BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws (Mesh and Nodal Analysis)

EXP: 1 Date:

Objectives: 1. To investigate voltage division rule in in series path and current

division rule in the parallel path.
2. Design suitable circuit to very Kirchhoff‘s current and voltage laws.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts voltage division rule
in in series path and current division rules, Kirchhoff‘s law. The students
should be aware of the theoretical calculations involved in the experiment.

Description: Kirchhoff‘s Current Law (KCL): KCL states that the algebraic sum of
currents at a node is zero.

Kirchhoff‘s Voltage Law (KVL): KVL states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or) loop is zero.

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required

Procedure/ 1. Make the circuit connection as shown in figure 1.1.

2. Vary the input voltage using RPS in steps and note down ammeter
Program
readings I, I1 and I2 for four different input voltage in the table 1.
3. Remake the circuit as shown in the figure 1.2.
4. Vary the input voltage using RPS in steps and tabulate voltmeter
readings V1 and V2 for four different input voltages in the table 2.
5. Verify the practical values obtained with the theoretical values.
 Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 1.1: Verification of KCL

Figure 1.2: Verification of KVL

Skill task Verify voltage and current division rules in the same experiment.

Precautions 1. All connection should be tight

2. RPS should be in minimum voltage position
3. Before connecting the instruments check their zero reading.
4. Make sure of proper colour coding of resistors.
Observations Table 1: Verification of KCL

S. No. Voltage Current (I) Current (I1) Current (I2)

(V) in volts mA mA mA

Table 2: Verification of KVL

S. No. Voltage Voltage (V1) Voltage (V2)

(V) in volts V V

Theoretical
Calculations
 Key 1.

Observations 2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions

S. No Theoretical calculations Practical investigations

To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and

quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.
Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
invistigations/ develop the
program.

CO1 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.

Evaluation:

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Remarks for improvement:

Lab in-charge
 Design of 1. Verify KCL and KVL for the following circuit.
Experiments

2. Verify KVL and KCL using mesh analysis and nodal analysis.

Self- 1. Define Voltage, Current and Power.

Assessment 2. State Ohm‘s law.
3. Mention the limitations of ohm‘s law.
Questions
4. Difference between series and parallel circuits.
5. Why is voltage different in series but same in parallel?
6. Mention the Current division rule.
Performance evaluation of a DC Shunt Motor by brake test

EXP: 2 Date:

Objectives: 1. To investigate characteristics of DC shunt motor by conducting Brake

test.
2. To evaluate the performance of DC Shunt Motor using Direct
method.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts of the construction
and working, characteristic of DC shunt motor.The students should be
aware of the theoretical calculations involved in the experiment.

Description: DC Machines can be tested by three different methods namely Direct

Method, Indirect Method and Regenerative Method.Direct method is suitable
for small DC machines. In Direct Method, the DC machine is subjected to
rated load and the entire output power is wasted. The ratio of output power
to the input power gives the Efficiency of DC Machine. For a DC Generator
the output power is wasted in resistor. Direct Method of testing when
conducted on a motor is also known as Brake Test.

A belt is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to the frame
through two spring balances S 1 and S2. The tension of the belt can be
adjusted with the help of tightening wheels. The tangential force acting on
the pulley is equal to the difference between the readings of the two spring
balances.

Spring balance readings are S1 and S2 in Kg.

Radius of the shaft is R meters.
Speed of the motor is N rpm.
Input voltage across the motor is V volts
Input current is I amps
Torque (T) = (S1 – S2) R x 9.81 N-m.

Motor output = 2ΠNT / 60 watts

Motor input = VI watts

Efficiency = output/ input = 2ΠNT / 60 (VI)

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required
Procedure/ 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

Program 2. By ensuring field rheostat (Rf) at the minimum resistance

position and brake drum is free to rotate, switch on the
supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
3. Adjust the speed of the motor on no load to its rated value by
means of the field rheostat.
4. Take the No-load readings of voltmeter, Ammeter and speed.
5. Do notdisturb the position of the rheostat throughout the
test.
6. Slowly put on the load by tightening the screws of the spring
balances.
7. Note down the spring tensions (S1 and S2), thespeed (N), the
voltage and the currents at different loads until full load
current obtained.

