Introduction to Functions

Defn: A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

A  0,0, 1,1, 1,1, 4,2, 4,2

Domain: The x values of the ordered pair.

domain A : 0, 1, 4
Range: The y values of the ordered pair.
range  A :  2, 1, 0, 1, 2
 Introduction to Functions
State the domain and range of each relation.

x y x y x y
1 3 4 2 2 3
2 5 -3 8 5 7
-4 6 6 1 3 8
1 4 -1 9 -2 -5
3 3 5 6 8 7

domain:  4, 1, 2, 3 domain:  3, 1, 4, 5, 6 domain:  2, 2, 3, 5, 8

range: 3, 4, 5, 6 range: 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 range:  5, 3, 7, 8
 Introduction to Functions

Defn: A function is a relation where every x value has one and

only one value of y assigned to it.
State whether or not the following relations could be a
function or not.

x y x y x y
4 2 1 3 2 3
-3 8 2 5 5 7
6 1 -4 6 3 8
-1 9 1 4 -2 -5
5 6 3 3 8 7

function not a function function

 Introduction to Functions
Functions and Equations.
State whether or not the following equations are functions or
not.
y  2x  3 y  x2 x  y2

x y x y x y
0 -3 2 4 1 1
5 7 -2 4 1 -1
-2 -7 -4 16 4 2
4 5 3 9 4 -2
3 3 -3 9 0 0

function function not a function

 Introduction to Functions
Graphs can be used to determine if a relation is a
function.
Vertical Line Test
If a vertical line can be drawn so that it intersects a
graph of an equation more than once, then the equation
is not a function.
 Introduction to Functions
The Vertical Line Test
y

y  2x  3
x y function
0 -3
5 7 x
-2 -7
4 5
3 3
 Introduction to Functions
The Vertical Line Test
y

y  x2 function
x y
2 4
-2 4 x
-4 16
3 9
-3 9
 Introduction to Functions
The Vertical Line Test
y

x  y2 not a function
x y
1 1
1 -1
x
4 2
4 -2
0 0
 Function Notation
Function Notation
Shorthand for stating that an equation is a function.
Defines the independent variable (usually x) and the
dependent variable (usually y).
y  3x  1 y  x   3x  1 f  x   3x  1
y  yx   f x 
 Function Notation
Function notation also defines the value of x that is to be use
to calculate the corresponding value of y.
f x   2 x  5 f(x) = 4x – 1 g(x) = x2 – 2x
find f(3). find f(2). find g(–3).
f 3  23  5 f(2) = 4(2) – 1 g(–3) = (-3)2 – 2(-3)
f 3  1 f(2) = 8 – 1 g(–3) = 9 + 6
f(2) = 7
3, 1 g(–3) = 15
(2, 7) (–3, 15)
 Function Notation

Given the graph of y

the following function, ●
find each function
value by inspecting
the graph. ●
f(x)
f(5) = 7
x
f(4) = 3 ●

f(5) = 1
f(6) = 6
●
 1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 1 1
𝑓(𝑥)= 𝑦 = =∞
𝑥 0

1
𝑦= 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{0}
𝑥

𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\{0}
1
x= 𝑦
 1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.

𝑄1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2 Polynomial function Domain always real

numbers
Sol. 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)

𝑅𝑓 = [1, ∞) 𝑥 =0→𝑓 0 =1+0=1

𝑥 = −1 → 𝑓 −1 = 1 + −1 2 =1+1=2

𝑄2) 𝑓 𝑥 =1− 𝑥
Sol. 𝑥 = 0→𝑓 0 = 1− 0=1
𝑥≥0 𝑥 =1→𝑓 1 =1− 1=0
𝐷𝑓 = [0, ∞)

𝑅𝑓 = (−∞ , 1] 𝑥 = 2 → 𝑓 2 = 1 − 2 = −0.4141
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.

