ESG Research Foundation

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National (Knowledge Partner)

Mission on Teachers and Teaching
Ministry of Education
Goverment of India

CERTIFICATE COURSE
on
FUNDAMENTALS OF ESG & SUSTAINABILITY

reference Material
MODULE 3
Table of contents

S. No Content

1. Introduction to Decarbonisation

2. Key terms

3. Decarbonisation Strategies

4. Challenges of Decarbonisation

5. Solutions and Initiatives

6. Role of Technology in Decarbonisation

7. Economic Impacts

8. Societal and Cultural Aspects

9. What policies measures can be taken?

10. Future prospects

11. What is renewable Energy?

12. Environmental Significance & its role in combating climate change

13. Sustainability & Resource renewal

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 14. Types of Renewable Energy

15. Importance of Renewable Energy

16. Challenges and Considerations

17. Future prospects

-The role of Renewable Energy in a sustainable future

-Call to action

18. Introduction & What is green hydrogen?

19. How is Green hydrogen obtained?

20. Advantages & Disadvantages

21. The Impact of Green hydrogen

22. The Indian scenario

23. Uses of Green hydrogen

24 Introduction & history

25 Types of Electric vehicles

26 Advantages & Challenges

27. key components

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 28. Market trends

29. Indian Scenario

30. Future of EVs

31. Introduction & Types of Sustainable fuels

32. Advantages & Challenges

33. Indian Scenario

34. Way forward

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Decarbonisation refers to the process of reducing the carbon intensity of various sectors of
the economy, primarily by decreasing the emissions of CO2 and other GHGs. This is crucial for
mitigating climate change and limiting global warming to a level that is consistent with a
sustainable and habitable planet.

Connection to Climate Change: The burning of fossil fuels for energy, industrial processes,
and transportation has led to a significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This
has resulted in the greenhouse effect, leading to rising global temperatures, more frequent
and severe weather events, and adverse impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human
societies.

Currently, our energy consumption is the primary culprit behind CO2 emissions, accounting
for 83% of the global output, as reported by McKinsey. Astonishingly, we pump over 34 billion
metric tons of CO2 into our atmosphere annually.

In a collective effort, 195 nations have ratified the 2015 Paris Agreement, committing to
contain global temperature increases to below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels by 2100.
However, a 2018 revision by the UN IPCC suggested a tighter goal, setting the threshold at
1.5°C. They cautioned that even a 2°C increase might pose significant risks.

Achieving the revised 1.5°C cap necessitates global emissions cuts of 45% by 2030 and
reaching net zero by 2050. This translates to an annual global reduction of about 7.6%.

However, we’re a long way off being able to achieve these temperature limits. The UN
Environment Programme's (UNEP) 2021 Emissions Gap Report indicates a sobering reality.
Even if all current emission pledges and policies are met, we are on track for a 2.7°C
temperature rise by the end of the century.Transitioning our economic infrastructure and
technologies away from fossil fuels is a significant challenge but remains entirely achievable.

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However, the effectiveness of this shift largely depends on our collective determination, both
societally and politically. This is evident when we consider the corporate landscape: only 45%
of FTSE companies have pledged to attain net-zero emissions by 2050. More concerning is
that among these, 84% lack a robust plan to fulfill their commitments. To ensure a sustainable
future, it's imperative that intentions align with actionable strategies.

Carbon footprint

Carbon footprint, amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with all the activities
of a person or other entity (e.g., building, corporation, country, etc.). It includes direct
emissions, such as those that result from fossil-fuel combustion in manufacturing, heating,
and transportation, as well as emissions required to produce the electricity associated with
goods and services consumed. In addition, the carbon footprint concept also often includes
the emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, nitrous oxide, or
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Carbon offsets

The terms carbon offset and carbon offset credit (or simply “offset credit”) are used
interchangeably, though they can mean slightly different things. A carbon offset broadly refers
to a reduction in GHG emissions – or an increase in carbon storage (e.g., through land
restoration or the planting of trees) – that is used to compensate for emissions that occur
elsewhere. A carbon offset credit is a transferrable instrument certified by governments or
independent certification bodies to represent an emission reduction of one metric tonne of
CO2, or an equivalent amount of other GHGs (see Text Box, below). The purchaser of an offset
credit can “retire” it to claim the underlying reduction towards their own GHG reduction goals.

The key concept is that offset credits are used to convey a net climate benefit from one entity
to another. Because GHGs mix globally in the atmosphere, it does not matter where exactly

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they are reduced. From a climate change perspective, the effects are the same if an
organization:

A. Ceases an emission-causing activity B. Enables an equivalent emission-reducing activity

somewhere else in the world. Carbon offsets are intended to make it easier and more cost-
effective for organizations to pursue the second option.

Key terms

● Renewable Energy: Increasing the deployment of renewable energy sources, such as

solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power, which do not emit CO2 during
electricity generation.
● Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency across various sectors to reduce

energy consumption and associated emissions.

● Electrification: Shifting from fossil fuel-powered technologies to electric-based

systems, such as electric vehicles and electric heating/cooling, which rely on a

decarbonized electricity grid.
● Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Capturing CO2 emissions from power plants and

industrial facilities and storing them underground to prevent their release into the
atmosphere.
● Bioenergy and Biofuels: Utilizing bioenergy derived from organic matter and biofuels

as alternatives to fossil fuels. However, it is important to ensure sustainable practices

in bioenergy production to prevent negative environmental impacts.
● Circular Economy: Adopting a circular economy approach that minimizes waste,

maximizes resource efficiency, and promotes recycling and reuse, thus reducing
emissions associated with the production and disposal of goods.

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How can we achieve decarbonization?

Achieving decarbonization demands a united effort from businesses, consumers, and political
leaders. The foundational step for any entity is pinpointing its primary CO2 emission sources.

In 2022 global carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to the following sectors:

● Energy use in industry (24.2%)

● Transport (16.2%)
● Energy use in buildings (17.5%)
● Fuel combustion (7.8%)
● Fugitive emissions from energy production (5.8%)
● Energy use in agriculture (1.7%)
● Direct industrial processes (5.2%)
● Waste (3.2%)
● Agriculture, forestry, and use (18.4%)

Decarbonization necessitates both technological innovations and societal transitions away

from fossil fuel-dependent technologies. As these sectors are intricately linked, the
transformation in one will invariably influence the others, underlining the need for a holistic
approach.

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Why do we need to decarbonize our economy?

The looming trajectory of global warming poses not just a dire environmental threat but also
a severe economic challenge. It endangers millions of lives, and billions of homes, and
jeopardizes trillions of dollars in global economic value. Continuing our reliance on fossil fuels
without a robust drive toward decarbonization is not only ethically questionable but also
economically unsustainable.

A closer examination of the numbers reveals alarming statistics. According to the consulting
firm Moody's, an estimated $54 trillion in costs are associated with the current warming
projections based on existing country pledges. If these pledges are not met, these costs could
skyrocket to $69 trillion.

The 2022 IPCC Report on Adaptation highlights that nearly 40% of the world's population is
susceptible to the risks of climate change. This translates to billions of people potentially
facing a fivefold increase in the frequency of floods, storms, droughts, and heatwaves without
swift decarbonization.

