6 Non-linear graphs Tad 6.1 Graphs of quadratic functions You will learn to: * Understand and draw graphs of quadratic functions + Identify quadratic graphs and their features + Solve problems using quadratic graphs. Fluency rf Deserite the transformations that © map Ato. ie y 2 2 Explore ed 4 ‘Whats the best way to throw a basketball Fo Wy learn this? into the net? 5) 7) The path of a basketball can be madelled OT234% using @ quadratic function. Exercise 6.1 1 Copy and complete this table of values for y = 22, =[-4[-3[2[-1]0[1]2 [3 [4 5 5 Key point a ‘A quadratic function contains a 2 2 Work out the value of 2x? when term in x but no higher power of x. FS az=4 bxr=-3 2, y = 523, y = 32+ Sand 32+ Sx +2 ar all quadratic. 3. Work out the value of x®- 5 when ‘The graph of a quadratic function is. era br=-2 called a parabola 4a Drawan x-axis from ~4to.4 and a y-axis fram ~30 to 30, Plat the coordinates from your table of values for y = 27 in Q1 Join the points with a smooth curve. Label your graph y = 22. b Describe the symmetry of your aaah graph. What is the equation ofthe line of symmetry? 124 Topic links: Symmetry, Transformations ‘Subject links: Science (210)5 Reasoning b c a e Copy and complete this table of values for the quadratic function y=2+10 = -4[-3[2[-*]0[1]2]3][4 y Plot the graph of y = x? + 10 on the same axes as Q4. Label your graph with its equation. What is the same about the two graphs? ‘You could use a graph-potting package. What is different about the two graphs? Predict what the graph of y = x — 10 looks like. Plot the graph on the same axes as Q4 to test your prediction. Discussion What will he graphs of y = x? +5 and y = 22-5 look ike? [G5 Literacy hint How does the graph of y = 2®change when you add or subtract a Pee an constant? aren 6 Reasoning a Draw an z-axis from ~4 to 4 and a y-axis from 0 to 50. b ce Copy and complete this table of values for the quadratic function y = 2x2, z [-4[-3 [2 y functions on the same axes. Plot the graphs of these quadrati dye 3 iysx hy =2x? What is the same about the three graphs? Discussion How does the graph of y = ‘What is different about the three graphs? 2 change when you multiply 3° by a number greater than 1? Less than 1? 7 Reasoning a Copy and complete this table of values for the quadratic function y = 22? + 10 # 4[-3[2[-1]o0]/1]/2][3][4 22 18 +10 [+10 [+10 [+10 [+10 [+10 [+10|+10[+ 10 [+10 y 28 bb Plot the graph of y = 2x? + 10. Q7 Strategy hint ¢ Describe how adding 10 changes the graph of the function y = 2x*. | Don't draw the axes until you know d Describe how multiplying 2? by 2 and adding 10 changes the the largest and smallest vaiues of y. graph of the function y = 22, Discussion What will the graph of y = 2x2 - 10 look like? ‘What will the graph of y = 32 + 10 look like? [ Investigation Reasoning E on the same axes. What do you notice? Plot the graphs of y = 3x? and y = ~3: on the same axes. What do you notice? | Predict the shape of the graph y = ~2r2 (Look atthe graph of y = 2x% you drew in Q6.) Ji Plot the graphs of y = -22? and y = 2x on the same axes to check your prediction. Plot the graphs of y = 2? and y Unit 6 Non-linear graphs 122ei arts 123, " 12 8 Look at your graphs in this lesson, Write the coordinates of their turing points and say if they are maximum or minimum. Discussion For a quadratic graph how can you tell what the coordinates of the turning point are by looking at its equation? 9 Match each graph to its function. i reeres| v ==] ya #410 ye Ay Boy 7 a \e Ws D | E vily= -207 cy y “b = Fy 410 Modelling / Real / Problem-solving A machine launches tennis balls at @ speed of S0ft/s and between 19° and 45° to the ground. The graphs show the paths of a ball launched at the minimum and maximum angles. ‘a Whats the maximum height of a ball launched at 45°? b Aballis launched at 19°. How far from the machine will it be ata height of 211? ¢ Giovanni can reach a ball at a height of 8ft. A ball is launched at 45°, How close can he be to the machine to hit the ball? d Atennis court net has a height of 3ft in the middle. What is the furthest the tennis ball machine can be from the net so that all of the balls clear the net? Explore What is the best way to throw a basketball into the net? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? x? would be positive or negative.’ Zoe says, Reflect Frank and Zoe are discussing Q9. Frank says, ‘First | looked at the shape of the parabola and decided whether the coefficient of ist | looked at the y-intercept of the parabola so | knew whether there would be a constant term.” Did you use Frank or Zoe's method to answer Q9? What other information did you need to think about? CActiveLeam Delta 3, Section 6.4 Hoight of ball (ft) Height of ball (ft) Key point ‘Aturning point of a graph is where its direction changes. A turing point can be a maximum or ‘minimum point. A maximum is the point on the graph with the greatest y-coordinate. A minimum is the point on the graph with the lowest y-coordinate, maximum — minimum [\\J Path of 19" launch rr ar er er) Distance of ball from machine (ft) Path of 45° launch 10 70 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Distance of ball from machine (ft) Q12 Literacy hint ‘The coefficient ofa term is the ‘number infront of it. In 3x2, the coofficient of xis 3.LO ay AT 6.2 Solving quadratic equations You will learn to: + Use quadratic graphs to solve equations. Fluency Match the function tots graph y=2 0 -y=2t yaatee Explore Why learn this? How long does it take for a catapulted The time it takes for a javelin to reach = eI % [rock to reach the ground? the ground can be estimated by solving a quadratic equation, Exercise 6.2 1 Factorise these quadratic expressions. a x?-4r b 3x? + 6x ex 2ret 2 Solve these equations. a x=49 b a?=81 ¢ a?4+5=30 3 Solve these equations by factorising. arts dey b x?-5r-6 co x2-Sr+6=0 B 4 a On graph paper, plot the graph of y = x? from x = ~4 to 4 b Use your graph to estimate the x-coordinates when y = 12. Write your answers to 1 decimal place. © Use your calculator to check your estimates. d Use your graph to estimate solutions to the equation x? = 5. Check your answers on your calculator Key point You can use a graph to estimate solutions to an equation. 5 a Plot the graph of y = 3x? from x = ~3 to 3. b Use your graph to estimate the solutions to 32° = 20, 6 a Plot the graph of y = x2— 10 from x = ~4 to 4. b Use your graph to estimate the solutions to x®— 10 = 3. © The graph of y = 2? 10 crosses the x-axis at two points. Write the quadratic equation thet has these two solutions. Whats the y-coordinate of every point on the x-axis? Unit 6 Norrie Reflect 125 7 Reasoning 8 The sketch shows the graph of y = 2®— 7x + 10. Q7 hint a Plot the graph of y = b Use your graph to solve x°— 6x +5 = 0. ¢ Factorise 2? - 6x + 5. Discussion What does the factorised form tell you about where the graph crosses the x-axis? Use a table of values or graph- plating package. we 6r +5=(r-Oe-D) a Factorise x? - 7x + 10. Key point b Solve x®—7x + 10=0, ee ‘The graph crosses the x-axis when ¢ Write down the points where the graph Peal crosses the x-axis, a : 9 a Plot the graph of y = x? 4x. b Use your graph to solve x? — 4x = 0. © Factorise x? - 4x. 4. Explain how the factorisation shows where the graph crosses the a-axis. 40 STEM / Reasoning / Modelling The height h, in metres, of a cricket ball t seconds after itis thrown is f= 20t ~ 5¢? a Copy and complete the table of values. t (oes ee eerie [eres 208 0 5 =45 h [15 bb Plot the graph of h = 20¢- St” ‘© What is the highest point reached by the ball? Use your graph to find how long the ball stayed in the ait, ‘e Show how to find the answer to part d by factorising 200 ~ 51% f Is the graph a good model for the height of the ball? Explain. 11 Explore How long does it take for a catapulted rock to reach the ground? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 12 Reflect In this lesson you solved quadratic equations using graphs. In unit 2 you solved quadratic equations by factorising, Which method do you prefer? Why? Which method do you think gives a more accurate answer? Explain. Topic links: Factorisation, Science (210) ‘ActiveLeamP) Delta 3, Section 6.2 Quadratic equations © 7»( 6.3 Graphs of cubic functions You will learn to: + Understand and draw graphs of cubic functions + Identify cubic graphs and their features. Fluency What ae the fist five cube numbers? What is 10 Se + 3x29 What can a cubie function tell you about a rollercoaster? Why learn this? ‘Structural engineers use cubic functions to design rollercoasters. Exercise 6.3 1 Copy and complete this table of values for y = 2° z[3]2[7[/°0|[1]2]|3 y 2 Match each equation to its graph. i ys-2 2x ih y= a2 +2 3a On graph paper, plot the graph of the cubic function y = x° using your table of values from Qt Draw an a-axis from ~3 to 3 and a y-axis from ~60 to 60, Label your graph y = 2°. b Describe the symmetry of your graph Discussion What happens at the point (0, 0)? Key point ‘Acubic function contains a term in 2° but no higher power of. Y= By =20,y =-2 and = 29+ Sr areall cubic. 