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 2.1: Brake test on DC Shunt Motor

Model Graph:
Precautions 1. Avoid hanging wires and loose connections.
2. Make sure that the initial value of Field Resistance is
minimum.
3. Ensure that the loading belt is slack when the machine is
started.
4. Pour water in the brake drum for cooling purpose.

Observation Table 1: Brake test on DC Shunt Motor

s Radius of the Brake drum=

S. VL IL N S1 S2 Torque Output Input Efficiency

No. (V) (A) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (Nm) Power Power (%)
(W) (W)

Theoretical
Calculations
 Key 1.

Observation 2.
s
3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions
 To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and
quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO2 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.
 Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. Perform suitable experiment to control the speed of DC shunt motor.

Experiment 2. Conduct an experiment to evaluate the performance of DC series
s motor.
3. Conduct brake test on DC shunt motor to evaluate the performance
of DC shunt motor without using 3-point starter.

Self- 1. What is the back emf of the motor?

Assessment 2. If starter is not available, how can you start DC motor?
3. Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?
Questions
4. Why brake test is used to find the efficiency of DC motor?
5. Why the starting torque is low in dc shunt motor?
6. What will happen when Dc shunt motor is started with load?
7. What is the principle of operation of DC motor?
8. List some parts present in DC motor.
9. What happens when AC supply is given to DC machine?
10. Why do we use a starter?
11. Why did you use a 3-point starter for starting DC shunt motor?
 Load Test of Single Phase Transformer

EXP: 3 Date:

Objectives: 1. To determine the efficiency of single phase transformer and plot the
characteristics of efficiency and output power.
2. To investigate the percentage voltage regulation of single phase
transformer and plot the characteristics of regulation and output
power.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts of construction and
working of single phase transformer.The students should be aware of the
theoretical calculations involved in the experiment.

Like any other electrical machine, the efficiency of a transformer is defined

Description:
asthe ratio of output power (in watts or kW) to input power (watts or kW).
It may appear that efficiency can be determined by directly loading
theTransformerand measuring the input power and output power. However,
this method has the following drawbacks:
(i) Since the efficiency of a transformer is very high, even 1% error in each
wattmeter (output and input) may give ridiculous results. This test, for
instance, may give efficiency higher than 100%.
(ii) Since the test is performed with transformer on load, considerable
amount of power is wasted. For large transformers, the cost of power alone
would be considerable.
(iii) It is generally difficult to have a device that is capable of absorbing all
of the output power.
(iv) The test gives no information about the proportion of various losses.
Due to these drawbacks, direct loading method is seldom used to determine
the efficiency of a transformer. In practice, open-circuit and short-circuit
tests are carried out to find the efficiency.
Formulaefor finding efficiency and regulation:

The following formulas can be used to find the efficiency and regulation of a
single phase transformer.

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑉𝑆𝑂 − 𝑉𝑆
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉𝑆𝑂

Where

VSO- Secondary terminal Voltage at no-load

 VS – Secondary terminal Voltage on load

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required

Procedure/ 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.3.1.

2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto
Program
transformer and DPST switch is closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side
and secondary sides are noted.
4. The load is increased and for each load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and
Wattmeter readings on both primary and secondary sides are noted.
5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure: 3.1. Circuit diagram for load test of 1ϕ transformer

 Model graph:

Fig 3.2: Efficiency and regulation characteristics

Precautions 1. Avoid hanging wires and loose connections

2. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
3. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no
load condition.

Observation Table: Load test on Single Phase Transformer

s S.No. Input Input Output Output Output % %

Voltage Power Voltage Current Power Efficiency Regulation
(V1) W1x MF (V2) (I2) W2x MF

Theoretical
Calculations
 Key 1.

Observation 2.
s
3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions
 To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and
quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO2 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.

Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. When inductive load is connecter to a single phase transformer,

Experiment conduct an experiment to determine the efficiency of the single
s phase transformer.
 2. Connect fan load to the single phase transformer determine its
efficiency and comment on the phasor relationship.

Self- 1. Define Transformer.