The impacts are already evident, particularly in impoverished regions. From 2010 to 2020,
people in Africa, South Asia, and Central and South America suffered 15 times more deaths
from floods, droughts, and storms than in other parts of the world.

The death toll from these impacts is projected to become even more staggering in the coming
decades. The World Health Organization estimates an additional 250,000 deaths annually
between 2030 and 2050 if we fail to decarbonize our economy, attributable to heat stress,
malnutrition, and other health challenges.

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Sea level rise is another concern, with a potential displacement of 10 million people for every
10-centimeter increase in coastal water levels. The difference between a 1.5°C and 2°C rise
in global temperatures could result in a sea level surge of 48 to 56 centimeters.

Moreover, heavy rainfall events are now 30% more likely to occur every decade compared to
pre-industrial times. This probability increases to 50% at 1.5°C warming and jumps to 70%
at 2°C.

These figures underscore the significant repercussions of each half-degree temperature rise,
including water scarcity, poverty, rapid species extinction, supply chain disruptions, and
systemic economic risks.The 2022 IPCC report on mitigation confirms that the cost of inaction
far exceeds that of action.

What is needed to achieve decarbonization?

Industry

Industrial operations, encompassing activities such as mining, oil production, chemical

manufacturing, and the production of cement and steel, necessitate vast amounts of heat for
processes like metal smelting, compound blending, and resource extraction.

In 2022, the industrial sector was responsible for a significant 37% of global energy
consumption, with a large portion of this energy derived from carbon-rich fossil fuels.

Coal stands out as a primary energy source for these industrial endeavors, contributing to
approximately 36% of the world's total energy generation. However, this heavy reliance on
coal clashes with global ambitions to achieve net-zero emissions. For a sustainable future,
coal's contribution to energy generation needs a dramatic reduction – it must drop by about

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55% by 2030 from its 2022 levels, which would relegate it to powering no more than 12% of
global energy needs by that year.

A promising avenue toward decarbonizing industrial heating processes lies in transitioning

away from coal-centric methods. Viable alternatives like biomass, green hydrogen, and natural
gas, as well as electrification technologies, can be adopted for critical production processes,
including those for cement, steel, ammonia, and ethylene.

Electricity and heat production

The majority of electricity that powers our appliances, lighting, digital technologies, and
heating systems is derived from fossil fuel energy sources, including oil, natural gas, and coal.
In fact, over 40% of carbon dioxide emissions related to energy usage can be attributed to
burning fossil fuels for electricity generation.

Encouragingly, recent data indicates that a substantial 39% of global electricity generation in
2022 came from renewable and nuclear energy sources. Among the clean energy options, solar
energy has been growing at a remarkable pace. In 2022, solar energy contributed to 12% of
global energy supplies, marking an increase from 10% the previous year.

Electrification, when coupled with measures to enhance energy efficiency, is widely regarded
as a promising approach to diminish the carbon footprint of lighting, appliances, and heating
systems. One example of this approach is the replacement of natural gas furnaces with air-
source heat pumps (ASHPs), which can result in a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions
from heating. If these ASHPs are powered by renewable energy sources, the environmental
benefits are amplified even further.

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Transportation

The transportation sector contributes around 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions, the
majority of which are produced by cars, buses, and trucks.

While alternative fuels are essential for reducing emissions in the air and shipping sectors, the
good news is that effective solutions for ground transportation are already within reach.

Electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and biofuels offer promising pathways for
transitioning the transportation sector toward lower emissions. Additionally, optimizing
efficiency by reducing trip lengths and minimizing commutes can further decrease emissions
from this sector.

Embracing EV technology can also provide mutual benefits. As more variable forms of energy
generation such as wind and solar become prevalent, battery storage will be critical to ensure
energy availability at all times. EVs come equipped with batteries in their motors, and their
chargers also contribute to energy storage. In a well-designed system, the battery resources
of EVs could help store and distribute power from intermittent sources.

However, it is essential to note that for EVs to realize their full potential for CO2 emissions
reduction, they must be charged using renewable energy sources.

Agriculture

The agricultural sector accounts for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions
(24%) - a significant portion of which comes from methane (38%) and N2O (79%)
emissions. This sector encompasses energy utilization in farming, livestock raising, and fishing.

Just as in transportation and industry, large agricultural machinery must transition to cleaner
fuel alternatives.
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Moreover, embracing regenerative agricultural practices and rejuvenating fields can transform
vast tracts of agricultural land, which cover approximately three-quarters of the world's land
area, into valuable carbon sinks.

Forestry and land use change

Land use changes currently contribute to a notable percentage of global emissions -13% of
global CO2 emissions and 5% of global methane emissions. These emissions often arise from
deforestation for agricultural expansion or urban development.

Brazil and Indonesia, home to some of the world's most carbon-rich rainforests, are among
the top emitters due to land use alterations. It's imperative to protect these essential
ecosystems to prevent reaching thresholds where carbon-absorbing regions shift into carbon-
emitting areas.

Waste management

Waste management practices are significant contributors to global methane emissions and
N2O emissions. These emissions arise from decomposing organic waste and incineration
processes, making the waste sector a notable player in global warming.

However, the challenge with waste doesn't just lie in its disposal. It begins much earlier, during
a product's life cycle. Emphasizing product design and waste systems that prioritize reuse,
recyclability, and durability is crucial for mitigating both consumption and production-based
emissions

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Five ways to help decarbonize the companies

These five tips will help business embark on the path to net zero: Assess Your Company's
Carbon Footprint

Understanding your company's environmental impact is pivotal. Before you can strategize for
a greener future, it's essential to gauge your current CO2 emissions.

Determining CO2 emissions accurately can be challenging without the right tools and
expertise. At Greenly, we're specialists in carbon footprint assessments, collaborating with
businesses to provide a comprehensive evaluation.

Establish Clear Goals and Performance Metrics

Climate science, supported by years of rigorous modeling experiments, provides well-

established scenarios for mitigating global warming. However, the specific paths to achieving
net zero emissions can differ, depending on the unique operations of each organization.

After assessing their carbon footprint, organizations should define tailored objectives and key
performance indicators to guide their emissions reduction efforts over time. Crafting these
specific targets is an essential step in the decarbonization journey.

Embrace Decarbonisation as a Business Advantage

Decarbonization isn't just a trend; it's a transformative force that will shape the business
landscape throughout the century. Forward-thinking companies understand that early
investments in decarbonization can yield significant long-term benefits.

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This pivotal decade sets the stage: robust decarbonization strategies today will pave the way
for economic resilience and a sustainable business environment for years to come.

By championing decarbonization, your business won't just be mitigating climate risks. You'll
be positioning yourself to capture ESG investments, gain a competitive edge, tap into
emerging markets, and earn the respect and support of key stakeholders.

Engage and Empower Your Employees

Fostering employee understanding and commitment to decarbonization is crucial for

achieving your business's sustainability goals. By actively engaging your team in your
decarbonization strategy, you're not only fostering a unified approach but also tapping into
their collective energy and innovative ideas.A shared vision for a sustainable future can drive
meaningful partnerships, sustain momentum toward your objectives, and cultivate a culture
of positive change.

