JAIME R. TIONG @)ROMEO A. ROJAS JR.Preface ‘Acknowledgement Dedication oY lumbers onversion THEORY: ‘Systems of numbers Cardinal & Ordinal numbers Numerals & Digit Real numbers Imaginary number ‘Complex number Fractions ‘Composite numbers Prime numbers Perfect number Defective & Abundant numbers Amicable numbers Factorial Significant figures Rounding & Truncation Tips & Trivia PUTA ERALVOONSASs ‘TEST (60 Problems for 2 hours) SOLUTIONS aw 3 THEORY: Basic rules in Algebra 24 Properties of Equality 21 Properties of Zero 22 Properties of Exponents 22 Properties of Radicals 23 Surds 23 Special Products 23 Properties of Proportion 24 Remainder Theorem 24 Factor Theorem 24 Tips & Trivia 25 TEST (60 Problems for 3.75 hours) 26 SOLUTIONS 37 Logarithms THEORY: Quadratic Formula 49 Nature of roots 49 Properties of roots 49 Binomial Theorem 50 Properties of Expansion 50 Pascal's Triangle 50 Coefficient of any term 50 Formula for rth term 51 ‘Sum of Coefficients 51 ‘Sum of Exponents 51 Common & Natural Logarithms 51 Euler’s Number 51 Binary Logarithm 51 Properties of Logarithms 52 Tips & Trivia 52 TEST (40 Problems for 3hours) 53. SOLUTIONS 6 Mixture, Motion Problems THEORY. Age Problems 69 ‘Work Pronlems 69 Mixture Problems: 70 Digit Problems 70 Motion Problems 1 Tips & Trivia mn TEST (40 Problems for 4 hours) 72 SOLUTIONS 83DAY ion, lems & Progression THEORY: Clock Problems Progression / Sequence Series Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression Infinite Geometric Progression Harmonic Progression Other related sequences Fibonacci Numbers Lucas Numbers Figurate Numbers ‘Triangular numbers: Equare numbers Gnomons Oblong numbers Pentagonal numbers Cubic numbers Tetrahedral numbers Cubic numbers Square pyramidal numbers Supertetrahedral numbers Diophantine Equations Variation Problems Tips & Trivia TEST (65 Problems for 4.5 hours) SOLUTIONS Combination & Probability THEORY: Venn Diagram Fundamental Principle of Counting Permutation Combination Probability TEST (50 Problems for 3.75 hours) SOLUTIONS Conditional Probability Binomial or Repeated Probability Tips & Trivia TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS 96 DAY 96 etry 97 97 THEORY: 98 Definition 98 Angles 98 Circles 98 Ellipse 98 Polygons 99 Triangles 99 Quadrilaterals oe: igec cna eerie! 99 Parallelograms 99 ‘Square & Rectangles 99 Rhomboid & Rhombus 99 Tips & Trivia 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 THEORY: Polyhedrons Platonic solids Cube Rectangular Parallelepiped Prisms Cylinders Pyramids & Cones Frustum of Pyramids / Cones Prismatoid Sphere Zone Spherical Segment ‘Spherical Sector Spherical Pyramid Spherical Wedge Torus 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 143 153 153 154 155 155 156 156 196 156 187 187 187 158 168 183 183 183 183 184 185, 185 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 188Ellipsoid & Spheroid Tips & Trivia TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Definition Solution to Right Triangles Pythagorean Theorem Solution to Oblique Triangles Law of Sines Law of Cosines Law of Tangents Trigonomettic Identities Plane Areas (Triangles) Plane Areas (Quadrilaterals) Ptolemy's Theorem Tips & Trivia TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Solution to Right Triangles Napier's Rules Solution to Oblique Triangles Area of Spherical Triangle Terrestrial Sphere Tips & Trivia ‘TEST (15 Problems for 1.5 hours) SOLUTION 188 189 190 197 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 209 210 211 212 213 223 236 236 237 237 237 238 239 242 THEORY: Rectangular coordinates system Distance formula Distance between two points in space Slope of a line Angle between two lines Distance between a point and a line Distance between two lines Division of line segment Area by coordinates Linco Conic sections Circles Tips & Trivia TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS ometry a, Ellipse & Hyperbola THEORY: Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola Polar coordinates Tips & Trivia TEST (56 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS. 