Assessment 2. State the working principle of transformer.
3. List the main parts of the transformer.
Questions
4. Why transformer is rated in KVA?
The faculty
5. What is the necessity of load test of transformer?
should give
6. What will happen if a DC voltage is given to transformer primary
at-least 10
side?
questions in
7. What are the losses in transformer?
this section
8. Define hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
9. Give the methods to reduce the hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss.
10. What is transformation ratio?
 Practicing plate and pipe earthing protection schemes of a
given appliance

EXP: 4 Date:

Objectives: 1. To study and practice the plate earthing and pipe earthing for providing
the protection of various electrical components.
2. To investigate how to measure the value of earth resistance.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts of earthing, need for
earthing and steps involved in various types of earthing.The students should be
aware of the different types of wiring involved in the experiment.

Earthing:The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical

Description:
energy directly to the earthby the help of the low resistance wire is known as
the electrical earthing. The electrical earthingisdonebyconnectingthenon-
currentcarryingpart of theequipment or neutral of supplysystemtotheground.
Types of Earthing: There arebasicallytwotypes of earthing.Theyare
1. PlateEarthing
2. PipeEarthing
PlateEarthing:Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice is to use Cast
iron plate of size 600 mm X 600mm X 12 mm. OR Galvanized iron plate of size
600 mm X 600 mm X 6 mm. OR Copper plateofsize600 mm X 600 mm X 3.15
mm a.Plateburredatthedepthof8feetintheverticalpositionandGI
stripofsize50mmX6mmboltedwith theplateis brought up to
thegroundlevel.Thesetypesofearthpitaregenerallyfilledwithalternatelayerofcharc
oal&saltuptofeetfromthebottom of thepit.
PipeEarthing: For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe of 75
mm diameter, 10 feet longwelded with 75 mm diameter GI flange having 6
numbers of holes for the connection of earthwires and inserted in ground by
auger method. These types of earth pit are generally filled withalternatelayer of
charcoal &salt or earthreactivation compound.
Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quanti
required ty

Procedure/
Program Casea:Measurementofunknownresistance.
1. ShorttheterminalsP1C1andP2C2
2. UnknownresistanceRisconnectedbetween theterminalsP1C1and
P2C2showninfigure2.
3. Rotatethehandleofgeneratoratconstantspeeduntilapointercomestores
tforaperiodof10t015sec.Readtheearthresistance directinohms for
different distances

Case b:MeasurementofEarthresistance.
1. Selectanexistingearthelectrodeordrivetheearthrodintothegroundtob
emeasuredensuringthat thereisatleast40– 50meters ofopen ground
adjustto the electrode.
2. Connectthe earthtesterasshown infig1.
3. Infourterminalsofearthtester,theterminalsC1&P1areshortedandconnec
tedtotheearthplateundertest
4. P2andC2 areconnectedtoearth rods
5. Rotate the handle of generator at constant speed until a pointer
comes to rest for a period of 10
t015sec.Readtheearthresistancedirectinohms for different
distances.
Resistance of the connecting wire=0.0001(Small) and can be neglected

Resistance of the earth =Resistance of the earth indicated in the

tester – resistance of the connecting wire.
 Circuit
Casea:Measurementofunknownresistance.
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Fig.4.1. Measurement of unknown resistance

Case b:MeasurementofEarthresistance.

Fig.4.2. Measurement of earth resistance

Precautions 1. Avoid overloading sockets by providing enough socket outlets
2. Switch off and unplug the equipment before you clean it or make
adjustments.
3. Pour the water to the earth pit to maintain the low resistance path.

Observation Casea:Measurementofunknownresistance.
s Resistance measured
S. No. Unknown Resistance
by earth megger

Caseb:Measurementofearthresistance.
Resistance of Resistance of the wire
S. No.
the wire in M in ohms
Theoretical
Calculations

Key 1.

Observation 2.
s
3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions
 To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and quantitative
summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO3 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.

Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. Determine the earth pit resistance when its wet.

Experiments 2. Conduct an experiment to check earthing in the three pin sockets
provided in the lab or home with a test lamp or multi-meter.
 Self- 1. What are the difference between grounding and earthing?
Assessment 2. List the old measurement methods of earthing.
3. Write the importance of proper earthing.
Questions
4. Which are the harmful effects of improper earthing?
5. How can we prevent electric shock?
6. What is an earthing switch and where it is used?
7. What should be the minimum size of the earth bus for substation
earthing?
8. How would you earth the substation equipment and auxiliaries as per
I.E. rules?
9. What are the good qualities of good earthing?
10. What are the types of earthing used in transformer?
 Validate the operation and testing of Fuse, MCB and Relays

EXP: 5 Date:

Objectives: 1. To investigate the operationofFuse,MCBand Relayin electricalsystem.