However, successful organizational change hinges on effective management and

communication. Keep your employees informed, provide opportunities for them to contribute,
and offer incentives to encourage their active participation in your decarbonization journey.
In this way, you can turn potential uncertainty into a collaborative and empowering experience
for all.

Engage your business partners in your transition

When businesses begin to tackle carbon emissions, they often focus on Scope 1 and Scope 2
emissions, which originate directly from their operations and energy consumption. However,

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it's crucial to recognize that a company's influence extends far beyond its immediate
operations.

Each business is part of a broader network of suppliers, service providers, logistics partners,
and other stakeholders. This extensive value chain encompasses Scope 3 emissions, which
often have a much more significant impact than a company's Scope 1 and Scope 2
emissions.Though they can be more challenging to manage and measure, addressing Scope 3
emissions is an integral step in comprehensive decarbonization. Engaging with business
partners, starting with suppliers, to decrease their emissions is vital for effectively
transitioning to a low-carbon economy.

If tackling Scope 3 emissions seems overwhelming, think of it as a natural extension of your

contractual processes. By prioritizing decarbonization in your business agreements, you send
a powerful message that mitigating climate risk is an essential component of any successful
partnership.

Decarbonisation Strategies

Renewable Energy Sources: Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power is a key strategy. This involves deploying
renewable energy technologies on a large scale and investing in research to improve their
efficiency and affordability.

Energy Efficiency: Reducing energy waste through improved efficiency in buildings, industrial
processes, and transportation systems is crucial. This includes energy-efficient appliances,
better insulation, and more fuel-efficient vehicles.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CCS technologies capture CO2 emissions from industrial
processes and power plants, transport it to a storage site, and securely store it underground
or use it for various purposes (carbon utilization).

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Electrification of Transportation: Shifting from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles to
electric vehicles (EVs) powered by clean energy sources reduces emissions from the
transportation sector.

Sustainable Agriculture and Land Use: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices,

protecting forests, and promoting reforestation and afforestation efforts can sequester
carbon and reduce emissions from agriculture and deforestation.

Challenges of Decarbonisation

Technological Challenges: Developing and deploying cost-effective, scalable, and reliable

clean energy technologies is a significant hurdle. Innovations are needed in battery storage,
grid integration, and carbon capture.

Economic and Financial Hurdles: Transitioning to low-carbon technologies and industries

often requires substantial investments. Balancing the short-term costs with long-term
benefits can be challenging.

Political and Regulatory Obstacles: Political will and effective regulations are essential for
decarbonisation. Policy inconsistencies, lobbying by fossil fuel industries, and international
conflicts can impede progress.

Societal and Behavioral Factors: Encouraging individuals and businesses to adopt

sustainable practices and change behavior is challenging. Overcoming resistance to change
and addressing disparities in access to clean technologies is critical.

Fragmented Decision-Making:

○ Decarbonisation involves multiple sectors and requires coordination among

various ministries and government agencies.

○ However, decision-making authority is often dispersed across different

entities, leading to fragmented approaches and delayed implementation.

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 ○ This lack of centralized decision-making hampers effective policy formulation

and implementation.

Lack of Clear Mandates:

○ The division of responsibilities and mandates related to decarbonisation

among ministries and agencies is often unclear or overlapping.

○ This ambiguity can result in confusion, conflicts of interest, and delays in

decision-making processes.
○ Clear mandates and roles need to be defined to ensure effective coordination

and accountability.

Limited Expertise:

○ Decarbonisation requires technical expertise in areas such as renewable

energy, energy efficiency, and low-carbon technologies.

○ However, the lack of specialized knowledge and capacity within regulatory

bodies and decision-making institutions can limit their ability to make informed
decisions and effectively address the complex challenges of decarbonisation.

Inadequate Stakeholder Engagement:

○ Effective decarbonisation policies should involve and consider the

perspectives of various stakeholders, including industry representatives, civil

society organizations, academia, and affected communities.

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 ○ However, there is often limited engagement with these stakeholders, leading

to a lack of inclusivity and potential resistance to proposed measures.

Solutions and Initiatives

International Agreements: Agreements like the Paris Agreement set global emissions
reduction targets and encourage countries to take collective action to combat climate change.

Government Policies and Regulations: Governments can enact policies like carbon pricing,
renewable energy incentives, and emission reduction targets to drive decarbonisation efforts.

Private Sector Involvement: Businesses play a vital role in decarbonisation by investing in

clean technologies, reducing emissions in their operations, and adopting sustainable practices.

Research and Innovation: Continued research into clean energy technologies, materials
science, and carbon capture techniques is essential for advancing decarbonisation efforts.

Examples:

Transitioning to Renewable Energy: Countries like Germany and Denmark have made
significant strides in renewable energy adoption, with wind and solar power comprising a large
portion of their energy mix.

Promoting Electric Vehicles: Governments and automakers are incentivizing EV adoption,

and countries like Norway have achieved high EV market penetration.

Carbon Pricing Mechanisms: Initiatives like cap-and-trade and carbon taxes are used in
various regions to put a price on carbon emissions, encouraging emission reductions.

Reforestation and Afforestation Projects: Countries like Brazil have implemented

reforestation efforts to combat deforestation and sequester carbon.

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Role of Technology in Decarbonisation

Advancements in Clean Energy Technologies: Ongoing technological advancements in solar

panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems are making clean energy more accessible
and affordable.

Smart Grids and Energy Storage: Smart grid technologies enhance the efficiency and
reliability of electricity distribution, while energy storage solutions help store excess
renewable energy for use during peak demand.

Sustainable Transportation Innovations: Beyond electric vehicles, innovations like hydrogen

fuel cells and sustainable aviation fuels are being explored to decarbonize the transportation
sector.

Carbon Capture and Utilization: Research into more efficient and cost-effective carbon
capture and utilization technologies is vital for addressing emissions from industrial
processes.

Economic Impacts

Job Creation and Green Economy: Decarbonisation can create jobs in renewable energy,
energy efficiency, and other green sectors, contributing to economic growth.

Costs and Benefits: While there are costs associated with decarbonisation, the benefits in
terms of avoided climate impacts, health improvements, and energy savings often outweigh
them.

Transitioning from Fossil Fuel-Dependent Economies: Regions heavily reliant on fossil fuel
industries may face economic challenges during the transition to cleaner energy sources,
necessitating just transition policies.

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Societal and Cultural Aspects

Public Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about climate change and the importance
of decarbonisation is essential for garnering public support.

Behavioral Changes and Consumer Choices: Encouraging sustainable consumer choices, such
as using public transport, reducing meat consumption, and energy conservation, can
significantly contribute to decarbonisation.

Equity and Environmental Justice: Addressing disparities in emissions and climate impacts
among different communities is crucial to achieving equitable decarbonisation.

Measuring Progress

Metrics for Tracking Decarbonisation Efforts: Tracking emissions reductions, renewable

energy adoption, energy efficiency gains, and land-use changes are essential metrics for
assessing progress.