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 240 250 251 252 253 262 279 282 284 285 286 297_ OAY ferential imits & Derivatives) THEORY: Derivatives 314 Algebraic functions 314 Exponential functions 314 Logarithmic functions 315 Trigonometric functions 315 Inverse Trigonometric functions 315 Hyperbolic functions 315 Tips & Trivia 316 TEST (40 Probiems for 4 hours) 317 SOLUTIONS 326 Time Rates) THEORY: Maxima / Minima 337 Time Rates 337 Relation between the variables & maxima /minima values 338 Tips & Trivia 342 TEST (35 Problems for3 hours) 343 SOLUTIONS 361 THEORY: Basic integrals 367 Exponential & Logarithmic functions. 367 Trigonometric functions 367 Inverse trigonometric functions 368 Hyperbolic functions 369 Trigonometric substitution 369 Integration by parts 370 Plane areas Centroid Length of arc Propositions of Pappus Work Moment of inertia Tips & Trivia ‘TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Types uf DE Order of DE Degree of DE Types of solutions of DE Applications of DE Tips & Trivia TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Complex numbers Mathematical operation of complex numbers Matrices ‘Sum of two matrices Difference of two matrices Product of two matrices Division of matrices Transpose matrix Cofactor of an entry of a matrix Cofactor matrix Inverse matrix Determinants Properties ofdeterminants Laplace transform 370 371 371 371 372 373 373 374 385 402 402 402 402 404 406 407 414 425 426 428 429 420 429 430 430 430 431 431 432 432 434Laplace transforms of elementary functions Tips & Trivia TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Vector & scalar quantities Velocity & acceleration Force & Motion Laws of motion Law of universal gravitation Work. Eneray and Power Frictional force Law of conservation of energy Impulse & Momentum Gas laws Fluids at rest Archimedes Principle Tips & Trivia TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Definition of terms Conditions for equilibrium Friction Parabolic cable & catenary Moment of inertia Mass moment of inertia Tips & Trivia TEST (35 Problems for 3.5 hours) SOLUTIONS 435 436 437 449 491 499 (Dynamics) THEORY: Rectilinear translation 507 Vertical motion 507 CCurvilinear translation 508 Projectile or trajectory 508 Rotation 508 D’Alembert's Principle 508 Centrifugal force 509 Tips & Trivia 509 TEST (45 Problems for 4 hours) 510 SOLUTIONS 520 igth of terials THEORY: Simple stress 531 Simple strain 531 Stress-strain diagram 532 Hooke’s law 532 ‘Thermal stress. 533 Thin-walled cylinder 533 Torsion 534 Helical springs 534 Tips & Trivia 535 TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) 536 SOLUTIONS 543 jineering imple & Compound Interest THEORY: Definition of terms 549 Market situations 560 Simple interest 550 Compound interest 550Nominal & effective rates of interest 551 Discount 551 Tips & Trivia 552 TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours) 553 SOLUTIONS 562 eering nnuity, Depreciation, Bonds, Breakeven analysis, etc. THEORY: Annuity 568 Capitalized cost 569 Bonds 569 Depreciation 570 Break even analysis 572 Legal forms of business ‘organizations 572 Tips & Trivia 573 TEST (61 Problems for 4 hours) 574 SOLUTIONS 586 ‘A. GLOSSARY 598 B. CONVERSION 637 C. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 639 D. POWER OF 10 640 £. NUMERATION 641 F. MATH NOTATION 641 G. GREEKALPHABETS 642 H. DIMISIBILITYRULES 643Systems of Numbers and Conversion 1 Number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position. Numbers are classified into two types, namely cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example, 4,2,3... while ordinal numbers states the position of individual objects in a sequence. Example, First, second, third. Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols which describe a number. The most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals and the Roman numerals. Arabic numerals were simply a modification of the Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 and in combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in Latin alphabet. Example MCMXCIV. The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers: 124 Cc = 100 voe5 D = 500 xX = 10 M = 1000 L = 650 To increase the number, the following are used: 1. Bracket — to increase by 100 times. \x|=1000 2. Bar above the number — to increase by 1000 times X = 10000 3. A‘doorframe” above the number —to increase by 100000 times. [x] =1 000 000 Digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a