4 Reasoning a Plot the graph of y = 2x* on the same axes as O3 b Plot the graph of y = 32° on the same axes. © What is the same about the two graphs? d_ What is different about the two graphs? Discussion What will the graphs of y = 3x and y Use a table of values or a graph- plotting package, 8° look like? | Unit 6 Nonsiinear graphs 126127 5 Problem-solving / Modelling The diagram shows a packing cube-shaped soaps of side x cm, om] bear a Write a formula for the volume y, in cm?, of the box. b Draw an x-axis from 0 to 5 and y-axis from 0 to 800. Plot the graph of your formula, ¢ The volume of a box is 50cm’. Estimate the side length of a block of soap. Seem 6 Reasoning ‘a Make a table of values for the cubic function y = ~x°. b Plot the graph of y = -x*, box for Use the same z-values as in Q1. What is the same about the graphs of y = ~x° and y = x°? What is different about the graphs of y = ~x° and y = x5? What transformation maps y = x°to y = -*°? Discussion Is there only one answer to part ©? 7 a Problem-solving / Reasoning Plot the graph of y = 22. Draw axes with x from 0 to 4 and y from 0 to 80. b Use your graph to estimate the square root of 7. ¢ i Onthe same axes, plot the graph of y = 2°. ji Use your graph to estimate the cube root of 50, d The two graphs intersect at two points. What are the points of intersection? e Copy and complete these statements using <, > or =, POs fore =0 PO x foro1 Q7e Strategy hint Look at the points for which one ‘graph is greater than the other. Discussion How do your answers to part e change when x < 0? investi Draw suitable graphs to show when 2 is bigger than 1032, Wie your answer using an inequaliy. 'b Ropeat part ato show when x° is bigger than 202°. «Predict when 2° is bigger than 302° ‘Check your prediction by drewing a graph. ‘4 When's 2° bigger than nz?, where nis a positive number? Write your answer as an inequeliy. Topic links: Square and cube roots, Inequaites, Solving problems using algebra Reasoning Part a hint Use a graphical package. Caloulate values of y when x = 0, 5, 10, 15,8 a Plotthe graph of y = 2x°. b Use your graph to estimate the solution to 22° = to 1 decimal place. © Use a calculator to check your answer. 9 Problem-solving The diagram shows the graph of y=2°-6r. {Key point ‘Cubic graphs have two turning points or {an inflection point. haa, ‘The red point is also called a local minimum. The biue point is also called a local ‘maximum, a Write the coordinates of the ‘The inflection point is neither a maximum | local minimum, "or @ minimum. ii local maximum. b Use the graph to solve the equations ix-6x=7 2 -6r=0. © Use your answer to part find the values of x where B-6r>7. [aschine J same method as in part b. d_nis.an integer. Two of the solutions of the cubic equation x°~ 6x = n lie between 0 and 2. Use the graph to find a possible value of n. Discussion Do you think this cubic graph has reflection symmetry? Rotational symmetry? How could you check? 10 Explore What can a cubic function tell you about a rollercoaster? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 11 Reflect Owen says, ‘ linear equation always has one solution. ‘A. quadratic equation always has two solutions. A cubic equation always has three solutions.” Think back to what you know about graphs and equations. Do you agree with Owen? Use examples to help explain your answer PActiveLeamP, Delta 3, Section 6.3 Unit 6 Non-linear graphs 128SO a LS 6.4 STEM: Graphs of reciprocal functions You will learn to: + Identify and draw graphs of reciprocal functions + Solve problems using reciprocal graphs. Fluency fe What is the reciprocal of Fl a in +10 a -4 ER) why learn this? + 08 Fay Scientists use reciprocal functions to calculate the + 0017 © gravitational force on a satelite to place itn orbit around the Earth Exercise 6.4: Graphs of reciprocal functions B 1. Copy and complete this table of values for y = + 025 [ 05 x [-4]-3 [-2[-1 [05 | -025 y 2, Work out the values of 4 when B° ax dx=-10 bx=10 ex=04 a Plot the graph of the reciprocal function y = Use your table of values from Q1 Join the points using two smooth curves. 