Statistics and Probability

Quarter 4 – Module 13:

Drawing Conclusions About
Population Proportion Based on
Test Statistic Value and Rejection
Region

CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 13
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 13: Drawing Conclusions About Population Proportion Based on
Test Statistic Value and Rejection Region
First Edition, 2021

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 Statistics and
Probability
Module 13: Drawing Conclusions
About Population Proportion
Based on Test Statistic Value
and Rejection Region
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

In conducting a study, the last part of the process is drawing conclusions and it
should be done correctly and carefully. In doing so, you need to learn how to consider
necessary data as your basis and follow different steps.

On the previous lessons, you were already taught how to compute test statistic
concerning population proportions as well as how to determine the rejection or non-
rejection region by using an illustration on a curve.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compute for the test statistic of population proportion;

2. differentiate critical value approach from p-value approach of hypothesis
testing; and draw conclusions on population proportions based on the test
statistic and the rejection region

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.

Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call the part of the sample or the proportion of individuals in a
sample sharing a certain trait?
a. sample mean
b. sample variance
c. sample proportion
d. sample standard deviation

2. Which of the statements is NOT true about rejection region?

a. This is also the critical region.

b. It tells the researcher if a certain theory is probably true.
c. This is the range of values of the test value where the null hypothesis
should be rejected.
d. This is the range of values of the test value where the null hypothesis
should fail to be rejected.

3. Which of the following is usually expressed as a fraction, decimal, or

percentage of the whole population which has a certain trait or
characteristic?
a. sample mean
b. population mean
c. sample proportion
d. population proportion

4. Which of the following symbols is NOT used in computing the z-value?

a. 𝑝̂ b. n c. p d.

5. What is the first step in drawing your conclusions?

a. Identify the correct decision.
b. Compute the test statistic.
c. Determine the level of significance.
d. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.

6. An insurance industry report indicated that 30% of those persons involved in

minor traffic accidents this year have been involved in at least one traffic
accident in the last five years. Believing it was too large, an advisory group
decided to investigate this claim. A sample of 200 traffic accidents this year
showed that 56 persons were also involved in another accident in the last five
years.

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 What is the value of p in the given problem?
a. 200
b. 56
c. 0.70
d. 0.30

7. When the computed z-value (zcom) is 3.16 at α = 0.05 level of significance,

which of the following will be the correct decision?
a. Reject the null hypothesis.
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
c. Reject the alternative hypothesis.
d. Accept the alternative hypothesis.

8. Which of the following is an acceptable reason to conclude that there is

enough evidence for the null hypothesis to NOT be rejected?
a. The computed z-value falls on the rejection region.
b. The computed z-value does not fall on the rejection region.
c. The computed z-value is greater than the critical value (if there is a
positive sign).
d. The computed z-value is less than the critical value (if there is a
negative sign).

9. What is the relationship between a Type I error and the null hypothesis
(Ho)?
a. A Type I error corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
true.
b. A Type I error corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
false.
c. A Type I error corresponds to failing to reject the null hypothesis
when it is false.
d. A Type I error corresponds to failing to reject the null hypothesis
when it is true.

10. What distribution do we use when testing claims about population

proportions?
a. F c. t
b. Z d. chi

11. Researchers used the given data below and the results to test the claim that
more than 50% of adults support the tax increase.
n = 200 𝑝̂ = 56.5
Ho : p = 0.5 Ha : p > 0.5
z ≈ 1.84 P-value of approximately 0.033

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 What should be the correct conclusion?
a. At = 0.01 significance level, you should conclude that less than 50%
of adults support the tax increase.
b. At = 0.05 significance level, you should conclude that less than 50%
of adults support the tax increase.
c. At = 0.05 significance level, you should conclude that more than
50% of adults support the tax increase.
d. At = 0.01 significance level, you should conclude that more than
50% of adults support the tax increase.

