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Class 11 Practical

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58 views26 pages

Class 11 Practical

Uploaded by

orekih156
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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34 MPREHE! EXPERIMENT 1A IVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS_x; _AIM Chr To measure diameter of a small sphericalleylindrical body usingt Vernier Catlipers. APPARATUS : Vernier callipers, a spherical hody (pendulum bob) or a cylinder and a magnifying lens, THEORY f Tf with the body between the jaws, the zero of vernier scale lies ahead of Nth division of | main scale, then main scale reading (M.S.R.) = NV. If nth division of vernier scale coincides with any di scale reading (VSR, ion of main scale, then vernier =n x(L.c.) (Lc, least count of vernier calipers) x (VC) (V.C, is vernier constant of vernier calipers) | Total reading, TR. 1LS.R. + VIS.R. (LC, = V.C.) Ne+nx (Vi DIAGRAM Main Seale Vv 5 6 7 8 9 10 ut utd 2 pine 3 © 0 Des CALCULATIONS Length of the wire, 1 = (i) Mean diameter of the wire, p= A+ Mean length of the wire, h+ht Scanned with CamScanner 28 ci Volume of the wire, RESULT _ ime of the given wire is. The volt Iways be rotated by ratchet R and not hy PRECAUTIONS 1. Toavoid undue pressure ; the screw should al cap K. 2. The screw should move freely without frictio 3. The zero correction, with proper sig? should hould be moved in the same direction t, n. be noted very carefully and added alge, braically. 4. For same set of observations, the screw sh avoid back-lash error of the screw. 5. At each place, the diameter of the wire shoul directions and then the mean of the two be taken. 6. Readings should be taken atleast for five different places equally spaced along the whole length of the wire. 7. Error due to parallax should be avoided. d be measured in two perpendicula, jOURCES OF ERROR 1. The screw may have friction. 2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error. 3. Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size. 4, The wire may not be uniform. Scanned with CamScanner sveue divisions may not be of equal S14": 4. The wire may not be uniform. EXPERIMENT 2B AIM a . . e. To measure th ickness of a given sheet using screw aU APPARATUS fyi ms. Screw gauge, sheet (it must be rigid) or a notebook and magnifying le THEORY Same as in Experiment 2A. PROCEDURE Steps 1 to 6 are same as in Experiment 2A. Scanned with CamScanner MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH 49 7. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 for 5 different positions spread equally thoughout the surf sheet. Record observation in tabular form, 8. Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case. 9. Take mean of different values of thickness, oBpsERVATIONS 1, Determination of least count of the serew gauge. Same as in Experiment 2A, 2, Zero Error. Same as in Experiment 2A. 3. Table for the thickness (¢) Serial Linear Seale Cireular Scale Reading Total Reading No. Reading (N) of Observations (mm) No.of Circular | Value Observed Corrected Scaledivisionon | {nx (LC. | to=N+n tatote reference line xLC. (n) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1L he 2. ta= 3. t= 4. fhe CALCULATIONS 1. Find value of for each observation and write the observed value ty in column (4a). 2, Write corrected value of tin column (4b). 3, Find mean of values of ¢ recorded in column (4b). hthttt+t oo Mean thickness of the sheet, t = i RESULT The thickness of the given sheet i PRECAUTIONS Same as in Experiment 2A. SOURCES OF ERROR Same as in Experiment 2A. Scanned with CamScanner COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL Puysics_, x 50 EXPERIMENT 3 “ oc ratar tamina using Sere Kage, e volume ofan trek i To determine v APPARA’ TUS : ; eas vee, een Serow gauge, an irregular Jamina (it mus ats paper, & pencil. THEORY Same as in Experiment 2B. PROCEDURE 1. Step 1 to 9 as in Experimen 2. Put the lamina on a clean centimetre graph pape at 2B for the thickness of the lamina. yr and mark its boundary by a shar pointed pencil. 