2. To verify the testing of fuse, MCB and Relay for the given circuit.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concept and working of fuse,
circuit breaker and relay. The students should be aware of the different types
of wiring involved in the experiment.

Description: Types of Circuit Breaker:

It is important for you to know about the types of MCB trip curves to decide
what type to use fordifferent appliances for the correct electrical system. This is
the selection chart or the criteria
tomakeacallononeoftheMCBs.Butbeforethat,itisvitaltounderstandwhatatripcurve
means. Trip curves are essentially nothing but the maximum current that a
particular MCB canwithstand.Oncethe idealcurrent loadingisbreached, the
circuit automaticallycuts off.

ThereareaboutsixdifferenttypesofMCB,whichareA, B,C,D,K andZ.

Type-Atrips off the circuit when the current exceeds 2-3 times the actual
current rating. Sincethis type is highly sensitive to short circuit, it is better
suited for semiconductor devices.

Type-B: which trips off when the current flow is 3-5 times the actual flow and
finds a use forcableprotection.

Type–C:MCB trips off when the flow of current is 5-10 times more than
normal. The best-suitedtypeofMCBfordomesticappliances, wherethe currentload
is medium,is typeC.

Type-D:MCB has a high resistance as they can withstand up to 10-20 times

the current rate. Ifyou are looking for circuit breakers for devices with high
starting current load like a motor, thentypeDis theideal choice.

Type-K: MCB withstands up to 8-12 times the initial charge and thus can be
used for bulky load devices.

Selection Procedure:

Now that you know about the types of MCB, you should analyse the kind that
would best suit your household device. Before choosing the type of MCB, it is
essential to find out a few technical details.
 First, check what voltage and frequency with which the device functions,
like if it is AC or DC. Next, note the starting current load and trip
characteristics. Additionally, see if there are any extra features like a
manual or automatic reset and about safety approvals. Sometimes, the
operating conditions, like the temperature, corrosion and radiation, may
contribute to choosing the correct MCB.
 Although the current rating is the primary deciding factor, it is better to
analyse other factors before investing in the MCB as it plays an
important role in preventing electrical hazards at your place.

Figure 5.1 Constructional details of MCB

 Figure 5.2 MCB

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quanti

required ty

Procedure/ Procedure for working of fuse:

Program 1. Connectthe circuitshowninFig5.3, butwith onlyonelampandloadincircuit
diagram.
2. Apply230VtothecircuitthroughRPSandnotedownthereadingsofvoltageandcu
rrent.
3. Applythe loadgraduallyandnote down the readingofammeter and
voltmeter.
4. Repeattheaboveprocedureuptothefusemeltingpointandnotedowntherespec
tivecurrent.
5. Disconnectthemelted fuseandreconnect with newfuse wire.

Procedure for working of MCB:

1. Connectthe circuitshowninFig5.4, butwith onlyonelamp andloadincircuit
diagram.
2. Apply30 Vto the circuitthroughRPS andnote downthereadingsofvoltage
 and current.
3. Applythe loadgraduallyandnote down the readingofammeter and
voltmeter.
4. Repeattheaboveprocedureup totheMCBtrips and notedown the
respective current.
5. Reducetheload tominimumcondition andset theMCBin actualpositionin
OFFmode
𝑉𝑆
𝐼=
𝑆
Where,
Vs–voltageacrossthestandard resistorasindicated bythepotentiometer.
S–resistanceof standard resistor
Procedure for Relay:
1. Connectthecircuitasperthediagram Fig.5.5.
2. Switch ONthe 3-Phase Supplyandapplythe415V usingAuto Transformer
3. Switch ON the3-PhaseSupplyand Circuit switchesin RelayKit
4. Adjustthe Tripdelayandpercentageof theoperatingcurrentof theover-current
relay.
5. Applythe load step bystep untiltherelaysense the over-current.
6. Notedownthetrippingtimeandcurrent ofthe relay.
7. Repeattheaboveprocedurefordifferenttripdelaysand percentageof
operatingcurrents

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 5.3 Working of Fuse

 Figure 5.4 Working of MCB

Figure 5.5 Working of Relay

1. 1-PhVariacshouldbein minimumoutputpositionbeforeswitchingONthe
Precautions
supply.
2. Connectionsmustbeneatand tight.
3. Readingsaretobetakenwithoutanyparalleloxerror.
4. Rheostatmustbekeptinminimumresistanceposition.