For numbers 12-15, refer to the following:

Ho : The proportion of barangays segregating wastes into
biodegradable and non-biodegradable is 45%. (Ho : p = 0.45)
Ha : The proportion of barangays segregating wastes into biodegradable
and non-biodegradable has changed to 45%. ______________
α = 0.05 level
Computed z-value: zcom = 2.37
Critical z-value: ztab = 1.96

12. What is the correct alternative hypothesis (H a) in symbols?

a. Ha : p < 0.45 c. Ha : p = 0.45
b. Ha : p > 0.45 d. Ha : p ≠ 0.45

13. The given problem is a ____________________________.

a. one-tailed test c. non-directional
b. one-sided test d. cannot be determined

14. What is the correct decision based on the given results?

a. There is no possible decision.
b. Reject the null hypothesis.
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
d. Change the alternative hypothesis.

15. What is the phrase that best completes the conclusion below?

Therefore, we conclude that at 0.05 level of significance,

____________________ to conclude that the proportion of barangays
segregating wastes into biodegradable and non-biodegradable has changed
to 45%.
a. there was a problem
b. there was a missing data
c. there was enough evidence
d. there was not enough evidence

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 Drawing Conclusions about
Lesson
Population Proportion Based
1 on Test Statistic Value and
Rejection Region

What’s In

Activity 1: Do You Love Math?

Determine the value of sample proportion (𝑝̂ ) using the given sample size (n)
and the number of elements or observed values (X). Each number has a
corresponding letter below. After you solve for 𝑃̂ , write its corresponding
value and letter on the blanks to decode the secret message. The formula to be
used is provided in the box below.

FORMULA:
𝑋
𝑝̂ =
𝑛

1. n = 100 ; X = 48 𝑝̂ = ____ _____

2. n = 225 ; X = 214 𝑝̂ = ____ _____
3. n = 450 ; X = 356 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
4. n = 1000 ; X = 772 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
5. n = 1330 ; X = 988 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
6. n = 2020 ; X = 1915 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
7. n = 2500 ; X = 2301 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
8. n = 3 000 ; X = 2 650 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
9. n = 3 800 ; X = 3 316 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
10. n = 10 000 ; X = 8 900 𝑃̂ = ____ _____
LEGEND:
E – 0.95 W - 0.48 M – 0.92
A – 0.88 L – 0.79 O – 0.77
H – 0.89 T – 0.87 V – 0.74

Guide Questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Did you find it easy to decode the secret message?
3. What is the range of values of your answer to each item?
4. What do you mean by 𝑝̂ ?
5. How did you get the value of 𝑝̂ in each item?

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 What’s New

Activity 2: What’s the Decision?

Using the given conditions, write your decision whether to reject or fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
1. P-value is greater than = 0.01. ____________
2. The computed value does not fall in the rejection region. ____________
3. There is enough evidence to support the claim that there is an increase
in the population proportion at the alpha level of significance. _________
4. The test statistic falls in the critical region. _________
5. ________

What is It

In drawing conclusions, there are two different approaches that you may apply: the
critical z-approach (computed z-value) and the P-value approach.

CRITICAL VALUE APPROACH

In applying the first approach which is determining the critical value (which you were
already taught in the previous modules), you need to consider the following:

a. Null and Alternative Hypotheses;

b. Level of Significance (α);
c. Computed Test Statistic, Critical Value (including rejection region); and
d. Decision (whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

Determine if the test statistic falls in the rejection region. If it does, reject
the null hypothesis. If it does not, do not reject the null hypothesis.

❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) is > or < the tabular value (ztab), reject
the null hypothesis (Ho).
❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) falls in the rejection region, reject the
null hypothesis (Ho).
❖ If the computed z-statistic (zcom) does not fall in the rejection region,
fail to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

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Illustrative Example:

Example 1
a. Ho : p = 0.85
Ha : p < 0.85
b. Level of Significance: α = 0.01
c. Computed Test Statistic:
Given: X = 325 p = 0.85 n = 400

𝑋
𝑝̂ = 𝑛
325
= 400

̂=
𝒑 0.81

𝑝̂−𝑝
z= 𝑝(1−𝑝)
√
𝑛
0.81−0.85
= 0.85 (1−0.85)
√
400

z = -2.24

The alternative hypothesis is directional. Hence, one-tailed test shall be used.