'b What transformation takes one curve to the other? ¢ Use your graph to estimate 1 18 Check your answer using the reciprocal key calculator. on your Discussion Why can't you plot the reciprocal of 0? Explore How far from Earth do you need to travel to halve your weight? Key point reciprocal function has a power of xin the denominator. pie eee ya pyapy sand are all reciprocals. Q3a hint Draw a curve for the positive values of x. Draw a separate curve for the negative values of x. EB 4 a Copy and complete this table of values for y = = = 2][-1[-08[-05[-o4[o4[os| o8 [1 [2 [3 y 7.5625 b Plot. graph of the function. Join the points using two smooth curves. ‘© What transformation takes one curve to the other? Discussion What is the same about this graph and the graph in Q3? What is different? d Use your graph to estimate the solutions of the equation Check your answers using a calculator, Topic links: Inverse proportion, Reale graphs ‘Qad hint Find the points on your graph where y=3. ‘Subject links: Science (25, 06, Q9)5 STEM/Real The graph shows the relationship between the pressure ee 5 Pin bar, and volume V, in cm?, of gas in a petrol-engine cylinder. Sb bhersca Nr Baris a measure of air pressure. Engine eylinder pressure The pressure of air at sea level is. Aber. 3 HEE 5 i Ver® £2 z 4 6080 Volume, V (cm!) 20 160 a Copy and complete this table of values. Volume, Viem) | 20 | 40 | 50 | 100 Pressure, P (bar) bi For each pair of values, work out the product PV. What do you notice? ji Write an equation connecting P and V and show that Pis the reciprocal of V. © Copy and complete each sentence. i Pis proportional to V, ii The constant of proportionality is C1 The pressure P increases as the volume V Use your equation to find i Pwhen V= 10 ii Vwhen P = 1.28 6 STEM/ Reasoning The gravitational force F, ai in newtons, between two spherical meteorites whose centres are dkm apart is F @ Copy and complete this table of values. Distance, dim) [2] 4] 6] 8 [10 Force, F (newtons) b Plot the graph of F= 400 © Use your graph to estimate FF depends on dso plot con the i the gravitational force when d = 7km stax and on the y-axis the distance between the centres of the two meteorites when F=50 newtons. d_ Emma says that the gravitational force would be 0 if the meteorites ‘were millions of km apart. Is she correct? Explain your answer. Unit 6 Norviinear graphs 130Worked example 4 Sketch the graph of the reciprocal function mal ae1O: -01 o4 10 { Work out y for a small and a large positive value of y_[.-002 | -200 | -200 | -o02 | and for a small and a large negative value of x. Literacy hint ‘Assketch of a graph shows its shape ‘and some key points. I doesn't have tobe accurately plotted ay=-5 8 Match each function to its graph. iS) a a @ STEM/Reasoning The body produces a chemical called noradrenaline. After being released into the bloodstream, its effectiveness halves every 2 minutes, starting at 100% a Copy and complete the table. Fine eqminatesy [0 [2 a 6 8 [0 b Plot he graph of Fagainsté. | Erecvenase, G3) | 100 Use your graph to estimate i the effectiveness after 3 minutes ii the time taken for the effectiveness to reduce by 90% Henna says this is the graph of B= 100 Plot the reciprocal graph on the same axes, from t = 1 to 10. Is she correct? Explain 40 Explore How far from Earth do you need to travel to halve 5 your weight? = Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed ry the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 5 11 Reflect Look back at the work you have done on reciprocal graphs 2 Write, in your own words, an explanation of why there are no é solutions to the equation 42 = o. 131 (ActiveLeamP, Delta 3, Section 6.46 Check up ——E——————— > Quadratic graphs 1 a Copy and complete this table of values for y = x*- 4. z[-[2[-[°|1]2]3 y 'b Plot the graph of y = 2 The diagram shows the graph of y = 2x?