Emissions Reduction Targets: Setting clear and ambitious emissions reduction targets helps
guide decarbonisation efforts at the national and global levels.

Reporting and Transparency: Transparent reporting of emissions data and progress toward
decarbonisation goals is crucial for accountability.

What Policy Measures Can be Taken?

Centralized Coordination:

○ Establish a dedicated central authority or ministry responsible for coordinating

decarbonisation efforts across sectors.

○ This central authority should have the mandate to develop a cohesive strategy,

set targets, and monitor progress.

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 ○ It can provide the necessary guidance, oversight, and coordination to ensure a

unified approach to decarbonisation.

Integration of Ministries:

○ Bring together key ministries involved in decarbonisation, such as the Ministry

of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, Ministry of Power, Ministry of

Renewable Energy, Ministry of Coal, and Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Gas, under the umbrella of a single, mega-ministry of energy.
○ This integration would streamline decision-making, foster collaboration, and

facilitate a more holistic approach to decarbonisation.

The Need for Comprehensive Regulatory Arrangements:

○ Presently, the mandate for dealing with decarbonisation is split across multiple

ministries and state governments.

○ The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MOEFCC) is the

nodal ministry, but other ministries also have responsibilities.

○ The existing cross-ministerial arrangement is functional but lacks plenary

powers for effective implementation.

Rationalization of Responsibilities:

○ Streamline the distribution of responsibilities by consolidating the mandates

of various ministries and state governments related to decarbonisation.

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 ○ This would eliminate duplication, reduce administrative burden, and ensure a

clear division of roles and responsibilities among different entities involved in

the process.

Stakeholder Engagement:

○ Promote meaningful engagement with stakeholders, including industry

representatives, civil society organizations, academia, and affected

communities.
○ Establish mechanisms for regular consultation, public hearings, and feedback

collection to incorporate diverse perspectives and ensure that decarbonisation

policies address the concerns and needs of all stakeholders.

Monitoring and Reporting:

○ Develop robust monitoring, reporting, and evaluation mechanisms to track the

progress of decarbonisation initiatives.

○ Regular assessment of policy outcomes, data collection, and transparent

reporting would facilitate evidence-based decision-making, identify gaps, and

enable corrective measures to achieve optimized outcomes.

Creation of a Mega-Ministry of Energy:

○ Broadband key supply-side ministries related to carbon mitigation under a

single ministry.
○ Include conventional and non-conventional electricity, renewable energy, coal

mining, and petroleum and natural gas.

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 ○ Facilitate coordinated decision-making and deep industrial restructuring while

minimizing job losses and promoting the creation of new jobs.

International Collaboration:

○ Foster international collaboration and partnerships to leverage best practices,

technological advancements, and financial resources.

○ Engage with international organizations, research institutions, and countries at

the forefront of decarbonisation to exchange knowledge, share experiences,

and access financial and technical support.
● Adopt a cooperative federalism approach, drawing inspiration from models like NITI

Aayog and the GST Council.

Future Prospects

Scaling Up Decarbonisation Efforts: Scaling up decarbonisation efforts to meet ambitious

climate goals will require increased investment, innovation, and global cooperation.

Emergence of New Technologies: Emerging technologies such as advanced nuclear reactors,

direct air capture, and sustainable agriculture methods may play a significant role in future
decarbonisation efforts.

Potential Impact on Climate Change: Successful decarbonisation efforts are essential for
limiting global warming to safe levels and avoiding the most catastrophic impacts of climate
change.

In conclusion, decarbonisation is a multifaceted endeavor that requires concerted efforts from

governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals. It is crucial for combatting climate
change, protecting the environment, and ensuring a sustainable future for all. Continued

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research, innovation, and global collaboration are essential for achieving meaningful progress
in decarbonisation.

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Reference

https://greenly.earth/en-us/blog/company-guide/decarbonization-meanings-technology-
and-goals

https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/decarbonising-india-
charting-a-pathway-for-sustainable-growth

https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint

https://www.offsetguide.org/understanding-carbon-offsets/what-is-a-carbon-offset/

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 25

What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate
than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly
being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take
hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause
harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide.

Generating renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels.
Transitioning from fossil fuels, which currently account for the lion’s share of emissions, to
renewable energy is key to addressing the climate crisis.

Renewables are now cheaper in most countries, and generate three times more jobs than fossil
fuels.

Benefits of Renewable Energy

● Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Renewable energy sources produce little to no

greenhouse gas emissions during power generation. By replacing fossil fuels with

renewables, we can significantly reduce emissions, mitigating the effects of climate

change.

● Energy Security: Renewable energy diversifies our energy sources, reducing

dependence on imported fossil fuels and increasing energy security.

● Economic Benefits: The renewable energy sector creates jobs in manufacturing,

installation, maintenance, and research and development, contributing to economic

growth.

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 ● Resource Sustainability: Unlike finite fossil fuel reserves, renewable resources such

as sunlight, wind, and water are continuously replenished by natural processes,

ensuring a long-term and sustainable energy supply.

Environmental Significance

The environmental significance of renewable energy lies in its ability to mitigate various
environmental challenges associated with conventional energy sources:

● Reduced Air Pollution: Unlike fossil fuels, which release pollutants and particulate

matter when burned, renewable energy sources produce clean electricity without

emitting harmful pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

● Water Conservation: Renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar, require

significantly less water for cooling and operation compared to conventional power

plants, addressing water scarcity concerns.

● Biodiversity Preservation: The development of renewable energy projects can be

designed to minimize habitat disruption and protect ecosystems, contributing to

biodiversity preservation.

Role in Combating Climate Change

Renewable energy plays a pivotal role in combating climate change by significantly reducing
greenhouse gas emissions:

● Carbon Emission Reduction: The shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources, such as

solar and wind, substantially decreases carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are the

primary driver of global warming.

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 ● Mitigating Temperature Rise: By curbing temperature rise, renewable energy helps

to limit the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, extreme weather events,

and disruptions to ecosystems.

Sustainability and Resource Renewal

Sustainability: Renewable energy sources are considered sustainable because they are
continuously replenished by natural processes. As long as we do not overexploit these
resources, they can provide energy indefinitely without depleting the Earth's finite reserves.

Resource Renewal: Each renewable energy source has a distinct renewal rate. For instance,
sunlight, wind, and geothermal heat are continually renewed on human timescales, while
biomass resources like wood and organic waste can be sustainably managed and regenerated.

In summary, renewable energy represents a crucial shift towards a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly energy future. Its importance lies in reducing emissions, enhancing
energy security, creating jobs, and ensuring the sustainability of our energy resources. By
harnessing the power of renewable energy, we can make substantial progress in combatting
climate change and mitigating the environmental impacts of energy production.

Renewable Energy Sources

1) Solar Energy

● Energy generated from the sun is called solar energy. From ancient times the sun was

considered the ultimate source of energy

● The sun is like a nuclear reactor that fuse hydrogen atoms together to form helium

atoms

● A large amount energy gets created in the process of nuclear fusion

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 28

 ● Non-polluting and helps in reducing the greenhouse effect

● It was the Oil Crisis of the 1970’s that prompted the hitherto academic research on

solar energy to public attention

● It is estimated that utilization of 1% of India’s total land for installation of solar energy

fields, can lead to the production of 1000 GWs of power every year.