Using the Areas Under the Normal Curve Table, the critical value is
-2.326 at α = 0.01 level. There is a negative sign in the value due to the
direction of the alternative hypothesis.

d. DECISION: Since the computed test statistic (zcom) z = -2.24 does not fall in
the rejection region, fail to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

CONCLUSION: Therefore, at 0.01 level of significance, there is not enough

evidence to conclude that there is a decrease in the number of students who
prefer male rather than female candidates.

P-VALUE APPROACH
What is P-value?
In critical value approach, a test statistic is compared with a critical value. However,
in p-value approach (short for probability value), probabilities or areas are compared.
P-value measures the consistency of the sample statistics with the null hypothesis.
High P-values mean that sample results are consistent with a true null hypothesis
while low P-values are not consistent. If the P value is small enough, we can conclude
that the sample is so incompatible with the null hypothesis. Therefore, we can reject
the null hypothesis for the entire population.

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P-value approach uses the following basic procedures:
1. State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis Ha.
2. Set the level of significance α.
3. Calculate the test statistic.
4. Calculate the p-value.
5. Make a decision. Check whether to reject the null hypothesis by comparing p-
value to α.
❖ If the p-value < α, then reject Ho. Otherwise, do not reject Ho.

Illustrative Example:
Given:
Ho: p = 0.5 = 0.05 n= 25,468
Ha: p > 0.5
Solution:
Using the formula:
𝑝̂−𝑝
z =
𝑝 ( 1−𝑝 )
√
𝑛
0.5172− 0.5
z =
(0.5)(0.5) )
√
25468

z = 5.49
The p-value is represented in the graph below:

P=P(Z≥5.49)=0.0000⋯≈0
CONCLUSION: Because the p-value is smaller than the significance
level α=0.05, we can reject the null hypothesis. Again, we
would say that there is sufficient/enough evidence to
conclude that boys are more common than girls in the
entire population at α=0.05 level.

As should always be the case, the two approaches (critical value approach and
p-value approach) lead to the same conclusion.

OTHER ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES USING TWO-TAILED TEST

Example 1
Given:
a. n= 50
b. = 0.01 significance level
c. H0 : The proportion of students that want to go to the zoo is 85%.
(H0: p = 0.85)
Ha: The proportion of students that want to go to the zoo is not 85%.
(Ha: p ≠ 0.85 )
d. p = 0.7554

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DECISION/CONCLUSION: Because p > , we fail to reject the null hypothesis. There
is insufficient evidence to suggest that the proportion of students that want to go to
the zoo is not 85%.

Example 2
Given:
a. n= 150
b. = 0.1 significance level
c. Ho : The proportion of households that have three or more cell phones is
30%. (Ho : p = 0.3)
Ha : The proportion of households that have three or more cell phones is
different from 30%. (Ha : p ≠ 0.3)

d. 𝑝̂ = 0.287
e. Zcom = 0.347

-1.64 Zcom=.347 1.64

0
DECISION/CONCLUSION: Fail to reject the null hypothesis (Ho). There is insufficient
evidence supporting that the proportion of households with three or more cell phones
is different from 30%.

NOTE:
Conclusions are answers in sentence form which include: 1) whether there is
enough evidence or not (based on the decision); 2) the level of significance; and 3)
whether the original claim is supported or rejected.
Conclusions are based on the original claim which may be the null or
alternative hypothesis. The decisions are always based on the null hypothesis.

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 Original Claim

H0 Ha
Decision "REJECT" "SUPPORT"

Reject H0 There There is sufficient evidence at the

"SUFFICIENT" is sufficient evidence alpha level of significance
at the alpha level of to support the claim that (insert
significance original claim here).
to reject the claim that
(insert original claim
here).

Fail to reject H0 There There is insufficient evidence at

"INSUFFICIENT" is insufficient evidence the alpha level of significance
at the alpha level of to support the claim that (insert
significance original claim here).
to reject the claim that
(insert original claim
here).

NOTE:

If the null hypothesis isn’t rejected, this doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s
true. It simply means that there is not enough evidence to justify rejecting it.

The hypothesis-testing procedure leads to the acceptance of H0 when H0 is

true and the rejection of H0 when H0 is false. Unfortunately, since hypothesis tests
are based on sample information, the possibility of errors must be considered. A Type
I error corresponds to rejecting H0 when H0 is actually true, while a Type II error
corresponds to accepting H0 when H0 is false.