- 5. a Describe the symmetry of the graph. b Write the coordinates of the turning point. Is it a maximum or minimum? © Use the graph to estimate the solutions to -4. Log how you did on your ‘Student Progression Chart. i 2x2-5=10 2x?-5 = 0) 3 The sketch shows the graph of y = x?— 8x +7. a Factorise x? ~ @x +7. b Write down the points where the graph crosses the x-axis. Cubic graphs 4 Sketch the graph of y = 5 Match each graph to its function. Unit 6 Nor-inear graphs 1326 Laurence bought some company shares. Share price The graph shows the share price, P pence, after t months. a Estimate the coordinates of i the local maximum Wi the local minimum b Explain what happened between these two points. ¢ When was the share price three times what Laurence paid? Baaseted . . ‘Time, ¢ (months) Graphs of reciprocal functions 7 Atin of paint can cover @ rectangle of length x metres and width Longth and width of rectangle y metres. The graph shows the relationship between « and y. T ‘a What is the width of the rectangle when the length is 30m? b What is the length of the rectangle when the width is 10m? ¢ Whatis the area of the rectangle? d Write an equation linking x and y. ‘Width, y (metres) 8 Sketch the graph of the reciprocal function y = these. fon axes like 0 1 2 30 & 8 6 Length, (etree) 9 How sure are you of your answers? Were you mostly @ Just guessing @ Feeling doubtful @ Confident What next? Use your results to decide whether to strengthen or extend your learning. Challenge 10 a Copy and complete the table of values for the quadratic function y= (e- 3% z]°]1]2[3]4|5|6|7|[8 vy 19 bb Piot the graph of y = (x-3)?. © What are the coordinates of the turning point? d Find the coordinates of the turning point for each quadratic, function iy=(-1) ii y= +6? @ Write a quadratic function whose graph has a turning point at 16,0) it (-2,0). 1336 Strengthen You wil © Strengthen your understanding with practice. ——— Quadratic graphs 1 a Copy and complete this table of values for the function y = 322. Qia hint x -4[-3[-2[-1[0 [1 [2]3 [4 # 16 y= | 48 b Use your table to copy and complete each pair of coordinates. (-4, 48), (-3, D), (-2, 0) © Draw these axes on graph paper and plot the graph of the function y = 32 y 50: 50 d_ What are the coordinates of the turning point of the graph? @ Is the turning point a minimum or maximum point? 2 a Use your table in @1 to complete this table of values for the function y = z 4 [-3[-2[-*[0]1 [2[3 [4 3x 8 y=-3e | -48 bb Plot the graph of y = ~3x on the same axes as in 1. ¢ What are the coordinates of the turning point of the graph? What transformation maps the graph of y = 3x to the graph of y= ~3x2? Q1d hint ‘The turning point ofthe graph is also the lowest point Q2b hint Use your table to write down pairs Q2d hint * reflect it + rotate it about a point + translate it? Unit 6 Non-inear graphs 134eS ee 198 3. The diagram shows the graphs of the functions iy=x? i y=2x? il y= 4x? y cA oi The point when x = 1 has been marked on each graph. a For each function, work out the value of y when x = 1 b Use your answers to match each function to its graph, A, B or C. 4 a Reasoning Copy and complete this table of values for the function = =4[-3[-2[-1[0[+]2[3]4 = 16 yemes | 2 b Copy the axes in Q1. Plot the points and join them with a smooth curve. Label your graph y = 2? + 5. ¢ i What are the coordinates of the minimum point? li How can you tell the coordinates of the minimum point by looking at the function y = x? + 52 1d What are the coordinates of the minimum points of =x2+10 fi y=at+15 y=x?-10? Plot the graphs of each function in part d on your axes. f Copy and complete this sentence to describe how you can erin transform y = 22 + 10 into the graph of y = 2? + 15: Translate y= 22+ 10___units. ‘Compare the two graphs. Does the 9 Describe the transformation that maps ‘graph move up or down? By how the graph of y = x? + 5 to the graph of y =a? + 15 eum li the graph of y = x2 + 5 to the graph of y =.2- 10, 5 a Plot the graph of the function y = 3x? +10 for x =—4 to 4, 5a hint b i What are the coordinates of the minimum point of the graph? li How can you tell the coordinates by looking at the function? eos Bret ocean {© What would be the coordinates ofthe minimum point of the graphs of | Dow's 8.00 nar reauh te argest Vy = 3x? +16 y = 3x? ~ 10? and smallest values of y. 6 Match