number. For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits | and X were used together to denote one number and that is the number 9. In mathematical computations or engineering applications, a system of numbers using cardinal numbers was established and widely used.2 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ‘The number system is divided into two categories: Real numbers and Imaginary number. @ REAL NUMBERS: A. Natural numbers - are numbers considered as “counting numbers’. Examples: 1, 2, 3, . B. _ Integers — are all the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number zero. C. Rational numbers — are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers. The term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”. Example: 0.5, z +3, 0.333... In the example, 0.5 can be expressed as and 3 can be expressed as 2. hence rational numbers. The number 0.333... is a repeating and non-terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating (or periodic) decimals is always a rational number. Also, all integers are rational numbers. D. Irrational numbers — are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers. Example: V2,x,¢, ‘The numbers in the examples above can never be expressed exactly as a quotient of two integers. They are in fact, a non- terminating number with non-terminating decimal. © IMAGINARY NUMBER: An imaginary number is denoted as i. in somerother areas in mathematical computation, especially in electronics and electrical engineering it is denated asj. Imaginary number and its equivalent:‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 3 Systems of Numbers Real Numbers Imaginary Number Irrational numbers Rational numbers Integers Negative numbers Natural numbers Diagram showing the Systems of Numbers Complex number is an expression of both real and imaginary number combined. It takes the form of a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real number is obtained when b = 0. Absolute value of a real number is the numerical value of the number neglecting the sign. For example, the absolute value of -5 is 5 while of -x is x. The absolute value | ais either positive or zero but can never be negative. Common fractions are numbers which are in the form of gor alb, where a is the numerator which may be any integer while b is the denominator which may be any integer greater than zero. If the numerator is smaller than the denominator, itis called as proper fraction while improper fraction is when the numerator is greater than the denominator. Unit fractions are common fractions with unity for numerator and positive integer for the denominator. Example: 2,1. 5°25 Composite number is a number that can be written as product of two or more integers, each greater than 1. Itis observed that most integers are composite numbers.4 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Example: 60 =2x2x3x5 231 =3x7x11 Prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, “ Every positive integer greater than 1 is a prime or can be expressed ac a unique product of primes and powers of primes’ Example of prime numbers: 2,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ,17, 19, 23, 29, 1 000 000 008 649, Example of unique, product of power of primes: 360 = 2°. 3°.5' ‘Twin primes are prime numbers that appear in pair and differ by 2. Example: 3 and 5, 11 and 13, 17 and 19... Perfect number is an integer number that is equal to the sum of all its possible divisors, except the number itself. Example: 6, 28, 496... In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3. 14+24+3=6 Defective or deficient number is an integer number, the sum of all its possible divisor is less than the number itself. If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the number, it is referred to as abundant number. There are around 30 numbers known today as perfect number and all of which are even numbers. Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refers to two integer numbers where each is the sum of all the possible divisors of the other. The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284. ‘The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 110 which when added sums up to 284, while the number 284 has the following divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220. Factorial denoted as n!, represents the product of all positive integers from 1 ton, inclusive. Example: n!