Notes to the Teacher

Students should be aware of p-value approach
since many statistical packages give the p-value but
not the critical value. One advantage of p-value is that
we can immediately know at what level the testing
becomes significant. For example, a p-value of 0.03
would be rejected at 0.01 level of significance, but it
would fail to be rejected at 0.05 level of significance.
Remember, we must decide first on the level of
significance before calculating the test statistic and
finding the p-value.

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Fill It Up!

Compute the test statistic. Fill in the blank with the word REJECT if the decision is
to reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, write FAIL TO REJECT. Then,
draw your own conclusions by completing the statement.

1. In a public senior high school, a survey conducted last year by a Health Officer
showed that 12% of the students drink alcohol. This year, a new survey was
conducted randomly on 500 students from the same school. It was found that
97 of them drink alcohol. Test if the claim was higher at α = 0.01 level.
a. Ho : p = 0.12
Ha : p < 0.12
b. Level of Significance: α = 0.01
c. Computed Test Statistic: zcom = ______
d. Critical Value: 2.326
e. DECISION: Since the computed test statistic zcom = ____ falls in the
rejection region, _________________ the null hypothesis (Ho).

CONCLUSION: Therefore, we conclude that at 0.01 level of significance,

______________________ evidence to claim that ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

2. A research states that 28% of college degrees are from engineering courses. A
researcher doesn’t believe that this is correct. A sample of 1,000 graduates
was used and it was found out that 295 have finished engineering courses.
Test the claim if it has increased at α = 0.10 level. What is the correct null
hypothesis?
a. Ho : p = 0.28
Ha : p > 0.28
b. Level of Significance: α = 0.10
c. Computed Test Statistic: zcom = ____
d. Critical Value: 1.282

e. DECISION: Since the computed test statistic zcom = ____ does not fall
in the rejection region, _________________ the null hypothesis (H o).

CONCLUSION: Therefore, we conclude that at 0.10 level of significance,

_______________________________________ evidence to conclude that
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

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Activity 4: Decide Now, Conclude Later!
Using the given hypotheses, computed z-value, and level of
significance, make your own decision and conclusion. Then, complete the
statement by filling in the blank with the appropriate word/s. The first one
was done for you as a guide.

Guide:

Given:

Ho: The proportion of students who are overweight is 25%. (H o : p = .25).

Ha: The proportion of students who are overweight is less than 25%.

(Ho : p < .25)

α = 0.05; Critical Value of −1. 645

Computed z-statistics: zc = - 2.24

DECISION: Reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

Since the computed z- statistic -2.24 falls in the rejection region, reject
the null hypothesis (Ho).

CONCLUSION: Therefore, we conclude at 0.05 level of significance that there is

enough evidence on the claim that less than 25% of the students are
overweight.

Problem 1
Given:

Ho: The proportion of employees in a shoe factory who smoke cigarette is

30%. ( Ho : p = .30)
Ha : The proportion of employees in a shoe factory who smoke cigarette has
increased to 30%. ( Ho : p > .30)
α = 0.01
Computed z-statistic: zcom = 2.56 and Critical z- value: z tab = 1.282
DECISION: Since the computed test statistic zcom = 2.56 ________________ in
the rejection region, _________________ the null hypothesis (Ho).
CONCLUSION: Therefore, we conclude that at 0.01 level of significance,
_________________________________________ evidence to conclude that
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

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 What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements. In sentences no. 2, 5, and 6, choose from

the word/s in the parentheses that best complete/s the statement.
1. _______________ are statements which answer whether there is enough
evidence or not (based on the decision), what the level of significance is, and
whether the original claim is supported or rejected.
2. After computing the test statistic in order to draw the conclusion, just
remember the following:
a. If the computed z-statistic (zcom) is > or < the tabular value (ztab),
__________ (fail to reject/reject) the null hypothesis (Ho).
b. If the computed z-statistic (zcom) falls in the rejection region,
_____________ (fail to reject/reject) the null hypothesis (Ho).
c. If the computed z-statistic (zcom) does not fall in the rejection region,
________________ (fail to reject/reject) the null hypothesis (Ho).
3. The decision is always based on the __________________ hypothesis.
4. The two approaches to draw conclusions are ___________________________
and ______________________________________.
5. If the p-value < α, then _______________ (fail to reject/reject) Ho.
6. If the p-value > α, then _______________ (fail to reject/reject) Ho.