𝑄3) 𝐹 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 10
5𝑥 −10
Sol. 5𝑥 + 10 ≥ 0 → 5𝑥 ≥ −10 →
5
≥
5
→ 𝑥 ≥ −2

𝐷𝑓 = [−2, ∞)

𝑅𝑓 = [0, ∞)

𝑥 = −2 → 𝐹 −2 = 5 −2 + 10 = 0

𝑥 = −1 → 𝐹 −1 = 5 −1 + 10 = 5

𝑥=0→𝐹 0 = 5 0 + 10 = 10
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.
𝑔 0 = (0)2 −3(0) = 0
𝑄4) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑔 3 = (3)2 −3(3) = 0
Sol. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 0 → 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 𝑥 − 3 = 0

× 𝑥=0 , 𝑥−3=0
A 0 B 3 C 𝑥=3
1 2
−3 1 ≥0
-1 1 4
1−3≥0
2 −2 ≥ 0 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
−1 − 3 −1 ≥ 0
1+3≥0
4 ≥ 0 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
4 2−3 4 ≥0
16 − 12 ≥ 0
𝐷𝑔 = −∞, 0 ∪ [3, ∞) 4 ≥ 0 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒

𝑅𝑔 = [0, ∞)
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.
4
𝑄5) 𝑓 𝑡 =
3−𝑡
Sol. 3−𝑡 ≠0→𝑡 ≠3

𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{3} 4
𝑦=
3−𝑡
𝑦 3−𝑡 =4
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅\{0} 3𝑦 − 𝑦𝑡 = 4
3𝑦 − 4 = 𝑦𝑡
3𝑦 − 4
𝑡=
𝑦
𝑦≠0
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
In Exercises 1–6, find the domain and range of each function.
2
𝑄6) 𝐺 𝑡 =
𝑡 2 − 16
Sol.
𝑡 2 − 16 ≠ 0 → 𝑡 2 ≠ ±4

𝐷𝐺 = 𝑅\{−4, 4}

𝑅𝐺 = 𝑅\{0}
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20.
𝑄15) 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 − 2𝑥

Sol.
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 0
0 = 5 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 5
5
𝑥 = = 2.5
2

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 5 − 2(0)
𝑦=5
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑄16) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Sol. 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 0
0 = 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
−(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
−2 ± 22 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑥=
2(1)
−2 ± 8
𝑥=
2
−2 ± 22 × 2
𝑥=
2
−2 ± 2 2 𝑥1 = −1 + 2 = 0.414
𝑥= 𝑥2 = −1 − 2 = −2.414
2
\
2(−1 ± 2)
𝑥=
2\
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑄16) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Sol. 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)

𝑥1 = −1 + 2 = 0.414
𝑥2 = −1 − 2 = −2.414

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 −1 − 2 − 1 + 2
= = −1
2 2
𝑓 −1 = 1 − 2 −1 − −1 2 = 2

𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 =1−2 0 − 0 2 =1
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20.
𝑄17) 𝑔 𝑥 = |𝑥|
2= 2
Sol. 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥 =
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0 −2 = −(−2) = 2

𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)

𝑦= |𝑥|
𝑥=1→𝑦=1
𝑥=4→𝑦=2
𝑥=9→𝑦=3

𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −4 → 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 = −9 → 𝑦 = 3
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20.
𝑄18) 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥
−𝑥 ≥ 0
Sol. 𝑥≤0
𝐷𝑔 = (−∞, 0]

𝑦 = −𝑥

𝑥=0→𝑦=0
𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = −2 → 𝑦 = 1.414
𝑥 = −3 → 𝑦 = 1.732
𝑥 = −4 → 𝑦 = 2
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20.
𝑡
𝑄19) 𝐹 𝑡 =
|𝑡|
Sol.
𝐷𝐹 = 𝑅 \{0}

𝑥=1→𝑦=1
𝑥=2→𝑦=1
𝑥=3→𝑦=1
𝑥=4→𝑦=1
𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −2 → 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −3 → 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 = −4 → 𝑦 = −1
1st Topic Domain and Range of a Function
Exercise# 1.1
Find the domain and graph the functions in Exercises 15–20.
1
𝑄20) 𝐺 𝑡 =
|𝑡|
Sol. 𝐷𝐺 = 𝑅 \{0} 𝑡 = 1 → 𝑦 = 1
𝑡 = 2 → 𝑦 = 0.5
𝑡 = 3 → 𝑦 = 0.33
1
𝑡= →𝑦=2
1
2
1
𝑡= →𝑦=3
1
3
𝑡 = −1 → 𝑦 = 1
𝑡 = −2 → 𝑦 = 0.5
𝑡 = −3 → 𝑦 = 0.33
1
𝑡= →𝑦=2
−1
2
1
𝑡= → 𝑦 = −3
−1
3
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions

Def: 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒔 function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔

(“𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑔”) is defined by
𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 .

The domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 consists of the numbers 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑔

For which 𝑔(𝑥) lies in the domain of 𝑓.
2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Exercise# 1.2
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Q#5) Exercise# 1.2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+5 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 3

𝑐) 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥2 − 3 + 5 = 𝑥2 + 2

d) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
2
−3= 𝑥+5 2
− 3 = 𝑥 2 + 25 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 22

g) 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 + 5 + 5 = 𝑥 + 10

2
h) 𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥2 − 3 2
− 3 = 𝑥 4 + 9 − 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 6
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Q#5) Exercise# 1.2

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+5 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 3

a) 𝑓 𝑔 0 = 0 2 +2=2

b) 𝑔 𝑓 0 = 0 2 + 10 0 + 22 = 22

e) 𝑓 𝑓 −5 = −5 + 10 = 5

f) 𝑔 𝑔 2 = 2 4
−6 2 2
+ 6 = −2
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions

Q#6) Exercise# 1.2

1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−1 ,𝑔 𝑥 =
(𝑥 + 1)

1 1− 𝑥+1 1−𝑥−1 −𝑥
𝑐) 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑥 −1=
𝑥+1
−1=
𝑥+1
=
𝑥+1
=
𝑥+1

1 1 1
d) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑓 𝑥 + 1)
= =
𝑥−1+1 𝑥

g) 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −1=𝑥−1−1=𝑥−2

1 1 1 𝑥+1
h) 𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 =
(𝑔 𝑥 + 1)
=
1
= =
1+𝑥+1 𝑥+2
+1
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥+1
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions

Q#6) Exercise# 1.2

1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−1 ,𝑔 𝑥 =
(𝑥 + 1)

1 1
1 −2 −2 1
a) 𝑓 𝑔
2
=
1
=
1+2
=−
3
+ 1
2 2

1 1
b) 𝑔 𝑓
2
= =2
1
2

e) 𝑓 𝑓 2 =2−2=0

2+1 3
f) 𝑔 𝑔 2 = =
2+2 4
2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Exercise# 1.2
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Exercise# 1.2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ = 𝑓(𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 )
Q#7) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥, ℎ 𝑥 = 4−𝑥

𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 = 3ℎ 𝑥 = 3 4 − 𝑥 = 12 − 3𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 + 1 = 12 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 13 − 3𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 4, 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1, ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥2
Q#8)
𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 = 2ℎ 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 2 − 1

𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 + 4 = 3 2𝑥 2 − 1 + 4 = 6𝑥 2 − 3 + 4 = 6𝑥 2 + 1
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Exercise# 1.2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ = 𝑓(𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 )
Q#9) 1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔 𝑥 = , ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥+4 𝑥

1 1 1 𝑥
𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 = = = =
ℎ 𝑥 +4 1 1 + 4𝑥 4𝑥 + 1
𝑥+4 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥+4𝑥+1 5𝑥 + 1
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 +1= + 1= =
4𝑥+1 4𝑥+1
4𝑥 + 1
 2nd Topic Composites of Functions
Exercise# 1.2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ = 𝑓(𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 )

𝑥+2 𝑥2
Q#10) 𝑓 𝑥 =
3−𝑥
, 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +1
, ℎ 𝑥 = 2−𝑥

2 2
ℎ 𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥
𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 = 2 = 2 = =
ℎ 𝑥 +1 2−𝑥 +1 2 − 𝑥 + 1 3−𝑥

2−𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2(3 − 𝑥)
𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 +2 3−𝑥 + 2 2 − 𝑥 + 6 − 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 = = = 3−𝑥 =
3 − 𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 ) 3 − 2 − 𝑥 3 3 − 𝑥 − (2 − 𝑥) 9 − 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥
3−𝑥 3−𝑥
8 − 3𝑥
=
7 − 2𝑥