Solar energy can be divided into two depending on its usage-

● Solar Active applications- Solar energy is converted into Solar PhotoVoltaic or Solar

Thermal for generation of electricity. It requires a solar thermal device which has a

solar energy collector called absorber, a heat transferring medium and a heat storage.

● The direct use of solar energy utilises Solar Cell Technology. Through Solar

Photovoltaic cells, solar energy gets converted into DC electricity which can be directly

used or stored for future use in a battery.

● Solar Passive Applications- indirect usage of solar energy for heating applications like

water heating, power generation, timber drying etc.

Learn more about electric current here.

Advantages of Solar Energy

● It is free and non polluting

● Can be used in areas not covered by power grids

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

● Dwindling reliability- Places with long winter and shorter nights, monsoon season,

night time

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 29

 ● Expensive to install

● Large surface area required for solar panels

2) Biomass Energy

● Biomass energy is defined as a renewable source of energy derived from organic matter

like wood, agriculture waste; also include algae, sewage and other organic substances

that may be used to make energy through chemical processes

● As availability of commercial energy sources in rural areas is still , biomass use in rural

areas continues

● Biomass is the organic matter in trees, agricultural crops and other living plant material

● It is considered a renewable resource as it can be replenished by the growth of new

trees and plants

● There is no net increase in the carbon dioxide emissions to the environment. As new

trees convert carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, it neutralises the carbon dioxide

output of biofuel.

● The different sources of biomass are Woody Biomass, Non-woody, Biomass and

Animal Wastes

● The efficiency of burning cow dung directly is just 10%. But converting it into biogas

anaerobically, increases the efficiency to 60%.

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Advantages of Biomass Energy

● Widely available

● Carbon neutral renewable energy

● Less expensive than fossil fuels

● Less garbage in landfills

Disadvantages of Biomass Energy

● Not entirely clean- Depends on subsequent afforestation

● Less efficient when compared to fossil fuels

Know more about solid waste management here.

3) Biogas Energy

● Biogas energy refers to the production of biogas and a value added fertilizer (called

slurry by the anaerobic fermentation of organic material.

● Unlike Biogas which can be transported, Biogas can only be used at the site of

production

● The constitution of Biogas is as follows- Methane-55-65%, Carbon Dioxide- 30-45%,

low concentration of hydrogen sulfide and water vapors

Process of Biogas production

● Liquefaction/Hydrolysis- Saprophytic bacteria converts complex organic compounds

into water soluble simple organic compounds

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 ● Acid formation- Acid forming bacteria converts the organic compounds into ammonia

and other fatty acids. Acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are also produced.

● Methane formation- Methane is produced from acetate (70%) and hydrogen (30%)

Advantages of Biomass Energy

● Reduction in pollution due to burning of dung and other biomass

● CO2 emissions will be reduced if fossil fuels are substituted by biogas.

● Carbon neutral

Disadvantages of Biogas Energy

● Not entirely clean- Depends on subsequent afforestation

● Less Suitable For Dense Metropolitan Areas

● Contains impurities even after refinement- Leads to corrosion of metal parts

4) Wind Energy

● Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air.

This energy system converts kinetic energy to more useful forms of power.

● Because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines, it is said to be a renewable energy

source.

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 ● The blades of a windmill are turned by the wind. The shaft to which the spinning blades

are connected rotates. The rotating shaft can generally operate a pump attached to a

generator to generate energy.

● There are horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

● Wind power plants, often known as wind farms, are large clusters of wind turbines that

generate energy.

● Around 80 percent of the world’s installed wind energy capacity is in Germany, the

United States, Denmark, Spain, and India.

● A wind electric generator with a capacity of up to 30 KW is known as an aerogenerator.

Aerogenerators can be used alone or in combination with solar photovoltaic (SPV)

systems to create a hybrid wind-solar system.

Advantages of Wind Energy

● Small impact on carbon footprint

● Lowest water consumption footprint,

● Can be used to generate electricity in remote areas

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

● Dependence on right intensity of wind

● Produces less power than the average fossil fuelled power station

● Can be used to generate electricity in remote areas

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5) Hydropower

● Hydro electricity is the conversion of the mechanical energy in flowing water into

electricity.

● It is produced when falling water from dams, rivers, or waterfalls is utilised to power

turbines, which subsequently drive generators that produce electricity.

● Dams are the temples of modern India- Jawaharlal Nehru

● Koyna Hydroelectric plant in the Koyna river (Maharashtra) is the largest hydroelectric

power plant in India with an installed capacity of 1960 MW.

● Hydropower is a non-polluting form of energy that does not contaminate the water or

the atmosphere. However they can have significant environmental consequences by

altering the environment and influencing land use, housing, and natural ecosystems in

the dam region.

Advantages of Hydropower

● Does not contaminate water

● A renewable source with no raw material or consumable involved

● Potential to power large grids and meet large scale electricity needs

Disadvantages of Hydropower

● High capital requirements

● Difficulty in getting environmental clearance

● Flooding and damage to the biodiversity of the surrounding area

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Ocean Tidal and Wave energy Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that
converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Wave
energy, also known as ocean energy, is defined as energy harnessed from oceanic waves. As
the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it creates waves and thus they can also be
referred to as energy moving across the surface of the water. Tides are defined as the rise and
fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth. They
are not only limited to the oceans, but can also occur in other systems whenever a
gravitational field exists. Ocean thermal energy (OTE)is the temperature difference (thermal
gradients) between ocean surface waters and that of ocean depths.

Energy from the sun heats the surface water of the ocean. In tropical regions, surface water
can be much warmer than deep water. This temperature difference can be used to produce
electricity and to desalinate ocean water

Advantages

● Running cost is negligible

● Low efficiency

Disadvantages

● Continuous power supply

● High installation cost

Importance of Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is important because of the benefits it provides.

a.Environmental Benefits Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that
have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies.

b. Energy for Our future generation (Sustainability)

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Renewable energy will not run out. Other sources of energy are finite and will someday be
depleted.

c. Jobs and the Economy

Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to build and
maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. Renewable energy investments
are usually spent within the same state, and often in the same town. This means your energy
resources stay home to create jobs and fuel local economies, rather than going overseas.

d. Energy Security

After the oil supply disruptions of the early 1970s, our nation has increased its dependence
on foreign oil supplies instead of decreasing it. This increased dependence impacts more than
just our national energy policy 2

Availability of renewable energy resources

Renewable Energy sources are not depleted, and it is distributed over a wide geographical
area, these resources are quickly renewed through natural process It won‟t create any
environmental pollution problems. The main advantage of using renewable resources is it is
available throughout the year. By an one time investment we can drew energy for many
decades without affecting the environment

Advantages of renewable energy

The importance of renewable energy lies in the need for renewable energy over the
conventional form of energy. Some important points are given below.

1. Renewable energy is a source of clean, inexhaustible energy.

2. It is pollution-free as it does not produce any greenhouse gas and polluting emissions

which are otherwise produced in the case of non-renewable sources.