What I Can Do

Read job vacancies posts on the classified ads section of a newspaper. Then, draw
conclusions about the type of people who will apply foreach job. Write your
conclusions based on facts and include the newspaper clippings where you got the
information. You will be graded using the given rubric below.
RUBRIC

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

Focus and There is a The idea is The idea is The idea is

Support for clear and clear but the quite clear not clear and
Topic well- focused supporting and not not supported
topic which is details/facts supported with needed
relevant and are not with needed details/facts.
supported complete. details/facts.

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 with
details/facts.

Conclusion The The The The

conclusion is conclusion is conclusion is conclusion is
correct and correct but incorrect but weak and
strong. quite weak. portrays a incorrect.
strong point.

Grammar & There are no There are 1-3 There are 4-6 There are
Spelling errors in errors in errors in more than 6
grammar or grammar or grammar or errors in
spelling. spelling. spelling. grammar or
spelling.

Assessment

Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write the
letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an approach in drawing conclusions wherein a test

statistic is compared with a critical value?
a. critical value approach
b. sampling approach
c. two-way approach
d. p-value approach

2. Which is the correct decision for the given values/results below?

Ho : p = 0.13 Ha : p < 0.13
= 0.05 Zcom = -2.688 p-value = 0.0036
a. There is no possible decision.
b. Reject the null hypothesis.
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
d. Change the alternative hypothesis.

For numbers 3 to 7, refer to the given problem below.

A state university wants to increase its retention rate of 4% for graduating

students from the previous year. After implementing several new programs during
the last two years, the university reevaluated its retention rate using a random
sample of 352 students and found the retention rate at 5%.

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 3. Which is the correct pair of hypotheses?
a. Ho: p = 0.04; Ha p > 0.04
b. Ho: p = 0.04; Ha p < 0.04
c. Ho: p = 0.04; Ha: p ≠ 0.04
d. Ho: p = 0.04; Ha: p ≥ 0.04

4. What is the value of z?

a. -1.07 c. 1.07
b. 0.96 d. 2.59

5. What is the p-value?

a. 0.8577 c. 0.2215
b. 0.2846 d. 0.1685

6. What is the correct decision?

a. There is no possible decision.
b. Reject the null hypothesis.
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
d. Change the alternative hypothesis.

7. What should be the conclusion based on the computed test statistic?

a. This data shows that less than 4% of the students are retained.
There is enough evidence.
b. This data shows that more than 4% of the students are retained.
There is enough evidence.
c. This data does not show that less than 4% of students are retained.
There is not enough evidence.
d. This data does not show that more than 4% of students are retained.
there is not enough evidence.

For numbers 8-11, refer to the given problem below.

Suppose a study found that 68% of the population owns a home. In a random
sample of 150 households, 92 own a home. Use α = 0.01 to determine that there is
a decrease in the proportion of population that owns a home.

8. Find the z-score.

a. -1.75 c. 0.08
b. -0.08 d. 1.75

9. Which value is closest to the p-value?

a. 0.02 c. 0.06
b. 0.04 d. 0.08

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 10. What is the correct decision?
a. It cannot be concluded.
b. Reject the null hypothesis.
c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
d. Accept both null and alternative hypotheses.

11. Is there enough evidence to reject the claim?

a. There is enough evidence to reject the claim that 68% of the
population owns a home.
b. There is enough evidence to reject the claim that 32% of the
population owns a home.
c. There is not enough evidence to reject the claim that 32% of the
population owns a home.
d. There is not enough evidence to reject the claim that 68% of the
population owns a home.

For numbers 12-15, refer to the given problem below.

