Earth is composed of different layers including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust and mantle, with the crust made up of tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to plate tectonics. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as a result of magma rising from the mantle due to pressure buildup. When the pressure is released through volcanic eruptions, lava and other materials are ejected from the vent of the volcano.
Earth is composed of different layers including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust and mantle, with the crust made up of tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to plate tectonics. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as a result of magma rising from the mantle due to pressure buildup. When the pressure is released through volcanic eruptions, lava and other materials are ejected from the vent of the volcano.
Earth is composed of different layers including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust and mantle, with the crust made up of tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to plate tectonics. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as a result of magma rising from the mantle due to pressure buildup. When the pressure is released through volcanic eruptions, lava and other materials are ejected from the vent of the volcano.
Earth is composed of different layers including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust and mantle, with the crust made up of tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to plate tectonics. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as a result of magma rising from the mantle due to pressure buildup. When the pressure is released through volcanic eruptions, lava and other materials are ejected from the vent of the volcano.
Geology is the Science that examines Our planet is composed of different
the Earth’s form, composition, and the spheres/layers. Atmosphere, changes it undergoes. Hydrosphere, Geosphere/Lithosphere.
EARTH Atmosphere: gaseous layer
Age: 4.55B years old Troposphere: oxygen, high alt low temp, weather disturbances Earth and meteorites were possibly Stratosphere: thinner air, high alt high formed from the same materials — temp (bc of the ozone layer), airplanes nebula, a huge swirling cloud of gasses Ionosphere: produce ions, where radio that was disturbed and collapsed. waves bounce back. Exosphere: outer portion of the NEBULA THEORY atmosphere, gas molecules are far – The Earth was formed at the same apart due to the lack of gravity time as other members of the solar Hydrosphere: 70.8% of the Earth. Water system. The nebula collapsed due to its found in oceans, seas, glaciers, vapor in gravity, it spun faster and flattened into air. a disk. Cryosphere: water in solid form like ice, snow, glaciers. Indicator of climate change. Earth has gone through major Ave. Depth: 3.7km biological and geological changes like Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench: volcanic eruptions, collision of plate 10.994km. Named after Challenger the II boundaries, etc. (British survey ship)
It also suffered from bombardment from Geosphere: interior structure, rocks,
cosmic bodies. One very large collision minerals, land forms, etc. is believed to be the cause of the Crust: light rocks Earth’s tilting and the formation of the Mantle: thicker, denser moon. Outer: molten iron and nickel Inner: solid iron and nickel Its circumference is 43,200km and it is an oblate spheroid (a slightly PLATE TECTONICS: flattened/squashed sphere) Raisin Theory: like a grape that Rotation: spinning motion of an object contracted into a raisin due to cold around its own axis, causes day and temperature. night. 24hrs (also called solar day) Tectonic plates or Lithospheric plates Revolution: orbital motion of an object are small slabs that are on top of a around another object, causes changes mobile material called asthenosphere. in season. 365.25 days (solar year/star year) specific: 365d 6hrs 9m 10s These plates fit together and the Continental Plate: The solid ground movement ranged from less than 1 to where we stand. Thicker but has lighter more than 15cm per year resulting in materials like granite rocks. Formed by the opening and closure of bodies of volcanic eruptions (magma) water and different landforms.
Abraham Ortelius suggested that Basement Rock : oldest foundation/rock
America was originally connected to Platform Rock: younger and made of Europe and Africa. sedimentary rocks.