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 3. The costs for renewable energy are also falling at a sustainable rate opposite to the

rate trend of fossil fuels.

4. It reduces energy dependence on fossil fuels.

5. It can be easily generated because renewable sources are mostly present all around,

there is no non-availability issue.

6. Both economically and environmentally, renewable technologies are becoming

competitive to conventional sources of energy.

Challenges and Considerations:

Intermittency: Some renewable sources, like solar and wind, are intermittent and

dependent on weather conditions. Energy storage and grid integration are essential to

address this challenge.

Energy Storage: Effective energy storage solutions, such as batteries and pumped

hydro, are needed to store excess energy for use when renewable generation is low.

Land Use: Large-scale renewable energy projects may require significant land use,

potentially leading to habitat disruption and conflicts over land use.

Technology Advancements: Continued research and development are necessary to

improve the efficiency and affordability of renewable technologies.

Policy and Regulation: Supportive policies, incentives, and regulations are crucial for

the growth of renewable energy.

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Future Prospects:

The Role of Renewable Energy in a Sustainable Future

In the face of growing concerns about climate change, environmental degradation, and energy
security, renewable energy stands out as a beacon of hope for a more sustainable future. This
section concludes the study note by highlighting the pivotal role renewable energy plays in
shaping a sustainable world.

The Role of Renewable Energy: Renewable energy is not merely an alternative to conventional
fossil fuels; it is a fundamental cornerstone of sustainability for the following reasons:

● Mitigating Climate Change: The transition to renewable energy is a powerful tool for

reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By harnessing clean and renewable sources such

as solar, wind, and hydro, we can curtail the carbon footprint associated with energy

production and contribute to the mitigation of global warming and its adverse effects.

● Environmental Preservation: Renewable energy sources are inherently eco-friendly.

They produce little to no air pollution, minimize water consumption, and have a lower

impact on ecosystems compared to traditional energy sources. This emphasis on

environmental preservation aligns with the principles of sustainable development.

● Economic Growth and Job Creation: The renewable energy sector has the potential

to drive economic growth and create millions of jobs globally. Investments in renewable

technologies, infrastructure, and research and development stimulate economic

activity while reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports.

● Energy Security: Renewable energy diversifies the energy mix and reduces reliance on

finite fossil fuel reserves. This enhances energy security by reducing vulnerability to

supply disruptions and geopolitical tensions.

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 ● Resource Renewability: Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and depletable, renewable

energy sources are continually replenished by natural processes. This ensures the long-

term availability of energy resources, promoting sustainability.

Call to Action and Transitioning to Renewable Energy

As we conclude this study note, it is evident that transitioning to renewable energy is not
merely a choice but an imperative for a sustainable future. The urgency of addressing climate
change and environmental concerns requires concerted efforts at various levels:

● Policy and Regulation: Governments worldwide should enact supportive policies,

incentives, and regulations to promote renewable energy adoption. These measures

can include tax incentives, feed-in tariffs, and renewable energy standards to

encourage investment and deployment.

● Investment and Research: Continued investment in research and development is

essential for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of renewable energy

technologies. Innovations in energy storage, grid integration, and materials science can

further advance the sector.

● Education and Awareness: Raising public awareness about the benefits of renewable

energy and its role in mitigating climate change is crucial. Education can empower

individuals and communities to make sustainable choices and advocate for renewable

energy adoption.

● International Collaboration: Addressing global challenges like climate change

requires international cooperation. Collaborative efforts among nations can facilitate

the exchange of knowledge, technology, and resources to accelerate the transition to

renewable energy on a global scale.

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 39
Reference

https://testbook.com/ugc-net-paper-1/renewable-energy

https://www.surendranathcollege.ac.in/new/upload/SOURAV_MITRARenewable%20energ
y2020-05-06renewable_energy(1).pdf

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-
energy#:~:text=Renewable%20energy%20is%20energy%20derived,plentiful%20and%20
all%20around%20us.

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy

https://www.energy.gov/eere/renewable-energy

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:ren
ewable_energy

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 40

Green Hydrogen

The time is right to tap into hydrogen’s potential to play a key role in tackling critical energy

challenges. The recent successes of renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles have

shown that policy and technology innovation have the power to build global clean energy

industries.

Hydrogen is emerging as one of the leading options for storing energy from renewables with

hydrogen-based fuels potentially transporting energy from renewables over long distances –

from regions with abundant energy resources, to energy-hungry areas thousands of

kilometers away.

Green hydrogen featured in a number of emissions reduction pledges at the UN Climate

Conference, COP26, as a means to decarbonize heavy industry, long haul freight, shipping, and

aviation. Governments and industry have both acknowledged hydrogen as an important pillar

of a net zero economy.

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 41

WHAT IS GREEN HYDROGEN?

Green hydrogen, often referred to as renewable hydrogen, is produced through a process

called electrolysis, which uses renewable energy sources like wind, solar, or hydropower to split
water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Unlike grey hydrogen (produced from natural gas with associated CO2 emissions) and blue
hydrogen (produced from natural gas with carbon capture and storage), green hydrogen is
considered environmentally friendly as it produces no carbon emissions during production.

HOW IS GREEN HYDROGEN OBTAIN?

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Producing green hydrogen by electrolysis from renewable sources involves breaking down

water molecules (H2O) into oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen (H 2).

1. The water used in the electrolysis must contain salts and minerals to conduct the electricity.

2. Two electrodes are immersed in the water and connected to a power source and a direct

current is applied.

3. The dissociation of hydrogen and oxygen occurs when the electrodes attract ions with an

opposite charge to them.

4. During the electrolysis, an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs due to the effect of the

electricity.

HYDROGEN AS A CLEAN ENERGY

Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in nature. The global demand for hydrogen

for use as a fuel has tripled since 1975 and reached 70 million tonnes a year in 2018. In

addition, green hydrogen is a clean energy source that only emits water vapour and leaves no

residue in the air, unlike coal and oil.

Hydrogen has a long-standing relationship with industry. This gas has been used to fuel cars,

airships and spaceships since the beginning of the 19th century. The decarbonisation of the

world economy, a process that cannot be postponed, will give hydrogen more prominence. In

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 addition, if its production costs fall by 50 % by 2030, as predicted by the World Hydrogen

Council, we will undoubtedly be looking at one of the fuels of the future.

Advantages & Disadvantage

This energy source has pros and cons that we must be aware of.

Let's go over some of its most important points:

100 % sustainable: green hydrogen does not emit polluting gases either during combustion
or during production.

Storable: hydrogen is easy to store, which allows it to be used subsequently for other purposes
and at times other than immediately after its production.

Versatile: green hydrogen can be transformed into electricity or synthetic gas and used for
commercial, industrial or mobility purposes However, green hydrogen also has negative
aspects that should be borne in mind:

High cost: energy from renewable sources, which are key to generating green hydrogen
through electrolysis, is more expensive to generate, which in turn makes hydrogen more
expensive to obtain.

High energy consumption: the production of hydrogen in general and green hydrogen in
particular requires more energy than other fuels.