Suppose that the percentage of female physicians is 27%. In a survey of

physicians, 45 of 120 are women. Is there sufficient evidence at α = 0.01 to claim
that the proportion of women physicians is greater than 27%?
12. Choose the correct hypotheses.

a.H0: p = 0.27; Ha: p > 0.27

b. H0: p = 0.27; Ha: p < 0.27
c. H0: p = 0.27; Ha: p ≠ 0.27
d. H0: p > 0.27; Ha: p = 0.27

13. What is the value of z?

a. -2.59 c. 0.005
b. -0.005 d. 2.59

14. Which is closest to the p-value?

a. 0.0005 c. 0.05
b. 0.005 d. 0.5

15. What is the correct decision and conclusion?

a. Change the alternative hypothesis.
b. There are no possible decision and conclusion.
c. Reject the null hypothesis because there is enough evidence to
support the claim that the proportion of women physicians is greater
than 27%.
d. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is not enough evidence
to support the claim that the proportion of women physicians is
greater than 27%.

16 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 13
 Additional Activities

Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Write ACCEPT if the
statement is correct and write REJECT if it is incorrect. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.

____________1. The claim being assessed in a hypothesis test is the null

hypothesis.
____________2. Critical value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true
given the observed results.

____________3. In a research report, the results of a hypothesis test include the

expression "z=3.15, p<0.01". This means that the test failed to
reject the null hypothesis at = 0.01.
____________4. When p-value is greater than alpha (0.05 used), we fail to reject
Ho.
____________5. If a hypothesis test leads to a decision failing to reject the null
hypothesis, a Type II error may have been made.

17 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

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 Module 13
CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS 18
Assessment ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
1. A 4. B 7. A 10. D 13. D 1. ACCEPT 2. REJECT
2. B 5. B 8. A 11. A 14. B
3. REJECT 4. ACCEPT
3. A 6. C 9. B 12. D 15. D
5. ACCEPT
Activity 2: Activity: Fill It Up!
What’s the 4. zcom = 4.8
Decision reject
1. Fail to Therefore, we conclude that at 0.01 level of
reject significance, there was enough evidence to claim that
2. Fail to the proportion of the students who drink alcohol in a
reject public senior high school was higher by 12%.
3. Reject
4. Reject 5. zcom = 5.1
5. Reject
fail to reject
Therefore, we conclude that at 0.10 level of
significance, there was not enough evidence to claim
that the proportion of college graduates who have
finished engineering courses has increased to 28%.
What I have
What’s In
Learned
Do You Love
Math? 1. Conclusion
What I Know
1. 0.48 W 2. a. reject
1. C 9. A
2. 0.95 E b. reject
2. D 10. B
3. 0.79 L
c. fail to reject
3. D 11. C
4. 0.77 O
3. null
4. D 12. D
5. 0.74 V
5. D 13. C 4. critical value and
6. 0.95 E p-value approach
6. D 14. B 7. 0.92 M
5. reject
7. A 15. C 8. 0.88 A
6. fail to reject
8. B 9. 0.87 T
10.0.89 H
Answer Key
References

Books

Albacea, Zita VJ., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P. David, and Imelda E. De Mesa.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education, 2016.

Caraan, Avelino Jr S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach.

Mandaluyong City: Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.

De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc.,
2017.
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia:
Oxford Publishing, 2018.
Sirug, Winston S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers
Co., Inc., 2017.

Online Resources

Minitab.com. “About the Null and Alternative Hypotheses.” Accessed February 4,

2019. https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how-
to/statistics/basic-statistics/supporting-topics/basics/null-and-alternative-
hypotheses/
Minitab.com. “What Are Type I and Type II Errors?” Accessed February 4, 2019.
https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how-
to/statistics/basic-statistics/supporting-topics/basics/type-i-and-type-ii-
error/

Zaiontz, Charles. “Null and Alternative Hypothesis.” Accessed February 2, 2018.

http://www.real-statistics.com/hypothesis-testing/null-hypothesis/
https://www.britannica.com/science/statistics/Hypothesis-testing
https://www.dummies.com/education/math/business-statistics/draw-
conclusions-about-a-population-using-confidence-intervals-and-hypothesis-
testing/
https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews/statistical-concepts/proportions

https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch09-int.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/tests-significance-ap/one-
sample-z-test-proportion/v/comparing-p-value-to-significance-level-example

19 CO_Q4_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 13
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