Ch22

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Alkanes -

C-H/C-c
saturated hydrocarbons

↓
-

single bond
-

unreactive

Reaction
Combustion higher members of alkanes
Is
1.

&
2. Reactwith
halogens reactmore slowly
3.
Cracking

①
Combustion
-burn outheat
in
oxygen (or air) to give
-
only 2O219) and H2Oces produced

,nes
are

e.g. C5 Hiz,es +802193 -

5 C02 19) +

6Hz0ies
*
higher members of alkanes
purn less completely
-

↳
-

more sooty flame

->
Incomplete combustion
an insufficientsupply oxygen (or air)
-

of

②
Substitution Reaction
->
react under ultravioletlight, lightor heat
*

sufficientenergy mustbe supplied

Sunlight
dark

W
resuirausecriterioress
in

*
alkane bromine
+

(dissolve in an
organic solvant)

result:no observable change

H+
H

d H Br
-

1 -

Br- B H - -
Br t
hydrogenbromide
i las fumes)
steamy

-a mixture ofproduct
substitution
-> -

H atomswas replaced by Bu atoms

Monosubstitution of methane with chlorine

1. Initiation
ultraviolet
->
light/light/ heat breaks the C1-CI bonds
form
A chlorine free redicals (or radicals)

⑧8
:po+.C!: or C12 2C1·
x

chlorine radical is

Chlorine radicals
highly reactive
I :they don'thave a stable noble gass arrangement
-

have a shortlifetime ↳>

do not obey the octetrule
-

have atleastone unpaired electron

2. Propagation
!! !
(1)
H:C: H
+oc: ->
Hi?"
+

Hict:
Fi 1-
(methyl radical)

CHy +Clo- CH3 HCl

+
·

!
12)
Hi?"toge 8
⑧
7 HiC:C1 ot +. C.
⑧

1- 1-
(chlorine radical (

CH3 + Cl2 CH3C1 +

Clo

*
3. Termination
two
-> radicals combine directly to form a molecule

11) 2C1 · > Cl2

(2) CH, ·
Cl·
+

<CH3C)

13) 2 CH, ·
CH3CH3
 ③ Cracking
*
medicinal paraffic -
a liquid mixture of long-chained alkanes

-represents larger molecules

-

volatile & flammable

originatalyst)
little
glass wood soaked
with medicinal
paraffin
-
-rubber tubing
M
gaseous products
obtained from cracking
Ste
cracking
Lab
I
.
↳

I
Frater
del
-
Cracking when the of medicinal
occurs vapour paraffin passes over

the hot porcelain surface

the petroleum would have vaporized quickly
=

and passed through the

unglazed porcelain withoutbeing cracked
unglazed porcelain should be heated strongly instead of heating the glass wood
·

The firsttube ofgas contained

mainly the air expelled from the inside ofthe boiling tube
=

the firsttube of
gas collected
.
·
was discard

Cracking
*

was completed
-

no more
gas can be collected.
The delivery tube should be
=

taken outfrom the water trough before removing the heatsource

otherwise sucking back
->

->
oil refinery catalyic cracking cabsence of air)
->

&a catalystofaluminium oxide mixed with silicon dioxide

catalytic
alkane - alkane alkene
cracking
+

alkane -> alkene +

hydrogen

Thermal -
high temperature and high pressure
cracking
as raw materials for
-
To produce extra petrol from heavy making plastics
Importance -
To produce alkenes from larger hydrocarbons traction,
Reaction of alkenes
Alkene -
unsaturated
-much more reactive than alkanes

& Combustion
-
higher % of carbon
by mass
:. burn less
completly with a more sooty flame
than the alkanes
corresponding

② Addition reaction (Bromine)

*the
orange (or brown) bromine solution is decolorized rapidly
->
the brown aqueous solution of bromine is decolorized rapidly

bubbling

bromine

dissoni
solvent)
e
⑲ropene ecolorized
I orange bromineein

Pine We Decolorized
I brown bromine
water decolorized

③ Addition reaction (Potassium permanganate)

the acidified potassium permanganate
=

solution is decolorized rapidly

#

kMnOpcaps/Haps from purple to

very pale pink/colorless

bubbling

MnOrcas /Ntax,
(purple)
ropene ecolorized
I kMnO4caps/Htcaps
solution decolorized

CHy-CH CH2 +H20+[0]

/[0) represents
=

0 atom from oxidizing agent)

-
CH3-CH-CH2
OH OH I
neutral
=>

or alkaline potassium permanganate solution

(KMnOpcap or KMnO4ap/Orcap) from purple to brown
·

Brown -

manganese (IV) oxides MnOz is