Safety issues: hydrogen is a highly volatile and flammable element and extensive safety
measures are therefore required to prevent leakage and explosions.
ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 44
IMPACT OF GREEN HYDROGEN

Hydrogen as a fuel is a reality in countries like the United States, Russia, China, France and

Germany. Others like Japan are going even further and aspire to become a hydrogen economy.

Below is the explanation of what the impact will be in the future:

Electricity and drinking water generator

These two elements are obtained by reacting hydrogen and oxygen together in a fuel cell. This

process has proved very useful on space missions, for example, by providing crews with water

and electricity in a sustainable manner.

Energy storage

Compressed hydrogen tanks are capable of storing energy for long periods of time and are

also easier to handle than lithium-ion batteries because they are lighter.

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 45

 Transport and mobility

Hydrogen's great versatility allows it to be used in those consumption niches that are very

difficult to decarbonise, such as heavy transport, aviation and maritime transport. There are

already several projects under way in this area,which are promoted by the European Union

(EU) and aim to introduce it in passenger aircraft.

THE INDIAN SCENARIO

India has emerged as a global leader in combating climate change and is making visible efforts

to reduce global warming and substantially reduce its carbon footprint in the future.

For India’s energy transition to clean fuels, the adoption of green hydrogen to generate energy

would bring significant benefits.

However, the high cost involved and only a handful of companies manufacturing electrolysers

that are used in the production of green hydrogen are key roadblocks in India’

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 46

The Government of India has launched the National Hydrogen Energy Mission in the Union

Budget of India 2021-22 that aims to meet India’s climate targets in a timebound manner.

The core focus areas include pilot projects, infrastructure and supply chain, research and

development, and regulations.

What can be the possible uses of green hydrogen?

Industrial

Hydrogen is used mainly in the chemical and petrochemical industry. In the last few years, it
is also being used in the steel industry.

Green hydrogen can prove to be a better alternative in these industrial sectors.

Domestic

For domestic usage regarding heating and electricity, green hydrogen can replace natural gas
and help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

It can be also stored in existing pipelines to power various domestic appliances.

Fuel cells

One of the most discussed areas for the usage of green hydrogen is its use in fuel cells. These
fuel cells are well-known for their energy efficiency.

Fuel cells can be used as an alternative fuel in electronic vehicles.

Fuel cells may also help run electronic devices.

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 47

Green hydrogen holds great promise as a clean energy carrier with the potential to play a
crucial role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. While it faces challenges related to cost
and infrastructure, ongoing research, technological advancements, and government support
are driving the development of green hydrogen technologies, making it a key player in the
sustainable energy landscape of the future

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 48

Reference-

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen-expert-explains-
benefits/

https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/green-hydrogen

https://www.iasexpress.net/article-green-hydrogen-upsc/

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 49

Introduction of Electric Vehicle
An electric vehicle is one powered by an electric motor rather than a traditional petrol/diesel
engine. This electric motor is powered by rechargeable batteries that can be charged by
common household electricity.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable and innovative solution to address
environmental concerns and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. This comprehensive study
note explores the history, types, advantages, challenges, key components, charging
technologies, market trends, and the future of electric vehicles.

Historical Background
Electric vehicles have a long history dating back to the 19th century when inventors like
Thomas Davenport and Robert Anderson created the earliest electric car prototypes.
However, it was in the 21st century that EVs gained momentum as a viable alternative to
internal combustion engine vehicles.

In the 2000s, the development of hybrid vehicles, plus another fuel crisis, saw the technology
adopted by larger numbers than ever before. Tesla’s Roadster, which went on sale in 2008,
was a game changer for the industry. The attractive design and extended range of the
Roadster appealed to a larger market than ever before and encouraged competitors such as
Nissan and Chevrolet to launch their own models.

Types of Electric Vehicles

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

BEVs are fully electric vehicles powered exclusively by batteries. They have no internal
combustion engine and produce zero tailpipe emissions. Prominent examples include the Tesla
Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.

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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

PHEVs combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor and a battery. They can
operate in electric-only mode or use the engine for extended range. Examples include the
Toyota Prius Prime and Ford Escape PHEV.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

HEVs use both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency.
Unlike PHEVs, they cannot be charged externally and rely on regenerative braking to charge
the battery. The Toyota Camry Hybrid is a well-known example.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

FCEVs use hydrogen fuel cells to produce electricity, which powers an electric motor. They
emit only water vapor and offer fast refueling times. The Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo are
notable FCEVs.

Advantages of Electric Vehicles

Environmental Benefits

EVs significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to cleaner air and mitigating
climate change. They also produce no tailpipe emissions, reducing local air pollution.

Cost Savings

EV owners benefit from lower operating costs, including reduced fuel expenses and fewer
maintenance requirements due to the simplicity of electric drivetrains.

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Performance and Maintenance

EVs offer instant torque, providing quick acceleration and a smoother driving experience.
Additionally, they have fewer moving parts, resulting in reduced maintenance and repair costs.

Energy Efficiency

Electric motors are highly efficient, converting a large percentage of energy from the grid into
vehicle movement. This efficiency contributes to energy conservation.

Challenges and Limitations

Range Anxiety

Range anxiety refers to the fear of running out of battery power before reaching a charging
station. Although battery technology is improving, it remains a concern for some EV owners.

Charging Infrastructure

The availability of charging stations varies by region, and further expansion is needed to
support widespread EV adoption, especially for long-distance travel.

Battery Technology

Advancements in battery technology are crucial for increasing energy density, reducing costs,
and extending EV range. Research focuses on developing better batteries with longer
lifespans.

Manufacturing and Recycling

The environmental impact of battery production and recycling is a concern. Sustainable

manufacturing practices and recycling solutions are being explored.

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Key Components of Electric Vehicles

Electric Motors

Electric vehicles use one or more electric motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical
power for propulsion.

Batteries

Batteries store and provide electrical energy to power the vehicle. Lithium-ion batteries are
the most common type used in EVs.

Power Electronics

Power electronics components, including inverters and converters, control the flow of
electricity between the battery and the electric motor.

Charging Systems

Charging systems facilitate the transfer of electricity from a power source to the vehicle's
battery. They vary in voltage and charging speed.

Charging Technologies

Level 1 Charging

Level 1 charging uses a standard household outlet (120V) and provides slow charging. It's
suitable for overnight charging at home but is not ideal for quick top-ups.

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Level 2 Charging

Level 2 charging utilizes 240V charging stations, significantly reducing charging times
compared to Level 1. It's commonly used in residential and public charging infrastructure.

DC Fast Charging

DC fast charging stations supply high-voltage DC power directly to the vehicle's battery,
enabling rapid charging sessions, typically 30 minutes or less.

Wireless Charging

Wireless charging eliminates physical connections, allowing EVs to charge by parking over
specially equipped charging pads. This technology is still in development.

Market Trends and Adoption

Global EV Market Growth

The global EV market has experienced exponential growth, with increasing sales and adoption
rates in various countries.

Government Incentives and Regulations

Many governments offer incentives such as tax credits and rebates to promote EV adoption.
Regulations are also tightening emissions standards.