Observation Table 1: Fuse

s
S.No. Voltage(V) Current(A) FuseMeltingCurrent
 Table 2: MCB

S.No. Voltage(V) Current(A) MCB Trip

Time (sec)

Table 3: Relay

S.No. Voltage(V) Current(A) % of setting

current

Theoretical
Calculations

Key 1.

Observation 2.
s
3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.
Conclusions

To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and quantitative
summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO3 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.
 Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. Design the fuse rating for the given inductive load of 6A and validate its
Experiments operation using MCB.
2. Validate the operation and testing of relay for the inductive load.

Self- 1. How does circuit breaker different from switch?

Assessment 2. What is meant by making capacity of the circuit breaker?
3. For EHV applications which type of circuit breaker is mostly preferred?
Questions
4. What is meant by rupturing capacity of circuit breaker?
5. What are the different types of relays?
6. How relay is connected to power system?
7. How many pins does relay have?
8. Sketch the symbol of fuse, relay and circuit breaker.
9. What will happen to fusing current if the strands are twisted in fusing
element?
10.Define fusing factor.
 Design and estimation of wiring for a typical house-One
lamp controlled by one switch, Two lamp controlled by two
switch and stair case wiring

EXP: 6 Date:

Objectives: 1. To investigate how voltage divides in series path and current

divides in the parallel path.
2. Design suitable circuit to very Kirchhoff‘s current and voltage law.
3. To make the wiring connection for one lamp controlled by one
switch as per the wiring circuit with provision for plug socket with
switch control.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts of electrical

wiring.The students should be aware of the different types of wiring
involved in the experiment.

Description: Electricity requires an electric path to flow and thereare many conducting
materials used for this purpose.There are many semi conducting materials
which areused to reduce the voltage and also drop the currentflow. There
are non-conducting materials which are usedas insulation during working
on live-lines. In this experiment we will study how the household or
industrial wiring isdone and what materials are essential for household
orindustrial wiring.

TYPES OF WIRING: There are various types of wiring used in the

residential and commercial buildings. They are

1. Cleat Wring:
2. Batten Wiring: PVC Batten Wiring, TRS/CTS Wiring and Lead Sheath
Wiring.
3. Casing Capping Wiring: Wood Casing Capping Wiring and PVC Casing
Capping Wiring.
4. Conduit Wiring: Surface Conduit Wiring, Metal Conduit Wiring, PVC
Conduit Wiring and Concealed Conduit Wiring.

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required
Procedure/ 1. Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout
diagram.
Program
2. Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board with screws.
3. Fix the switches and socket to the junction box and place the
junction box on the working board connect the switches, socket and
lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram as
shown in Fig. 6.1.
4. Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit
5. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for Figure 6.2 and 6.3.

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 6.1: Circuit diagram for one lamp controlled by one switch with 3 pin socket

Figure 6.2: Circuit diagram for two lamp controlled by two switch
 Figure 6.3: Stair-Case Wiring

Precautions 1. Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply.

2. Avoid loose connections and wrong connections.
3. Switch should be connected in phase only.

Observations

Theoretical
Calculations

Key 1.

Observations 2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.
Conclusions

To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and

quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO3 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.
 Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. A room contains one fan and one incandescent bulb, design the
Experiments suitable electrical wiring circuit to control a fan and a light using
two way switches.
2. Design a circuit for Hostel Wiring Circuit for Light Control using
Switches

Self- 1. Describe the function of switch.

Assessment 2. What is the function of a tester?
3. Which type of conducting wire is preferred for house wiring?
Questions
4. Describe the advantage of surface conduit system?
5. Expand PVC and VIR.
6. What do the three holes in a socket represent?
7. Why is the earth pin bigger in size?
8. What is the difference between earth and neutral?
9. What the power consumption is of commonly called zero watt lamps?
10. Mention the types of wiring used in homes.
 Investigating ripple factor and load regulation of a
rectifier with and without filters.

EXP: 10 Date:

Objectives: 1. To investigate ripple factor of the rectifier circuits with and

without filter.
2. To evaluate the characteristics of half wave and full wave
rectifier with and without filter.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts Rectification, types
of rectifier, operation of Half wave and Full wave rectifier. The students
should be aware of the theoretical calculations involved in the experiment.