Alfred Wegener: Continental Drift Cratons: platforms are connected with
Theory. Supercontinent named basement rocks Rodinia/Pangaea. Pangaea: Continental Margins: edges of cratons Laurasia (Northern) Gondwanaland(Southern) Oceanic Crust: made up of heavier Panthalassa basalt and gabbro rocks. Younger than continental rocks. Also formed by It is believed that soon, these plates will magma. Has a limited lifespan. Oceanic move towards each other, reforming Crust + Continental Crust = OC will sink Pangaea. RECALL: Earth is generally composed of 58 crustal plates. 15 are major tectonic Raisin Theory (Big Bang) plates, 7 or 8 are primary plates and the The contraction caused some parts to others are smaller plates. move upwards (mountains) and the other parts to buckle downwards (ocean Primary Plates: basins) ● African Plate ● Eurasian Plate Tectonic Plates are rigid sections of the ● Indo-Australian Plate lithosphere that move as a unit. ● Pacific Plate ● South American Plate with the Movement can result in the opening of Nazca Plate as a secondary plate oceans and formation of continents Secondary Plates: and other mountain ranges. ● Arabian Plates ● Caribbean Plate North America smashed into ● Cocos Plate Northwestern Africa = mountain range ● Indian Plate (Applachians) ● Juan de fuca Plate ● Philippines Sea Plate Drifting = Valley = Atlantic Ocean ● Scotia Plate India moves Northward and collided ● Nazca Plate with SE Asia - created Himalayas Collide - form mountain ranges Shield - broad, gently sloping landform, Drift apart - bodies of water basaltic lava Cinder - steep conical hill VOLCANOES: Composite - larger than cinder, can grow bigger due to its resistance of A volcano is a mountain that opens erosion downward to a reservoir of molten rock called magma. PARTS OF A VOLCANO Cone - most striking part of the volcano A vent hill or mountain from which Vent - opening through which molten molten or hot rock of gaseous materials rock escapes are ejected. Magma Chamber - large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the They differ from most mountains crust because they have vents. Crater - basin like depression over a vent at the summit of a cone Magma : a kneaded mixture which Caldera - volcanic depression larger moves out of an erupting volcano. It is a than the crater combination of liquid, solid, and gas. Lava - magma expelled from volcanic eruption that cools and hardens Fumes are a sign that a volcano Magma - the molten rocks inside the is/might erupt. These fumes have toxic volcano gasses. Conduit - channel or pipe conveying the magma The pyroclastic materials are Summit - highest point of volcano dangerous because the rock fragments are sharp. There are more than 1.5k volcanoes on Earth that have the potential of being CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES active
A. Duration or Frequency of Activities Volcanoes can be found in all
continents, their characteristics Active - currently erupting or showing depends on its location signs of unrest activities. Gas emissions or frequent seismic waves. Ex. Taal THREE STAGES OF A VOLCANO’S LIFE Volcano and Mayon Volcano Invasion of magma - because of the Dormant - has not erupted in 2k years extreme temperature, magma rises thru and traces of volcanic heat weak spots disappeared but might erupt in the future. Ex. Mt. Makiling Building pressure - due to the release of gasses and water dissolved in molten Extinct - period of dormancy exceeded rocks 10k yrs and lava supply was cut off B. Shape of Volcano Eruption - when the magma can no The Philippines is prone to volcanic longer be contained below the Earth’s eruptions because it is located on the surface pacific ring of fire. A volcano eruption can also trigger another volcano About 95% of the world’s volcanoes are eruption. located near the boundaries of tectonic plates while the remaining 5% are associated with the mantle plumes and hotspots
Mantle plumes and hotspots were
discovered in the 1960’s by John Tuzo Wilson. He found 3 linear chains of volcanoes and submarine volcanoes
His theory states that volcanic chains
are results from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hotspot
Mantle Plumes are areas or columns
where magma in the mantle rises towards Earth’s surface. Located underneath continental/oceanic crust or along plate boundaries
Hotspots are locations on the Earth’s
surface that have experienced active volcanic activities.
There are about 40-50 identified
hotspots in the world.
ACTIVE SITES OF VOLCANOES
- along divergent plate boundaries (spreading) - along convergent plate boundaries - in areas of continental extension (underlying mantle is rising) - hotspots
VOLCANISM refers to the process and
phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock and other materials into the surface of the Earth