each function to its graph. (Gz) 4" eaeeo) WGToe) vas Use a table of values to find some Q6 Strategy hint Look at the graphs you have already drawn, Subject links: Science (Quadratic graphs Q7, Cubie graphs Q2, Graphs of reciprocal functions Q2, Enrichment Q1)7 STEM/ Reasoning The graph shows the height, Am, of an arrow t seconds after it was thrown The height, h, can be found using the formula h= 400-50. ai What are the coordinates of the maximum point of the graph? li What can you say about the arrow at this point? bb How long was the arrow in the air? © The point marked with a cross shows when the arrow was 60m high, 1 Use the graph to read the value of twhenh=60. S72 S4 67 6 il Check that h = 60 and your value of ¢ satisfy the “Time, (seconds) equation h = 40¢- 542 aa d Use your graph to find the other solution of the equation in part e atczibin’ Substitute your values into the equation. 8 a Copy and complete the table of values for the function y = x2 + x - 2. = ~4[-3[-2[-1[9 [7+ ]2]3]|4 16 10 b Plot the graph y = x? + x2 © Copy and complete this sentence: The graph crosses the taxis at x=__ and x = d Factorise the quadratic expression x? + ~ 2. e What do you notice about your answers to parts ¢ and d? Cubic graphs 1 a Copy and complete this table of values for the function y = 3x3. z Si [= 20 [=| ON [sti [2a 2 oa. yee | -81 b Use your table to copy and complete each pair of coordinates on the graph of y = 3x3 (-3, -81), (-2,0), (1,0) ¢ Draw these axes on graph paper and plot the graph of the function y = 32° d_ Use your graph to estimate y when x = 2.5. li Substitute x = 2.5 into the function y = 32° to work out the exact value of y. How accurate is your graph? How could you draw it more accurately? @ | Draw a horizontal line through 20 on the y-axis. Ii Read the x-coordinate of the point where y = 20. At this point, 32° = 20. Substitute your «-coordinate into 32° Is your answer close to 20? Use your graph to estimate solutions to these equations. 1 3x3= 60 i 3x? = -20 Wii 3° = ~60 Unit 6 Nonlinear graphs 1362 STEM The mass of air, A grams, in a ball of radius acm is given by the formula A = 0.12 a Copy and complete this table of values. Use the your calculator. = o[2]4]s ]8 | Ss) ee 5 ote 6x6x6= 216 A=01x" 21.6 0.1 x 216 = 21.6 A b Continue these on graph paper and plot the 60: graph of the function A = 0.12°. 404 ¢ Use your graph to estimate the mass of air in 207 a similar ball with radius 9.2cm. = d Another ball contains 30g of air Estimate its radius. «9 ' 2 $ 3 Two of these graphs are not cubic. Which two? Explain how you know. Ay @ By ¥ cy, ¥ Q3 Strategy hint oe Look atthe shapes of the graphs. What shape are quadratic graphs? aN e 4 ‘What shape are cubic graphs? DY E\ 4 a : a ? Graphs of reciprocal functions 4 a Copy and complete this table of values for y Qla hint = 1-2 [1 [-04]-02]-01 [01 oat 1 [2 Use the reciprocal key v =25 Go (9) oF your cateuiator. b Draw these axes on graph paper. Qtc hint ¢ Use your table of values to plot the graph of the pee Pot the coordinates from your table. function z Join them to make two smooth 1372 STEM The graph shows the power density P, units, emitted by a Will router at a distance of d metres. Wi router emissions. Power density, P (units) Q051152253a54 Distance from router, (metres) a Estimate the power density at a distance of 1.5m, b Safety guidelines suggest that a person should not be exposed to @ power density above 1 unit. Estimate the recommended minimum distance between a router and a person, ¢ The formula connecting the power density, P, and the distance d is 25 Poe Use the formula to calculate P when d = 0.5m. d Use the formula to check your estimate to part a. Q2c hint Substitute d= p25 5 into the formula Enrichment 1 STEM The time, ¢ seconds, it takes a pendulum Lem long to swing forwards and back once is the period. The formula is a 25 a Copy and complete the table of values. Period, 1 (seconds) Length.Liem) | 0| 1 | 4 | 16] 25 b Use graph paper to plot the graph of ¢ z © Use your graph to estimate the length of a pendulum with period 0.5 seconds. 