PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

COIMBATORE - 641004

DESIGN OF SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

(A Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of for the course)

CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY (19U210)

HARINI.R.C (22U217)
I-YEAR (II-Semester)

Program : B.E.Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Branch : DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

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 PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(government aided autonomous college a£filiated to Anna university,Chennai)

COIMBATORE - 641004

DESIGN OF SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A REPORT SUBMITTED BY
HARINI.R.C (22U217)
I-YEAR - B.E. ICE
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of for circuits and devices laboratory (19U210)

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Faculty in charge
…………………………

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TABLES OF CONTENTS
SECTION
Abstract ............................................................................... (i)
List of Figures ..................................................................... (ii)
List of Tables ...........................................................................(iii)
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 7
1.1 Theory 8
1.2 Principle of Operations 10
1.3 Circuit Diagram 11
1.4 Circuit Analysis 12
1.5 Applications 12
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ...............................................................14
2.1 Aim 14
2.2 Apparatus required 14
2.3 Circuit diagram 16
2.4 Procedure 17
3. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION .............................................. 18
3.1 Readings 18
3.2 Graph 21
4. INFERENCE .................................................................... 22
5. CONCLUSION................................................................ 23
6. REFERENCE .................................................................. 24

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 ABSTRACT

A series voltage regulator is an electronic device used to maintain a

constant voltage output regardless of changes in input voltage or load
conditions. The abstract of a series voltage regulator typically describes
its key features, operation principles, and advantages. Here's an
example of an abstract for a series voltage regulator:

The series voltage regulator operates by utilizing a feedback control

mechanism to adjust the output voltage and maintain it at a specified
level. This abstract highlights the key features and advantages of series
voltage regulators, including their ability to provide stable and reliable
power supply in various applications.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

Figure 1.1 Circuit diagram of voltage regulator 11

Figure 1.2 Circuit diagram of series voltage regulator 11
Figure 2.1 Circuit diagram of series voltage regulator 16

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

Table 2.1 Apparatus required 14
Table 3.1 Load regulation 18
Table 3.2 Line regulation 19

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1. INTRODUCTION

In electronic systems, maintaining a stable and reliable power supply is

crucial for the proper operation of various components and circuits.
Voltage regulators play a vital role in achieving this objective by
ensuring that the output voltage remains constant, regardless of
fluctuations in the input voltage or changes in the load conditions.
Among the different types of voltage regulators, the series voltage
regulator stands out as a widely used and effective solution.

The purpose of this introduction is to provide an overview of series

voltage regulators, their significance, and their fundamental operation
principles.

A series voltage regulator operates by controlling the flow of current

through a regulating element to maintain a desired output voltage. It
accomplishes this task through a feedback control loop that continuously
monitors the output voltage and adjusts the regulating element
accordingly. This closed-loop mechanism ensures that the output voltage
remains stable, compensating for variations in the input voltage or
changes in the load.

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1.1 THEORY
The theory of a series voltage regulator revolves around the concept of feedback control
and the regulation of voltage through a series pass element. The main objective is to
maintain a constant output voltage regardless of changes in the input voltage or load
conditions. Here's an explanation of the theory behind a series voltage regulator:

1. Feedback Control Loop: A series voltage regulator utilizes a feedback control loop
to continuously monitor and adjust the output voltage
2. Reference Voltage: The reference voltage serves as a stable benchmark against which
the output voltage is compared.
3. Error Amplifier: The error amplifier compares the reference voltage with the actual
output voltage and amplifies the difference to generate an error signal.
4. Regulating Element: The regulating element, often a pass transistor or a voltage
reference circuit, controls the flow of current through the regulator and modulates the
output voltage..
5. Voltage Divider Network: In some series voltage regulator configurations, a voltage
divider network is used to provide feedback to the error amplifier.
6. Load Regulation: Load regulation refers to the ability of the series voltage regulator
to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in the load current.
7. Input Regulation: Input regulation refers to the ability of the regulator to maintain a
constant output voltage even when the input voltage varies.
8. Power Dissipation: In series voltage regulators, excess power is dissipated as heat by
the regulating element..
By utilizing feedback control, reference voltage, and a regulating element, a series
voltage regulator can provide stable and regulated output voltage in a wide range of
electronic applications.

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 1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
The working of a series voltage regulator shall be considered for
input and load variations. If the input voltage is increased, the output
voltage also increases. But this in turn makes the voltage across the
collector base junction VBE to decrease, as the Zener voltage VZ remains
constant.

The operation of this transistor can be done in two cases like when
theoutput voltages increase and decrease.

When the Output Voltage Decreases

When the o/p voltage decreases in the circuit, then the BE voltage will
be increased and causes the transistor to perform more. As a result, the
output voltage will be maintained at a stable level.

When the Output Voltage Increases

When the o/p voltage increases in the circuit, then the BE voltage will be
decreased and causes the transistor to perform less. As a result, the
output voltage will be maintained at a stable level.