Automaker Initiatives

Major automakers are investing heavily in electric vehicle development and production, with
numerous new EV models entering the market.

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Electric Vehicle Promotion in India

• Electric Vehicles in India are still relatively new. They account for just 1 % of the total vehicle
density. India unveiled the ‘National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020’ in 2013
to address the issues of national energy security, vehicular pollution, and growth of domestic
manufacturing capabilities.

• While you might see a lot of e-rickshaws zipping across the narrow lanes of Karol Bagh in
Delhi, a major shift has yet to arrive towards Electric Vehicles. Only a handful of electric cars
are available in the market, and the small-vehicle market is still dominated by conventional
vehicles.

• “We are going to introduce electric vehicles in a very big way. We are going to make electric
vehicles self-sufficient like UJALA. The idea is that by 2030, not a single petrol or diesel car
should be sold in the country.

Reasons for EV development

As modern culture and technology continue to develop, the growing presence of global
warming and irreversible climate change draws increasing amounts of concern from the
world's population. It has only been recently, when modern society has actually taken notice
of these changes and decided that something needs to change if the global warming process
is to be stopped.

Countries around the world are working to drastically reduce CO2 emissions as well as other
harmful environmental pollutants. Amongst the most notable producers of these pollutants
are automobiles, which are almost exclusively powered by internal combustion engines and
spew out unhealthy emissions.

According to various reports, cars and trucks are responsible for almost 25% of CO2
emission and other major transportation methods account for another 12%. With immense
quantities of cars on the road today, pure combustion engines are quickly becoming a target

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 55

of global warming blame. One potential alternative to the world's dependence on standard
combustion engine vehicles are hybrid cars. Cost-effectiveness is also an important factor
contributing to the development of an environment friendly transportation sector.

Future of Electric Vehicles

Autonomous Electric Vehicles

The integration of autonomous technology with EVs is expected to transform transportation,

enabling self-driving electric fleets.

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration

V2G technology allows EVs to feed electricity back into the grid during peak demand,
potentially earning owners money for their surplus energy.

Advancements in Battery Technology

Ongoing research aims to improve battery energy density, reduce charging times, and enhance
overall battery performance.

Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing

The EV industry is exploring sustainable materials and manufacturing processes to minimize

its environmental footprint.

Electric vehicles represent a promising solution for reducing emissions, lowering operating
costs, and reshaping the automotive industry. As technology advances and infrastructure
expands, EVs are poised to play a pivotal role in a sustainable transportation future.

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 56

Reference-
https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/benefits-of-electric-vehicles

https://course.cutm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Notes-on-Electric-Vehicles.pdf

https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/12660

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/electric-vehicles

ESG Research Foundation | Reference Material | Module 3 page. 57

Introduction of Sustainable Fuels
Sustainable fuels are energy sources that can be produced and consumed in a manner that minimizes
negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. These fuels play a crucial role in addressing
environmental challenges, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change.

The transition to sustainable fuels is driven by the need to find alternatives to finite fossil fuel
reserves and reduce our dependence on them.

Types of Sustainable Fuels

Biofuels: Biofuels are derived from organic matter, including crops, agricultural residues, and algae.
They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels are renewable and can be produced through
processes like fermentation and transesterification.

Hydrogen: Hydrogen is a clean and versatile fuel that can be produced through electrolysis of water
or reforming of natural gas. It has applications in fuel cells, transportation, and industrial processes.

Solar and Wind-Powered Fuels: Sustainable fuels can be generated by using solar and wind energy
to produce hydrogen or synthesize other fuels. These technologies are essential for achieving a
carbon-neutral energy system.

Synthetic Fuels: Synthetic fuels, like Fischer-Tropsch fuels and Power-to-Liquid fuels, are produced
from carbon dioxide and renewable electricity or hydrogen. They have potential applications in
aviation and heavy-duty transportation.

Advantages of Sustainable Fuels

Environmental Benefits: Sustainable fuels significantly reduce carbon emissions and pollutants
when compared to conventional fossil fuels. They contribute to cleaner air, reduced smog, and
improved overall environmental quality.

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Energy Security: Diversifying energy sources with sustainable fuels reduces dependence on volatile

fossil fuel markets, enhancing energy security for nations and regions.

Economic Implications: The sustainable fuel industry creates jobs, stimulates local economies, and

reduces the outflow of capital to oil-importing countries.

Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The adoption of sustainable fuels can lead to substantial

reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, helping to combat climate change and meet international

climate goals.

Challenges and Barriers to Sustainable Fuel Adoption

Technological Challenges: Sustainable fuel production technologies need further development and

optimization to become more efficient and cost-effective.

Infrastructure Requirements: Building the necessary infrastructure, including refueling stations and

distribution networks, is a significant challenge.

Policy and Regulatory Hurdles: Governments must implement supportive policies and regulations

to incentivize sustainable fuel production and consumption.

Economic Considerations: The economic viability of sustainable fuels compared to conventional

fuels is a critical factor influencing their adoption.

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Indian scenario

India, with its significant population and growing energy needs, faces the challenge of meeting
energy demands while reducing its environmental impact. Sustainable fuels, including biofuels,
hydrogen, and renewables-based fuels, are gaining importance as part of India's energy strategy.

Types of Sustainable Fuels in India

Biofuels in India: India has ambitious plans for biofuel production, primarily focusing on bioethanol
and biodiesel. Sugarcane, sorghum, and rice straw are among the feedstocks used for bioethanol
production. Jatropha and non-edible oils are key sources for biodiesel.

Hydrogen in India: India is exploring hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. Green hydrogen, produced
through renewable energy sources, is a priority. Pilot projects and collaborations with international
partners are underway to develop hydrogen infrastructure.

Solar and Wind-Powered Fuels: India is a leader in solar and wind energy capacity. These renewable
sources can be harnessed to produce sustainable fuels such as hydrogen and synthetic fuels.

Synthetic Fuels in India: Synthetic fuels, like Fischer-Tropsch fuels, are being researched for their
potential in aviation and heavy-duty transportation. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU)
technologies are being explored.

Recent Developments in India

● National Biofuel Policy: India has a National Biofuel Policy that sets targets for blending

biofuels with gasoline and diesel.

● Hydrogen Mission: India's National Hydrogen Mission aims to promote hydrogen production

and use for various applications.

● Renewable Energy Growth: India continues to invest in renewable energy capacity, which can

be leveraged for sustainable fuel production.

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What can be the Way Forward?

■ Promotion of the use of biofuels in transportation in countries like India will help in

reducing the crude import bill.

■ Biofuels can help in rural and agricultural development in the form of new cash crops.

■ Efforts for producing sustainable biofuels should be made by ensuring use of

wastelands and municipal wastes that get generated in cities.

■ A properly designed and implemented biofuel solution can provide both food and

energy.

■ A community-based biodiesel distribution programme that benefits local economies,

from the farmers growing the feedstock to local businesses producing and distributing

the fuel to the end consumer, can be tried.

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References:

https://energy.wisc.edu/sites/default/files/2016-
12/Sustainable%20Fuels%20Teacher%20Guide.pdf

https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/about-journals/sustainable-energy-fue/

https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1

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