4 Apendulum has a length of 30cm. Estimate its period © Make a pendulum of length 30cm. Use a stopwatch to time how long it takes to swing back and forth 10 times. Estimate the period. Compare your answer with part d The time depends on the length of the Pendulum, 60 plot time on the y-axis, 2 Reflect Copy and complete these sentences about these strengthen lessons | found Questions easiest. They were on (ist the topics). ound Questions most dificult. | still need help with (list the topics). Unit 6 Nor-iinear graphs 138ee 6 Extend You will: + Extend your understanding with problem-solving. = we 4 The approximate area, A om?, of a circle with radius r cm is given by the formula A = 3.14r?, a Copy and complete the table of values. Radius r(em) | 0] 214 [6 | 8 [10 ‘Area, A (cm?) b Use graph paper to plot the graph of A = 3.147%. ¢ Use your graph to estimate he area of a circle with radius 7om ii the radius of a circle with area 100.cm®. 2 Real / Problem-solving The length, s ft, of a car skid mark can be estimated using the formula s = 0.0502, where vmph is the speed of the car when the brakes are applied, a Make a table of values for v = 0 to 60. b Use graph paper to plot the graph of s = 0.0502. © Acar driver saw a deer in the road and skidded to a stop. The skid mark was 95ft long, Estimate the speed of the car when the brakes were applied. d It takes approximately 1.4 seconds for a driver to react before braking, i Estimate the distance the car travelled before the driver applied the brakes in part e ii Estimate the distance the car travelled from the time the driver saw the det Convert the speed in miles per hour to feet per second a8 B 3 The volume, Vom, of a sphere of radius rem is given by V fa Use graph paper to plot the graph of Vfor r= 0 to 3. b Use your graph to estimate i the volume of a sphere with radius 1.6cm Make a table using atleast § values ii the radius of a sphere with volume 20cm? ior beroenianeS: 4 STEM/ Reasoning The table shows the relative risk of 16-20 year old males causing a fatal accident after drinking alcohol. Blood alcohol concentration, x (%)| 0 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 Relative risk, y 0 [os | 1 [173] 410/800 fa Plot the graph of y against x. Join the points with a smooth curve. ~ b Dan thinks the graph is quadratic with an equation y = 8000x. Q4b Strategy hint Luca thinks the graph is cubic with equation y = 800002°. ‘Substitute few values of x into Who do you think is correct? Explain your answer. each equation. 439 ‘Subject links: Science (Q2, Q4, 08, Q10, 213), Design and technology (Q7, 012)5 Match each function to its graph. i=} ufy==) ==27) iv Gee) ey 6 a Describe the transformation that maps the graph of y = x2 onto the graph of y = 2? + 10. wv Use the correct term for the b Describe the transformation that maps the graph of y = x? TRERAEUGNG (GABE rotation, onto the graph of y = -x2 translation or enlargement) and give © Describe the transformation that maps the graph of y = 2° accurate descriptions. onto the graph of y = -x°. d Describe the transformation that maps the graph of x? onto the graph of y = 2x? — 5 ii y = x2 + 10 onto the graph of y = 10 Use a graph-ploting package to check your answers. 7 Problem-solving The diagram shows a Georgian window ym ym wide and am high, The ratio of height to width of a Georgian window is 2:1, xm where x is the positive root of the equation a? — x ~ a Plota table of values for y = x? - x -1, for 2 values 0,05, 1, 1.5, 2,25, 3, b Use your answers to plot the graph of y= x? x ¢ Use your graph to solve the equation 2 — a ~ answers correct to 1 decimal place. El 0, giving your dA Georgian window has a height of 2m. Work out its width, 8 Problem-solving Tara catapulted a toy paratrooper from the top of a cliff, ‘The height, fim, of the toy above sea level after ¢ seconds is given by the formula h=25t—5t? +50. a Make a table of values for t= 0 to 8 bb Plot the graph of A against z ¢ Use your graph to estimate i. the maximum height of the toy ii the time it took to reach the ground. 