=n(n—1)..3,2,1 ifn |, by definition: sires This is known as fad(n +1)= + tt ~<— recursion formula CON S02 The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian Kramp in 1808.Systems of Numbers and Conversion $ Significant figures or digits are digits that define the numerical value of a number. A digit is considered significant unless it is used to place a decimal point. The significant digit of a number begins with the first non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether zero or non-zero. Examples: 016.72 4 significant figures @1.672 x 10° 4 significant figures 0.0016 2 significant figures Example 2 is expressed in scientific notation and figures considered significant are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 10°. Example 3 has 2 significant figures only because the 3 zeros are used only to place a decimal. The number of cignificant digite ic concidorod tho place of accuracy. Henoo, a number with 3 significant digits is said to have a three place accuracy and a number with 4 significant figures is said to have a four place accuracy. Rounding and Truneating: The two forms of approximations are known as rounding and truncation. Rounding of a number means replacing the number with another number having fewer significant decimal digits, or for integer number, fewer value-carrying (non- zero) digits. Example: @ 3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416 ® 3.12364 shall be rounded down to 3.1235 Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need of practical calculations. This is just the same as rounding down and truncated values will always have values lower than the exact, values. Example: 3.14159 is truncated to 4 decimal as 3.14156 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Tips: 1. Revolution and its equivalent in units of angle. 1 revolution 360 degrees 2n radians 400 grads 6400 mils = 6400 centissimal degree = 6400 gons 2. Temperature. Relation between °Celsius and °Fahrenheit "c= 3-32) 9 °F = C432 gct Absolute temperature: *K = "C+ 273 oR="F +400 Kelvin was named after British physicist, William ‘Thompson (1824-1902) the First Baron, Kelvin, Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and physicist, William John Macquom Rankine (1820-1872). Fahrenheit was named after German physicist, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736). Celsius (or Centigrade) was named after Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701 — 1744). 3. Density of water = 1000 kg /m® 2.4 Iblcu, ft 18.10 Nim* gram /. co 4. Read “Appendix B - Conversion” and Appendix D — “Prefixes” at the last part of this book and be familiar with the values. Bi pou Rnow that... the symbol x (pi), which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was introduced by William Jones in 1706 after the initial letter of the Greek word meaning “periphery” Proceed to the next page for your first test. GOODLUCK! =”Systems of Numbers and Conversion 7 Time element: 3.0 hours Problem 1: ME Board October 1996 How many significant digits do 10.097 have? com> anon Problom 2: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 0.003086 to three significant figures. 0.003 0.00309 0.0031 0.00308 oom> Problem 3: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 34.2814 to four significant figures. 34.2814. 34.281 34.28 34.0 com> Problem 4: ME Board April 1996 Which number has three significant figures? 0.0014 1.4141 0.01414 0.0141 gom> Problem 5: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 149.691 to the nearest integer 149.69 149.7 160 149 pom>8 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 6: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 2.371 x 10° to two significant figures. A. 24x10" B. 237x10° C. 0.2371 x 10° D. 0.002371 x 10"* A. irrational number B. real number C. imaginary number D. avariable Problem 8: ECE Board March 1996 The number 0.123123123123......... is irrational surd rational transcendental gop> Problem 9: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 6785768,342 to the nearest one-tenth 6785768 6785768.4 6785768.3 None of these gom> Problem 10: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Fourteen Ten thousandths 0.0014 0.00014 0.014 0.14 gOm> Problem 11: ECE Board March 1996 MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number? 