1.4.1.

3 High Density Aggregate:

1. Aggregate of specific gravity, that is ranging from 2.8 to 2.0 & unit weight
from 2800 to 2900 kg/m3 are used to make high density concrete.
2. Examples of aggregate: magnetite & barytes.
3. The compressive strength: 20 – 21 N/mm2.
4. The cement-aggregate ratio varies from 1:5 & 1:9 with a water-cement ratio
between 0.5 – 0.65. They produce dense & crack free concrete.
5. This aggregate is not suitably graded and hence, it is difficult to have
adequate workability without segregation.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATE
1) The aggregate used in concrete must be clean, hard, strong, properly shaped & well graded.
2) The characteristics includes are that, it must possess chemical stability, abrasion resistance,
resistance to freeze & thawing, compressive strength, good particle shape & surface texture.
3) The Chemical Stability of an aggregate indicates that the aggregate will not react chemically with
cement or be affected chemically by other external influences.
4) The Abrasion Resistance of an aggregate is often used as a general index of aggregate quality.
Abrasion resistance is essential when the aggregate is used in concrete subject to abrasion as in
floors & pavements.
5) Resistance to freeze & thawing is important when the aggregates are used in exposed concrete. The
freeze-thaw resistance of an aggregate is related to its porosity, absorption & pore structure.
6) The Compressive Strength of an aggregate is its resistance to compressive forces.
7) The Particle Shape & Surface Texture of an aggregate influence of the properties of fresh concrete
more than they affect the properties of hardened concrete.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.2.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE
1) It can be classified into: Strength, Hardness, Toughness, Durability, Porosity & Water
Absorption.
2) Strength:
a) The strength of concrete cannot exceed of the bulk of aggregate contained therein.
b) Normally, the strength of concrete does not exceed 80 N/mm2 and generally
between 20 – 50 N/mm2.
c) Whilst the strength of rock aggregate (coarse) varies between 70 – 350 N/mm2.
d) A good aggregate value of crushing strength of aggregate is 200 N/mm2.
e) The test conducted to determine the strength of aggregate are namely as Aggregate
Crushing Value, Aggregate Impact Value & Ten Percent Fines Value.
3) Hardness:
a) It is the ability of the aggregate to withstand wear @ load @ applied pressure.
b) This hardness of aggregate depend on the type of parent rock.
c) The test for obtain the hardness of aggregate is the Abrasion Test.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
4) Toughness:
a) The resistance of aggregate to failure by impact.
b) It can be determined by Aggregate Impact Test. This aggregate impact value shall
not exceed 45% by weight for aggregate used for concrete other than those used
for wearing surfaces.
5) Durability:
a) Is the ability of aggregate to withstand external or internal damaging attack
(soundness of aggregate).
b) This can be obtained by carrying out Soundness Test.
c) Aggregate with high modulus of elasticity generally produces a concrete with
higher modulus of elasticity.
d) Aggregate with high modulus of elasticity also affect the magnitude of creep &
shrinkage of concrete.
e) The compressibility of aggregate would reduce distress in concrete during its
volume changes while a strong & rigid aggregate might lead to the cracking of the
surrounding cement paste.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
6) Porosity:
a) Aggregate normally have pores of various sizes. Some are small & some are big.
b) Aggregate will absorb water when its dry but release water in the concrete mix
when its wet.
c) The amount of water and its rate or permeation depends on the size & volume
of aggregate.
7) Water Absorption:
a) Is the weight of water absorbed by an oven dry aggregate in reaching the
saturated & surface dry condition.
b) The water absorption is express as percentage of the weight of the dry
aggregate (moisture content).
c) Its determine by measuring the increase in weight of an oven dry sample
immersed in water for 24 hours & weighed at a saturated and surface dry
condition.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.2.2 THE GOOD QUALITY AGGREGATES

1) The properties of good quality aggregates are specified as

follows: -
a) The aggregate strength and bonding.
b) Physical properties like relative density, the density of loose,
porosity, moisture absorption, bulking, soundness and
resistance against acid & alkali attack.
c) Particle size and distribution.
d) It hardness must exceed the cement hardness.
e) Does not contain substances that prevent the hydration
process.
f) The form must be nearly rounded and its surface must be
rough to produce a strongest concrete.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.2.2 PARTICLE SHAPE OF AGGREGATE
It can be classified into 6 groups as shown in table below:

Full water-worn or completely shaped by

Rounded
attrition or abrasion. e.g river or sea shore
(Bulat)
gravel.
Irregular Naturally irregular or partly shaped by
(Tidak attrition & having rounded edges. e.g. other
Sekata) gravel land or dug flint.
Processing well defined edges formed at the
Angular
intersection or roughly planes faces. e.g.
(Berkeping)
Crushed Focks of all types.
Flaky A material of which the thickness is small
(Bersegi relative to other dimensions. e.g. Laminated
Tajam) Rocks.
The aggregate is usually angular, shape & the
Elongated
length is considerably larger than the other
(Panjang)
two dimensions.

Material having the length which is

Flaky &
considerably larger than the width, and the
Elongated
width considerably larger than the thickness.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.2.3 SURFACE TEXTURE OF AGGREGATE
1) Is a measure of the smoothness or roughness of the aggregate.
2) The strength of the bond between aggregate and cement paste depends upon the
surface texture.
3) Aggregate with a rough & porous texture is preferred to one with smooth surface.
4) It because the rough & porous texture can increase the aggregate-cement bond 1.75
times, in which may increase the compressive & flexural strength of concrete up to
20%.
5) The aggregate with polished surface do not produce such strong concrete compare to
those with rough surface.
6) The more angular the aggregate, the more surface area it will produce, thus result in
greater bonding.
7) Classification of surface texture is based on:
 The degree to which the particles surface are polished, dull, smooth or rough.
 Hardness.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
  Grain Size.
 Pore characteristic of the parent material.
 Degree to which forces acting on the surface have smoothed or roughened.
8) The BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975 characterized the surface texture of aggregate as:
 Glassy – Conchoidal Fracture.
 Smooth – Water-worn or smooth due to fracture laminated or fine grained
rock.
 Granular – Fracture showing more or less uniform rounded grains.
 Rough – Rough fracture of fine or medium grained rock containing no
easily visible crystalline constituents.
 Crystalline – Containing easily visible crystalline constituents.
 Honeycombed – With visible pores & cavities.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1.4.3 FINE AGGREGATE
1) Fine aggregate is a material which passes through a 4.75 mm (3/16 inch) BS 410 Test
Sieve.
2) Sand is generally considered to have a lower size limit of about 0.07 mm, material
between 0.06 mm and 0.002 mm is classified as silt and smaller particles are called
clay.
3) Sand may be described as:
a) Natural Sand – Fine Aggregate resulting from natural disintegration of rocks.
b) Crushed Stone Sand @ Crushing Gravel Sand – Fine Aggregate produced by
crushing hard stone or natural gravel respectively.
4) The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act
as a workability agent.
5) For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine
aggregate should have a rounded shape.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/