9 Problem-solving The perimeter of this rectangle is 20cm. Q) Strategy hint Perimeter = 20cm ‘Write an expression for the length of the rectangle. a Find a formula for the area A of the rectangle in terms of 2. b Plot the graph of A for x = 0 to 10. Use your graph to estimate i the maximum possible area of the rectangle ii the dimensions of the rectangle when the area is 1Scm2 Unit Nonsinear graphs 14010 STEM /Problem-solving The diagram shows a lamp with a parabolic mirror. The bulb is placed at the focal point of the parabolic mirror. ——16em + y= 0.122 + 2.5 between x = ~8 and 8. b The mirror is 16cm wide. Work out the depth of the mirror. © The distance of the focal point, F, from any point, P, on the parabola is the same as the y-coordinate of P. i Mark any point P on your parabola. ii Find the y-coordinate of P. iii Use compasses to mark the position the focal point F. How far is the bulb from the bottom of the lamp? d Aray of light from the bulb bounces off the mirror at the point Q(z, y). Work out the distance the light travels from the bulb to the glass. 0 that the rays of light leaving the lamp are parallel. TV a Draw the mirror by plotting the quadratic function r fe Pm reose Ns 11 a Factorise the expression x?— 16 using the difference of two squares, b Use your factorisation to sketch the graph of y = 2? 16. © Onyour sketch, mark {the point where the graph crosses the y-axis the coordinates of the turning point. d Sketch the graph of y = 22 - 26. e Sketch the graph of y = x2— a2, where ais any positive number. [ Qtte hint 12 Problem-solving A 3D printer is programmed to make plastic What is the value of y when x= 0? cuboids with this shape. xom Tem A cuboid with volume 100m is printed. a Write an equation connecting Z and x. b Show that J is a reciprocal function of a. ¢ Plot the graph of Z for x = 1 to 10. d Use your graph to estimate the value of i Lwhenx=25 ii xwhenL=650. 13 STEM / Modelling The table shows the moisture content, M%, of some seeds after they had been drying for ¢ days. Timo, ¢ (days) fiz) ota toe [om | 100) E02 Moisture content, M(%) | 7@5[ 11 [55] 4 [35[25[15|15 a Plota scatter graph for the data b A researcher thinks that the moisture content is inversely proportional to the drying time. If she is correct, then Mt = k for some constant number k. i Use the table of values to estimate the value of k. Using your value of & from parti, plot the graph of M the same axes as your scatter graph. Is your new graph a good model for the data? Explain your answer Calculate & forall ofthe table entries. Work out the average. 44114 a Reasoning Draw axes with x from -2 to 6 and y from -5 t0 5. b Plot the graph of the straight line y = x ~2. ¢ The function y = =" is the reciprocal of the function y = x-2. i Plot the graph of y 1 x-2 Draw the line « = 2 using a dotted line. ili Explain what happens to y as x gets closer to 2. d The diagrams show the graphs of some functions. on the same axes. Sketch the graph of the reciprocal of each function, 15 Match each equation to its graph. 7 16 Reflect Copy and complete these sentences about these extend lessons, a I found Questions easiest. They were on 8 (list the topics). 3 | found Questions most difficult. | still need help with (a (list the topics) Unit 6 Nonlinear graphs 142143 6 Unit test 4a Copy and complete this table of values for the function y = 2x? + 5. ee -3|-2i-1j;o 71] 2)3 y bb Plot the graph of y= 2x? + 5. 2 The diagram shows the graph of y a Describe the symmetry of the graph b What are the coordinates of the turning point? ¢ Isita maximum or a minimum? d Use the graph to estimate the solutions to the equation 2? +10=5. 3 The diagram shows the graph of the function y = 2 ‘a What transformation takes the right-hand side of the graph to the left-hand side? b Use the graph to estimate the solution to these equations. 21? = 20 2x? = -10 © Caloulate the value of y when x = ~4.5, 4. The approximate frequency, y MHz, of a radio wave with wavelength x metres is given by the formula y = 50° a Copy and complete the table of values for [a] a the funetion y = 520 y b Plot the graph of y = 200 ¢ Use your graph to estimate the solution to 20° = 260,5 a Factorise x ~ 21-3. b Which graph is the graph of the function y = 2?- 2x - 3? Explain your answer. Aw y = ae 6 Match each graph to its function. ifp=2e2) [y= vei) w[yeee2] v[o-8 PARE ET 7 Sketch the graph of the reciprocal function Challenge 2 using a copy of these axes, 8 Each of these points lies on one of the graphs. (2-1) 4.2) 2-4) C41) 1-2 4-1) A vu B uf Cc YI Nae = ys Match each point to its graph YY 9. Reflect Use what you have learned about graphs so far to write an equation that could fit each of these graphs. Unit 6 Non-iinear graphs 144