
Example :
1
Given that f(x) = 5 (4x -3). Find f-1 (x)
INVERSE FUNCTION
Example :
The function f is defined by; f ( x ) =
8
x+2
find f −1
( x)
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Composite functions are what you get when you
take the output of one function and use it for
the input of the next one.
Assume that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1, find
𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Example :
Find 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Example :
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥
𝑔∘𝑓 𝑥
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Example :
and g ( x ) =
6x
Let f ( x ) = 3x
find
( x − 9)
2
(i) 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥
(ii) (f g )(12 )
LINEAR FUNCTION
For linear, It is a usual case where
y = mx + c
Where y = value at y coordinate
x = value at x coordinate
m = slope of a line
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
c = y intercept (the place where the
graph crosses the y-axis)
LINEAR FUNCTION
Example :
Sketch the graph y = x + 2
Sketch the graph y = -2x + 4
LINEAR FUNCTION
Example : Find the slope of the line, m
through points (4,3) and (2,5)
LINEAR FUNCTION
Example : Find an equation of the line
through the points (3,1) and (4,-1) and
the graph line
LINEAR FUNCTION
Example : Find an equation of the line
parallel to y=3x-2 and through the
point (-1,3)
LINEAR FUNCTION
Example : Find an equation of the line
perpendicular to y=-2x+4 and
intersecting the line at the point (1,2)
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
The general quadratic function has the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
where a, b and c are constants and a≠0
a > 0 (minimum value)
a < 0 (maximum value)
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
FACTORIZATION
Factorizationis the opposite process to
expand brackets. The usually process
includes changing a long expression
without any brackets to a shorter
expression that includes the use of
bracket.
FACTORIZATION
Example :Finding the intercepts of a Graph
Find all x intercepts of y = x2 - 4x + 3
FACTORIZATION
Example :Finding the intercepts of a Graph
Find all x intercepts of y = x 2 + 10 x + 24
FACTORIZATION
Example :Finding the intercepts of a Graph
Find all x intercepts of y = 3 x 2 − 11x − 20
FACTORIZATION
Ifthe equation cannot be factorized, the
most reliable method of determines ‘the
roots’ of quadratic equation is to use the
formula.
− b b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
FACTORIZATION
Example :
Find the zeros of f(x) = x2 – 5x -12
RATIONAL FUNCTION
Any function that can be written in the form
p( x)
f ( x) =
q( x)
Where p(x) & q(x) are polynomials, with q(x) ≠0
A rational function is known as a PROPER function
fraction if the degree of P(x) is less than the
degree of Q(x).
Degree 1
4x +1
Degree 2
2 x + 5x − 3
2
RATIONAL FUNCTION
Proper rational functions can be expressed in
Partial fractions
𝑚𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑥+𝛼 𝑥−𝛽
𝑚𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3 2
= + +
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥 + 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛿
For function that cannot be factorized, it is known
as IRREDUCIBLE factor
𝑚𝑥 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
2
= 2 +
(𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑑) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝛿
RATIONAL FUNCTION
A rational function is said to be an IMPROPER
fraction if the degree of P(x) is greater than or
equal to the degree of Q(x).
Degree 3
3 x + 10 x + x − 14
3 2
x+2
Degree 1
RATIONAL FUNCTION
Division of polynomials
Carrying out the division of polynomials is no
different, in principle, to numerical division.
Examine the steps taken in the following example
3 x 3 + 10 x 2 + x − 14
x+2
RATIONAL FUNCTION
Improper fractions can be expressed as the sum of
a polynomial plus a proper function.
12𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 9
4𝑥 − 7
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