3. Find area of the lamina by boundary of lamina. Take hal half. counting small squares enclosed on graph paper by If or more than half square as full and leave lee ng a OBSERVATIONS For thickness Same as in Experiment 2B. For area. Number of small squares enclosed by the boundary = CALCULATIONS ) For thickness. PRECAUTION Same as in SOURCES OF FE: Same as in Scanned with CamScanner EXPERIMENT 4 1 feurvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometey 0 determine radius of « CAPPARATU . ‘ ig siz Spheromet x surface (it may be unpolished convex mirror), a big size plane gla, s eter, convex § ae . slab or plane mirron DIAGRAM See Fig. 2.14. THEORY Refer Section 2.14, Scanned with CamScanner ca 14. 15. OBSERVATIONS gf 4 Distance between two legs of the spherometer 2. See Ue eee EE eee TE een eRe e RCT TATTOO E TOT TrETtaS ET ESTEE EES STETS y athe p “He Circula . scale. Let it be 5. lar scale Which is finally in line with the vertical (pitch) Find the number of ci ‘i Rapeat steps 6 to 14 ee (lise) scale division in last incomplete rotation. . imes. Record the observation in tabular form. In 4ABC marked by legs of the spherometes AB BC= AC Mean value of J = AB+BC+CA B. 38 Fig. Distance between the two logs of the spherometer. Least count of spherometer 1 Pitch scale division =1mm Number of full rotations given to screw =5 =5mm Distance moved by the screw Hence, pitch, p = oom =1mm Number of divisions on circular (disc) scale = 100 1imm least count = [99 Hence, = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm. Scanned with CamScanner COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYStIcs. x1 gitta (4) 8. Table for Sa TS ara] ile ise Seale eon, ‘Number of | No. of Dise Total Reading a | complete | scaledivisions | hanyxp sexo, lspcbbee is rotations: inincomplete y Ee ee Onplane | onplane rotation (mm) pases ace glass sheet (ny * x=(a-b) ee ‘Final | slasesheet | or (100 +a)—b (@) () : Ay= ‘ I= 3. a CALCULATIONS 1. Find value of / in each observation and record it in column 5. 2. Find mean of value of h recorded in column 5 Ith ths sion 3 Mean value of h = 3. Calculate RESULT ‘The radius of curvature of the given convex surface is ...... CM. PRECAUTIONS 1. The screw should 2. The screw should 38. Excess rotation SOURCES OF ERROR ~ 1. The screw may 2. The spherometer 3. Circular (disc) Scanned with CamScanner - Mean value ofp = 4 +/at ls ym 3 = ceseee mm = ..... cm. 3. Calculate Re RESULT The radius of curvature of the given convex surface is PRECAUTIONS 1. The screw should move freely without friction. h error of the sere: : o e 2. The screw should be moved in same direction to avoid back-las 3. Excess rotation should be avoided. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The screw may have friction. 2. The spherometer may have back-lash error. 3. Circular (disc) scale divisions may not be of equal size. Scanned with CamScanner ae SPHEROMETER Principle. It works on the principle of micrometre or eee ie used to measure either very small thickness or the radius of curvature of @ SP © thatis why it is called a spherometer. Construction. It consists of'a metallic tripod framework supported on three fixed leg, of equal lengths (Fig. 2.14). The tips of the three legs lie on the corners of an equilateral triangle and they always lie in same plane. At the centre of the tripod frame is fixed a vertical nut, An accurately cut screw passes through this nut. The axis of the screw is parallel to the three legs. A large circular disc D ter- minating into a milled head is attached at the top of the screw. The circumference of circular dise is divided into 100 or 200 equal parts. A small vertical scale, P, usually divided into mil- limetre or half millimetre is fixed at one end of the tripod frame. The scale P is parallel to the axis of screw and it just touches the rim of the circular disc, P is also known as Pitch scale, Determination of Least Count. To measure the pitch of the screw, first find the value of 1 division on pitch scale. Then bring zero of circular scale opposite