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1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 - Circuit diagram of voltage regulator

Figure 1.2 - Circuit diagram of series voltage regulator

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1.1 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The voltage regulator circuit design is shown above. The above circuit
can be built with a transistor as well as a Zener diode. In this circuit, the
load current flows through the Q1 series transistor. So this is the reason
to call this regulator a transistor-series-voltage-regulator. When the
unregulated DC supply is given to the input terminals of the circuit then
we can get the regulated output across the load. Here the Zener diode
provides the reference voltage.

The transistor series voltage regulator working is when the voltage at

the transistor’s base voltage is held to the stable voltage across the
diode. For instance, if Zener voltage is 8V, the transistor’s base voltage
will stay approximately 8V. therefore, Vout = VZ – VBE

1.2 APPLICATIONS
There are many applications of Linear Voltage Regulator. Some of
themare as follows:

● One of the most common examples is the mobile charger. e

adapter is supplied with an AC signal. However, the output voltage
signal is a regulated DC signal.
● Every power supply in the world uses a voltage regulator to
provide the desired output voltage. Computers, televisions,
laptops, and all sorts of devices are powered using this concept.

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● Small electronic circuits rely on regulators to operate. Even the
slightest fluctuation in voltage signal can damage the components
of a circuit such as ICs.
● When it comes to power generation systems, voltage regulators
play an essential part in their operation. A solar power plant
generates electricity based on the intensity of sunlight. It needs a
regulator to ensure a regulated constant output signal.

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 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 AIM:

● To construct & test a series voltage regulator

● To plot regulator characteristics
● To determine,
1. Output resistance
2. Stability factor
3. Percentage factor.

2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Table 2.1 - Apparatus Required

S.NO
NAME OF EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 NPN transistor BC107, - 1

2N3055

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2 Zener Diode - 1

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3 Resistors 470Ω, 1.8Ω 3, 1

4 Rheostat 2.2K Ω/0.26A 1

5 Variable resistor 400Ω/11A 1

6 Resistor 10Ω 1

7 Power Supply (0-30)V 1

8 Voltmeter (0-30)V 2

9 Ammeter (0-500)mA 1

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2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Figure 2.1 - Circuit diagram of series voltage regulator

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2.4 PROCEDURE :

LOAD REGULATION:

Refer data sheet & note down specification of,

● INSI
● BC107
● EN149

Construct circuit:

1. Keep switch ‘S’ closed and set Vin=6V, Vin=3.2V.

2. Close switch and vary V0 with Vin=6V.
3. Plot the graph & calculate output resistance.
4. Repeat to Vin=8V, Vin=10V.

LINE REGULATION:

1. Keep switch ‘S’ closed and set Vin= V, IL=20mA.

2. By varying Vin& note down Vo for IL=20mA.
3. Plot one graph and calculate stability factor & regulation alone.
4. Repeat procedure for IL=20mA various IL values.

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 3. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION

3.1 READINGS :
LINE REGULATION :

Table 3.1 - Line Regulation

S.No IL = 20mA IL = 40mA

Vin(v) Vo(V) Vin(v) Vo(V)

1 8.0 7.5 8 7.5

2 10 9.6 10 9.3

3 12 10.4 12 10.3

4 14 10.7 14 10.6

5 16 10.8 16 10.8

6 18 11 18 11.0

7 20 11.1 20 11.0

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 8 22 11.18 22 11.16

9 24 11.24 24 11.2

10 26 11.2 26 11.2

11 28 11.2 28 11.2

12 30 11.9 30 11.2

LOAD REGULATION:

Table 3.2 - Load Regulation

S.No Vin =5V VNL =4.5V Vin=7V Vin =6.42V

IL(mA) Vo(V) IL(mA) Vo(V)

1 25 10.1 25 10.5

2 30 10.18 30 10.5

3 35 10.17 35 10.5

4 40 10.16 40 10.5

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5 45 10.16 45 10.5

6 50 10.16 50 10.5

7 55 10.15 55 10.5

8 60 10.14 60 10.5

9 65 10.13 65 10.5

10 70 10.13 70 10.5

11 75 10.12 75 10.4

12 80 9.5 80 9.5

13 90 7.7 90 7.5

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3.2 GRAPH
LINE REGULATION :
Scale : x axis 1 unit=2V
y axis 1 unit=2V

LOAD REGULATION:
Scale : x axis 1 unit=5V
y axis 1 unit=2mA

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4. INFERENCE

Thus, a voltage regulator is a system designed to

automaticallymaintain a constant voltage.

From the values observed for Vout in Line regulation we can

come to a conclusion that the regulated output voltage for our
circuit is nearly 12 volts (V).

Now, in load regulation the input voltage is kept constant and

output voltage is measured by varying the current. Since our
regulated voltage is nearly 12 V, we apply input voltage greater
than 12 volts and observe that the corresponding output voltage
to be constant irrespective of change in load.

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5. CONCLUSION

Thus a series voltage regulator was constructed and tested.

The regulator characteristics were plotted and values were
found and the output resistance, stability factor, percentage
factor were determined.

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6. REFERENCE

I. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/electronic_circuits/electro

nic_circuits_regulators.htm

II. https://www.elprocus.com/transistor-series-voltage-regul

ator/

III. https://www.watelectrical.com/what-is-transistor-series-v

oltage-regulator-working-and-its-experiment/

IV. https://www.circuitstoday.com/voltage-regulators

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