1964 1994 1984 1974 pom>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 9 Problem 12: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Fourty-Sevenmillionth 0.00000047 0.000047 0.000047 0.000000047 com> Problem 13: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Seven hundred twenty-five hundred thousandths 0.000725 0.00725 0.0725 0.725 gom> Problem 14: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Four and two tenth A. 0.042 B. 4.02 Cc. 42 D. 0.42 Problem 15: ECE Board November 1995 Express 45° in mils A. 80 mils B. 800 mils C. 8000 mils D. 80000 mils Problem 16: ME Board April 1997 What is the value in degrees of 1 radian? 90 87.3 100 45 2OD> Problem 17: CE Board May 1993 ’ 3200 mils is equal to how many degrees? 45° 90° 180° 270° vom>10. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 18: ECE Board November 1995 ‘An angular unit equivalent to 1/400 of the circumference of a circle is called A. mill B. degree C. radian D. grad A. 135 B. 270 Cc. 235 D. 142 Problem 20: ME Board April 1996 How many degrees Celsius is 100 degrees tanrenneit? 2.667° C pomPr Problem 21: EE Board October 1990 What is the absolute temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine? 492 0 460 273 vom> Problem 22: ME Board October 1994 What is the Fahrenheit equivalent of 100 degrees Celsius? 200 180 212 100 sop> Problem 23: EE Board April 1993 ‘The temperature 45° C is equal to 45°F 113° F SPE BF sopPrSystems of Numbers and Conversion 11 Problem 24: ME Board October 1994 pom> How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit? 13.34 1.334 26.67 2667 Problem 25: ME Board October 1996 pomp 10 to the 12” power is the value of the prefix micro femto tea atto Problem 26: EE Board October 1994 gom> ‘The micro or # means: 102 108 10° 107 Problem 27: RME Board October 1994 pomp The prefix pico means 10" of a unit 10° of a unit 10° of a unit 10° of a unit Problem 28: ME Board April 1999 gom> The prefix nano is opposite to mega giga tera hexa Problem 29: 9om> 1 foot is to 12 inches as 1 yard is to spans. Roos12 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 30: EE Board June 1990 A one-inch diameter conduit is equivalent to 254mm. 25.4mm 100 mm, 2.64 mm gop> Problem 31: Ifa foot has 12 inches, then how many hands are there in one foot? gom> eone Problem 32: How many feet difference is 1 nautical mile and 1 statiita mile? 100 feet 200 feet 400 feet 800 feet go> Problem 33: In a hydrographic survey, a certain point below the surface of the water measures 12 fathoms. It is equivalent to a deep of how many feet? 72 60 48 36 pom> Problem 34: The legendary ship, Titanic that sunk in 1912 was estimated to be at the sea bottom at a deep of 18 cables. How deep it is in feet? A. 12,000 B. 12,343 Cc. 12,633 D. 12,960 Problem 35: ME Board October 1994 How many square feet is 100 square meters? 328.1 929 32.81 1076 oom>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 13 Problem 36: ‘A certain luxury ship cruises Cebu to Manila at 21 knots. Ifit will take 21 hours to reach Manila from Cebu, the distance traveled by the ship is nearly 847.5 km, 507.15 statute mile 441 statute mile 414 nautical mile gom> Problem 37: EE Board October 1994 Carry out the following multiplication and express your answer in cubic meter: 8 emx5 mmx 2m. A 8x10? B. 8x10" Cc. 8x10" D. 8x10* Problem 38: ‘Which of the following is equivalent to 1 hectare? 100 ares 2 acres 1000 square meters 50000 square feet pop> Problem 39: Ten square statute miles is equivalent to _ sections. A. 100 Boo: C10 D. 20 Problem 40: The land area of the province of Cebu is §088.39 sq. km. This is equivalent to 5088.39 hectares 1964.64 sq, miles 2257907.2 acres 5.08839 acres gom> Problem 41: ME Board October 1994 How many cubic feet is 100 gallons of liquid? 74.80 1.337 13.37 133.7 gop>14. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 42: ME Board October 1994, ME Board April 1998 How many cubic meters is 100 gallons of liquid? A 1.638 B. 3.785 Cc. 0.164 D. 0378 How many cubic meters is 100 cubic feet of liquid? A. 3.785 B. 28.31 C. 37.85 D. 2.831 Problem 44: Ten (10) cubic meter ic equivalent to how many store? 