to pitch scale and rotate the screw by n complete rotations (4 or 5). Note the distance d moved by the screw on the pitch scale. The Pitch p of the screw is given by, p = a mm =1mm. n Fig. 2.14. Spherometer. If there are N divisions in the circular scale on the circumference of the disc, least anne 2.1 - lil iii Scanned with CamScanner touches the rim enh" care ( ‘tion of Least Counts 1 anor the ‘ hi ieee ‘ ry divinion on pite / i ite » aerow, first fh the value of I div } pite af the sere Fr i nl oppo piel wel » 6), Note ea Wig, BAA. Spherametar Jete rotations the piteh seale. ‘The scale, Then bring zero of ehre and rotate the serew by comp! the distance d moved by the serew on Imm, d mm 1 «of the dine, pitch p of the serew is given by, p « sale on the circumference If there are N divisions in the circular te east count of the serew = 2. mm = 0,001 em, Measurements (i) To measure the thickness of a lass alrip, place the upherometer on a hig. wiz three logs rest on it, Raine the serew suffich itly so that a small glans strip glass slab so that i whose thickness is to be det rmined, could be placed below the serew. Then gently turn the screw downwards till the sere y tip just touches the surface of the plane strip. atone of the outer legs of the spherometer gently and try to introduc To test this, pres: a thin paper below either of the other two legs or the central screw, In case it cannot be intro- duced at any of the place, then the screw just touches the upper su. of the glass strip. Note the reading of the circular scale which is in line with the pitch scale. Remove the glass strip from tip of the screw just touches the plane below the screw and turn the screw downwards till the surface of the glass slab. In doing so, count the number of complete rotations, made by the dise point and note the number of additional taking initital reading of circular scale as referent circular scale divisions x which are in excess of t] Then, thickness of the strip ¢ = (n, x pitch +x x L.C.) ne vane * : “an also be calculated by the following method : ial and b be the final reading of the circular scale then : omplete rotations. Scanned with CamScanner SUREMENT OF LEN MBA! GTH 33 7 J inlidockeiaey sreremige J clockwise graduation, x = (a — b) and for a circular scale Peal Ti ton, « = (b — a), if zero of circular scale does not move across the 2) For clockwi ati (2) wise graduation, x = [(100 —a) ~b] and for anticlockwise graduation, . x = [(100 ~b) —a] jf zero of circular scale moves across the vertical scale P. (ii) To measure tl i Se eee shies radius of curvature R of the convex surface, the spherometer is place eae > ace so that all the three legs and the screw are touching it. In this position find the circular scale division opposite the pitch scale. Next place thi : ' : ard till Sune a oe meter on the plane surface of glass slab and move the screw down- ae eee, . souches the glass surface. In doing so count the number of complete . : saree . see _ ara ibid pad the initial reading of the circular scale as reference point oe ‘onal circular scale divisions x which are in excess of the complete Then, distance moved by central screw, h = (n, x pitch + x x L.C.) (Note. To find the radius of curvati yf : : eatecs then patiton Gutsy eu Gadi of concave surface first put the spherometer on plane oe seat Pes 2.15) Tepresent the vertical section of the sphere of which the given si part, the vertical section passes through one of the outer legs A and central c Scanned with CamScanner gurface forms a part, the vertical section passes through one of the outer legs A and central c x, net 30° i ke 12 —1 i Ee Fig. 2.15 Fig. 2.16 serew G and the centre of the sphere O. The third leg C is not visible. Let GH = h, the height of central screw above the plane ABC, which is measured by the spherometer. (A is called Sagitta.) Let AH=a ( AH)’ = GH x HE l> 2 or a? =h2R-h) or 2R-h= > or R= + L But a=B (from Fig. 2.22) where / is the distance between any of the two legs P Raat nil> Scanned with CamScanner

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