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OSI Model Notes

The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model from application to physical layer. The application layer contains protocols for end-user software to send and receive data. The presentation layer prepares this data for transmission by encoding, encrypting, and compressing it. The session layer establishes communication channels between devices and ensures continuous data transfer. The transport layer packages data into segments and handles flow control and error checking. The network layer routes packets to their destination using addresses. The data link layer establishes and terminates connections through framing and MAC addressing. The physical layer defines the physical transmission technology connecting devices.

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27 views3 pages

OSI Model Notes

The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model from application to physical layer. The application layer contains protocols for end-user software to send and receive data. The presentation layer prepares this data for transmission by encoding, encrypting, and compressing it. The session layer establishes communication channels between devices and ensures continuous data transfer. The transport layer packages data into segments and handles flow control and error checking. The network layer routes packets to their destination using addresses. The data link layer establishes and terminates connections through framing and MAC addressing. The physical layer defines the physical transmission technology connecting devices.

Uploaded by

sreeni 1005
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Application Layer

The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It
provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful
data to users. A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It defines how two devices should
encode, encrypt, and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation
layer takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it for transmission over the
session layer.
Session Layer

The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is
responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being
transferred, and closing them when communication ends. The session layer can also set
checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is interrupted, devices can resume data transfer
from the last checkpoint.

Transport Layer

The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into “segments” on
the transmitting end. It is responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning
it back into data that can be used by the session layer. The transport layer carries out flow
control, sending data at a rate that matches the connection speed of the receiving device, and
error control, checking if data was received incorrectly and if not, requesting it again.

Network Layer

The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets,
and reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering
the best path across a physical network. The network layer uses network addresses (typically
Internet Protocol addresses) to route packets to a destination node.

Data Link Layer

The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically-connected
nodes on a network. It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination.
This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies network
protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access Control (MAC)
which uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive
data.

Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network
nodes. It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the
devices, and is responsible for transmission of the raw

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