5 10 20 100 Problem 45: ME Board April 1995 ‘The standard acceleration due to gravity is 32.2 fs” 980 fs” 58.3 fs? 35.3 fs? SORP>r Problem 46: ME Board October 1996 ‘A 7kg mass is suspended in a rope. What is the tension in the rope in SI? 68.67 N 70N TiN 72N pom> Problem 47: ‘A 10-liter pail is full of water, Neglecting the weight of the pail, how heavy is its water content? 5kg 6.67 kg 10 kg 12.5 kg pop>Systems of Numbers and Conversion 15 Problem 48: The unit of work in the mks system is known as joule (J) and the unit of work in the ogs system is erg. How many ergs are there in one joule? A. 10° B. 107 c. 108 D. 108 Problem 49: ME Board April 1998 ‘One horsepower is equivalent to 746 watts ‘7460 watts 74.6 watts 7.46 watts pomp Problem 50: ME Board Uctober 1994 How many horsepower is 746 kilowatts? 500 746 100 4000 gom> ANSWER KEY 1.D 14.0 27.A 40.B 2B 15.8 288 41.C 3C 16B 29A 42D : 4D 17.C 30B 43D RATING 5.C 18.0 31.A 44.8 6A 19.B 32D 45.A QO) 43-50 Topnotcher 7.B 20D 332A 46.A BC 21.A 34.0 47.C J 30-42 Passer 9C 22C 35.0 488 ee 10A 238 368 49.A [J 25-29 conditional 11.B 24.6 37.0 50D 12.C 25.C 38.A (J 0-24 Faited 13.B 26.8 39.0 If FAILED, repeat the test.16 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas SOLUTIONS TO TEST 1 ‘The number 10.097 has 5 significant figures. ‘The number 0.003086 when rounded off to three significant digit becomes 0.00309. ‘The number 34.2814 when rounded off to four significant digit becomes 34.28. 0.0014 has two significant figures 1.4141 has five significant figures 0.01414 has four significant figures 0.0141 has three significant figures a Answer ‘The number 149.691 when rounded off to the nearest integer becomes 150. The number 2.371 x 10° when rounded off to two significant digit becomes 2.4 x 10°, 7 + 0i=7 thus, the answer is, “ real number". Repeating decimal number is a “rational number’ The number 6785768.342 when rounded off to the nearest one-tenth becomes 6785768.3. 14 Fourteen Ten thousandths = ===> = 0.0014 MCMXCIV= M CM XC IV 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994 rs 47 Folaty saver tll ae = 0.000047 2 | 725 Se hundred five hundred thou: = = 0.007: even hundred twenty-five hundred thousanaths = = 25 BEN Four and two tenth = 4,2 REM By ratio and proportion SERBS te Ss 6400 mils 360° x= 800 milsBH a ‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 17 By ratio and proportion. =X rad 360° ~ 2nrad x= 67.3" By ratio and proportion: _x_ _ 3200mils 360° 6400 mils x= 180° Grad By ratio and proportion: _x _ 4800 mils 360° 6400 mils x= 270° Using the formula, °C = 2(F—32) 2 100-32)=37.8"¢ The freezing point of water is equal to 32°F or 0°C. "R=°F +460 32 + 460 = 492°R Using the formula, 9 "Fe =e gers? 21100) +325 212°F Using the formula, ‘ Sec+32 (45) +92 = 113° Using the formula, 5 Bee gf -92) $(@0- 32) = 26.67°C ‘The prefix tera is equivalent to 10” of a unit.18 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas a 31 Ei 5 10* means micro ‘The prefix pico is equivalent to 10 of a unit The prefix nano is equivalent to 10° of a unit while the prefix giga is equivalent to 10° of a unit 1 span is equivalent to 9 inches 1 yard = 3 ft = 36 inches, thus 1 span 36 inche = 4 spans Inches * inches | 1 incn = 2.04 centimeters x 10millimeters, ‘Toentimeter = 254mm 1 hand is equivalent to 4 inches, thus 4 foot = 12 inches x hand 4 inches 1 foot = 3 hands 1 statute mile = 5280 ft. and 1 nautical mile = 6080 ft Let: x = the difference between a nautical mile and a statute mile x = 6080 — 5280 = 000 feet 4 fathom is equivalent to 6 feet, thus 12 fathoms = 6(12) = 72 feet 1 cable is equivalent to 120 fathoms, thus 18 cables = 120(18) = 2160 fathoms 6 feet 18 cables = 2160 fathoms x ‘meter is equivalent to 3.281 ft, thus 1m) = (3.281) 1 1m =10.76 ft 100 m® = 100(10,76) ft 100 m? = 1076 fr Solving for distance, D = Vt nautical miles V= 21 knots = 21 nots = 2 =‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 19 D=21(21) = 441 nautical mites x 115statute mile _ 507.45 statute mile nautical mile 1m jooen 7 08™ RIG 8 cmx. 5 mmx = 0.005 m 1m 000mm 0.08(0.005)(2) = 8 x 10% m® 1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 sq. meters 10 square statute mile = 10(1) = 10 sections 1 square statute mile is equivalent to 1 section, thus 11 square