Description: Rectifier changes AC to DC and it is an essential part of power supply. The

unique propertyof a diode, permitting the current to flow in one direction, is
utilised in rectifiers.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Mains power supply is applied at the primary of

the step-down transformer. All the positive half cycles of the stepped down
AC supply pass through the diode and all the negative half cycles get
eliminated. Peak value of the output voltage is less than the peak value of
the input voltage by 0.6V because of the voltage drop across the diode.

For a half wave rectifier, Vrms = Vm/2 and Vdc = Vm/π;

where

Vrms= rms value of input,

Vdc = Average value of input and

Vm = peak value of output.

Ripple factor r =Vr,rms/Vdc where Vr,rmsis the rms value of the ac component.
Since Vrms2= Vr,rms2 + Vdc2 ,

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
Ripple factor r = ( ) − 1 = 1.21
𝑉𝑑𝑐

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: During the positive half cycle of the transformer
secondary voltage, diode is forward biasedand is reverse biased. So a
current flows through the diode, load resistor and upper half of
thetransformer winding. During the negative half cycle, diode becomes
forward biased andbecomes reverse biased. The current then flows through
the diode , load resistor and lower half ofthe transformer winding. Current
flows through the load resistor in the same direction during both thehalf
 cycles. Peak value of the output voltage is less than the peak value of the
input voltage by 0.6Vbecause of the voltage drop across the diode.

For a full wave rectifier, Vrms = Vm/√2 and Vdc = 2Vm/π;

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
Ripple factor r = ( ) − 1 = 0.48
𝑉𝑑𝑐

RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY: Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of DC

output power to the input power from the AC supply.Even with ideal
rectifiers with no losses, the efficiency is less than 100% because some of
the output power isAC power rather than DC which manifests as ripple
superimposed on the DC waveform.

𝑉𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝜂) =
𝑉𝑎𝑐 ∗ 𝐼𝑎𝑐

PERCENTAGE REGULATION:It is a measure of the variation of DC output

voltage as a function of DC output current i.e. variation inload.

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
% 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿

VNL= Voltage across load resistance when minimum current flows through
it.

VFL=Voltage across load resistance when maximum current flows through

it.

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required
Procedure/ 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 10.1.
2. Vary the load in steps from 0mA to 100mA and note down the V AC
Program
and VDC values across the load for each value of load current in
table 10.1.
3. Plot the graph for regulation characteristics by taking load current
(IL) on X-axis and VDC on Y-axis.
4. Calculate percentage regulation using the formula

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
% 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿

Where VNL : DC output voltage when IL is minimum (0) and

VFL : DC output voltage when IL is maximum (100mA).
5. Observe the output and input waveform using CRO.
6. Repeat the steps 1 to 5 for the circuit shown in figure 10.2, 10.3,
and 10.4 i.e., for half wave rectifier with filter, full wave rectifier
with filter and full wave rectifier without filter.

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 10.1: Half-wave Rectifier without filter

Figure 10.2: Half-wave Rectifier with filter

 Figure 10.3: Full-wave Rectifier without filter

Figure 10.4: Full-wave Rectifier with filter

Model Graph:
Precautions 1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Load should be in maximum resistance position before turning
ON.

Observation Table 10.1: Half-wave Rectifier without filter

s S. IL VAC VDC Ripple

No. (mA) (V) (V) Factor
(VAC/VDC)

Table 10.2: Half-wave Rectifier with filter

S. IL VAC VDC Ripple

No. (mA) (V) (V) Factor
(VAC/VDC)
 Table 10.3: Full-wave Rectifier without filter

S. IL VAC VDC Ripple

No. (mA) (V) (V) Factor
(VAC/VDC)

Table 10.4: Full-wave Rectifier with filter

S. IL VAC VDC Ripple

No. (mA) (V) (V) Factor
(VAC/VDC)

Theoretical
Calculations
 Key 1.

Observation 2.
s
3.

To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions

To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and

quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.
Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO5 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.

Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.

Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. Design a suitable circuit to determine the efficiency of Bridge

Experiments type full wave rectifier circuit.
2. Design a circuit for converting AC into DC waveform using op-
amp.
 Self- 1. Mention the types of semiconductor.
Assessment 2. What is breakdown voltage?
3. What do you mean by forward and reverse biasing of a PN junction
Questions
diode.
4. Draw forward and reverse bias characteristics of PN junction diode.
5. List applications of the diode?
6. How capacitor works as a filter in rectifier?
7. What is the effect of load resistance on ripple voltage in presence of
filter capacitor?
8. Define Peak Inverse Voltage of the diode.
9. What is the PIV necessary for the diode if transformer of 24-0-24 V
is used?
10.What is the difference in DC output voltage in half wave and full
wave rectifier for the same AC input?
Design of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using op-
amp.

EXP: 11 Date:

Objectives: 1. To design the op-amp as inverting and non-inverting amplifier using

IC 741.
2. To investigate the amplification factor and to observe input and
output waveforms.

Pre-lab: The students should review the fundamental concepts types of op-amp and
two different types of operational amplifier. The students should be aware
of the theoretical calculations involved in the experiment.

Description: An OPerationalAMPlifier or OPAMP is a very high gain differential amplifier

with high input impedance and low output impedance. The basic circuit is
made using a difference amplifier having two inputs and one output. The
plus (+) input produces an output that is in phase with the signal applied,
whereas an input to the minus (-) input results in an opposite polarity
output.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER: The input signal is applied to the negative or

inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, and a portion of the
output signal is fed back to the negative input terminal.

−𝑅𝑓
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∶ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER: The input signal is applied to the positive or

non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, and a portion of
the output signal is fed back to the negative input terminal.

𝑅𝑓
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∶ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + ) ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1

Apparatus S. No Meters/Components Type Range Quantity

required
Procedure/ 1. Connect the circuit for inverting amplifier on a breadboard as shown
in figure 11.1
Program
2. Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and
output terminal to CRO.
3. Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.
4. Draw the input and output waveforms on graph paper.
5. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for the circuit shown in figure 11.2 for Non-
Inverting amplifier.

Circuit
diagram/

Simulation
graphs

Figure 11.1: Inverting Amplifier

Figure 11.2: Non-Inverting Amplifier

 Model graph:

1. Inverting Amplifier

2. Non-Inverting amplifier

Precautions 1. All connection should be tight.

2. Make sure of proper colour coding of resistors.
3. Be careful with the polarities of fixed RPS (12V).
Observations Table 11.1: Inverting Amplifier

Leave space Vin Vout Vout Amplification

(Theoretical) (Practical) Factor
for the S. No.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
student to (V) (V) (V) 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
write.

Table 11.2: Non- Inverting Amplifier

Vin Vout Vout Amplification

(Theoretical) (Practical) Factor
S. No.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
(V) (V) (V) 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛

Theoretical
Calculations

Key 1.

Observations 2.

3.
 To be mentioned by the student about the keen observations made during the
experimental investigations.

Inferences 1.

2.

3.

To be mentioned by the student about the observations/graphs, results, possible

explanation/justifications on the variations of the results/graphs etc.

Conclusions

To be presented by the student stating the abstract of the experiment and

quantitative summary of the experiment.

The student should not write “The experiment has been performed” such generic
conclusions.

Evaluation Day to day evaluations

CO Rubric Excellent Good Fair

Perform the theoretical

calculations or preliminary
3 2 1
investigations/ develop the
program.

CO5 Perform the experiment/

Simulate the program or 3 2 1
modal

Analyze the results and give

3 2 1
proper inferences.
 Communicate the
observations orally 3 2 1

CO6 (Viva Voce)

Articulate the observations

3 2 1
and inferences.

Evaluation

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 Total

Marks

Lab in-charge

Design of 1. Design a circuit to amplify the given input signal (3 V) from source
Experiments by a factor of 50.
2. Design a circuit to obtain Vout as -25 V having the input voltages as
V1= 3V and V2=2V. i.e. perform any mathematical operation and
amplification.

Self- 1. What are the limitations of IC?

Assessment 2. Draw the pin diagram of IC 741.
3. What do you mean by virtual ground of an opamp?
Questions
4. Mention some linear application of op-amp.
5. Define transistor.
6. Mention the difference between inverting and non-inverting
amplifier.
7. List the characteristics of op-amp.
8. Define slew rate.
9. Mention the types of op-amp.
10.Mention some non linear application of op-amp.