km Is equivalent to 0.360102 sq. rlles ile? A= 5088.39 km? x eo = 1964.64 sq, miles 1 cubic ft. = 7.48 gallons 2 fi 2 400 gallons x ——® _= 43.37 ft 00 gallons = 8 gallons 1 gallon = 3.79 liters 1000 liters = 1 cubic meters 3.79 liters gallon 100 gallons x Given volume is 100 cu. f. 3 m 3 = 100 f° 1 v= 100 «(sara) 2.831 m’ 1 cubic meter = 1 stere, thus, 10 m°= 10 steres The following are the standard gravitational acceleration: 32.2 fils 981 cm/s"; 9.81 mis* The unit of force (tension) in the Si system is newtons (N). oan) = 68.67 N Tension = 7 kg ( s20 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Ga Density of water (p ) is 1000 ort kg m liter W= p-V =1 42. x to liters = 10 kg iiter 1 joule = 10" ergs FEB 1 horsepower = 746 watts FE p= 746 watts = 0.748 kitowatts hp 746 KW x = 1 46 ‘* D746 KW }000 hpFundamentals in Algebra 21 DAY 2 Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables or algebraic expressions. © Closure property ‘Commutative property Associative property Identity property Inverse property © Distributive property : Addition : Multiplication : Addition : Multiplication : Addition : Mattiplication : Addition : Multiplication : Addition : Multiplication a+b ab at+b=bta a-b=b-a (a+b)+c=a+(b+0) (a-b)-c=a-(b- 0) a+0=O+a=a Left Right a(b +0) = ab + ac (a+ b)c=ac+ be In item 4, 0 is called an additive identity while 1 is called a multiplicative identity. In item 5, - a is known as additive inverse of a while 1/a is the multiplicative inverse of a Let a, b and c be real numbers, variables of algebraic expression Reflexive property ‘Symmetiic property Transitive property Substitution property Addition/Subtraction @ ®@ S006 Multiplication/Division faza :Mfa=b, then b=a :lfa=bandb=c, thena=c : If a=, then a can be replaced by b in any expression involving a :ifa=b, thena + Mfa=b, thena—c :ifa=b, then ac=be rifa=b, then 2-2, withe +0 ce +e -c22. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas @ Cancellation property :Ifa+c=b+c,thena=b : fac = be andc# 0, thena=b Let a and b real numbers, variables or algebraic expression. @ a+0=a and a-O=a @ a 0-0 oe? S=0, avd a © = is undefined @ fab =0, thena=0 orb =0. This is known as Zero-Factor Property PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS The exponential notation states that if a is a real number, variable, or algebraic expression and n is a positive number, then Examples: @©eoeeoee 8 8Fundamentals in Algebra 23 PROPERTIES OF RADICALS In the expression, Ya , nis called the index, a the radicand while the symbol is called the radical or radical symbol. Properties: Examples: © Yar - Way" Ye? - Mah - a? =4 © ab -¥e5 IB YOTS ~ YSIGTE) ~ YSIS - 15 y e a. es b+0 2. o Wa Wis 5 © (a)-e (xP = 2x © Ve =\a) YO =|-13)=12, rorn= even number fa =a Yersy =-15, For n = odd number ‘Surd is a radical expressing an irrational number. The surd is described after the index of the radical. For example, 73 is a quadratic surd, ¥3 is a cubic surd, 43 is a quartic surd and so on. - Pure surd, sometimes called as entire surd contains no rational number and all its terms are surds. For example, V3 +/2 . A mixed surd contains at least one rational number. 5 V3 is a mixed surd because 5 is rational number while V3 is a surd. A binomial surd is an expression of two terms with at least one term is @ surd. For example, 5 + /2 . A trinomial surd is an expression of three terms with at least two of them are surds and cannot be expressed as a single surd, otherwise it wil become a binomial surd. Example, 5+ V2 + V3 ‘SPECIAL PRODUCTS Let x, y and z be real numbers, variables or algebraic expression. © Sum and difference of same terms : (x +y)(x-y)=x'-y* Or Difference of two squares @ Square of a binomial wry esis k-yi= oy 2s © Cube of a binomial fry oes Oy enya x= axy+ @ Difference of two cubes cee YO? + xy + 7)24 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas @ Sum of two cubes rey? = x+y)? oxy +7) @ Square of a trinomial Qty + xP ax ty? +27 + Qxy + 2x + 2yz PROPERTIES OF PROPORTI a) S b) °) d) e) ) Note in item (a), quantities a & d are called extremes and x & y are called means. If x=, this is known as the mean proportional. in the ratio xly, the first term x is called antecedent while the second term y is called the consequent. Ifx = y, the means are known as mean proportional antecedent eats a ax=y-d ax= 2 , xe th (4 ae fa polynomial in an unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree expression in the ‘same variable, (x — k), where k may be any real or complex number, the remainder to be expected will be equal to the sum obtained when the numerical value of kis substituted for x in the polynomial, Thus, "Remainder =f) okFundamentals in Algebra 25 If the polynomial is divided by (xk) will result to a remainder of zero, then the value (x k) is a factor of the polynomial. This is known as the Factor Theorem. Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were suggested by a French Mathematician, Etienne Bezout (1730 — 1783). Tips:1. Least Common Denominator (LCD) — refers to the product of several prime numbers occuring in the denominators, each taken with its greatest multiplicity. For example: LCD of 8, 9, 12 and 15 is 360 What is the LCD of 8, 9, 12 and 15? Soin; 8=2° 9 12=3x2 5=3x5 Lop = aS = 260 2, Least Common Multiple (LCM) ~ refers to the smallest integer that is a multiple of each of the given numbers. What is the least common multiple of 15 and 18? Soin. 15=3x5 1B=3 x2 LOM=3°x2x5=90 By principle, the LCD may be regarded as LCM and vice versa. 3. Greatest Common Factor (GCF) ~ refers to the largest integer which is a factor of each of the given numbers. What is the greatest common factor of 70 and 112? Soin: 70 =2x5x7 112=2°x7 Taking the common factors of both 70 and 112 which are 2 and 7, then, GCF =2x7=14 Note that 2 and 7 are the common to both 70 and 112. BiB you now that...The two long parallel lines (=) asa symbol for equality was introduced by Robert Recorde in 1557. Proceed to the next page for your second test. GOODLUCK ! =26 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas mee ~ HUGE Time element: 3 hours & 45 minutes eee Problem 51: ECE Board April 1999 If 16 is 4 more than 4x, find 5x - 1. A 14 B. 3 c. 12 05 Problem 52: EE Board October 1992 Find the value of xin Xt, Be na7—2x 16.47 12.87 18.27 20.17 oop> Problem 53: EE Board October 1991 Find the value of x in the equations: AA =A mY: 50/9 80/9 70/9 60/9 pop> Problem 54: EE Board October 1997 Find the values of x and y from the equations: A. 11/7, 5/7 B. 14/9, 8/9 Cc. 4/9, 8/9— Fundamentals in Algebra 27 D. 3/2, 5/3 Problem 55: ME Board October 1995 Solve for the value of x and y. ax+2y=5 — 13x-By=2 pom> Problem 56: ME Board October 1996 Solve the simultaneous equations: 2x? —3y? =6 8x? 42y? = 35, A B. y C. x=80r-3, y=-2or-1 D. x=3or-3, y=2or-3 Problem 57: CE Board May 1997 Find the value of w in the following equations: 3x-2y+w=11 x+5y-2w=-9 2x+y ~3w oop> ea 2 Problem 58: EE Board October 1993 Solve for the value of x. 2x-y+z=6 x-3y-2z 2x— 3y -32 9Om> anes Problem 59: ME Board October 1996 Solve the simultaneous equations:28 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 60: EE Board April 1997 ‘Multiply the following: (2x + Sy)(5x — 2y) 10x? — 21xy + 10y” =10x7 + 2txy + 10y? 10x" + 21xy ~ 1 10x" ~ 24xy ~ 10y? Problem 61: EE Board March 1998 Determine the sum of the positive valued solution to the simultaneous equations: xy = 15, yz = 35, zx= 21 gom> A 45 B. 13 CoAe D. 19 Problem 62: ECE Board April 1991 ; 20.2) 9-4 Ate simpiy, 27) betye}? foe}? 4 ns B. we D. We Problem 63: ECE Board November 1993 Simplify the following equation 5x x+3 2x44 D247x4+3 2x?—3x-2 x7 +x-6 4 x+ 2 x e 3Fundamentals in Algebra 29 4 er) z GS x43 Problem 65: ECE Board April 1991 Simplify: 7°7? — 8(7)°*" + 5(7)* + 49(7)°-> b? - 4b +16 (bi Solve for x: x= . b?+64 b+4 b-4 b+2 b?-4 b+2 D. b-430. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 67: ECE Board April 1993 x y z Solve for y: pomp> » + o Problem 68: ME Board October 1996 x42 Resolve into partial fraction. Problem 69: CE Board May 1996 Find the value of A in the equation: x?4+4x+10 A, B(2x+2) a sey Xe Wo eDaBK X xP 44S ee x? 2x45 A -2 B. 12 c. -12 D. 2 Problem 70: ME Board October 1996 ‘The value of (3 to 2.5 power) square is equal to: A. 729 R 140 C. 243 D. 81 Problem 71: Evaluate: 64% . 4¥ A. 256 B. at)Fundamentals in Algebra 31 c. eat Baty Problem 72: ECE Board April 1993 Solve for x in the following equations. 27 =97 BY 3” At B15 ic 2 D. 25 Problem 73: ECE Board April 1993, a 452") - 10(62""1) Evaluate: 267") ep> D. y=18 Problem 74: ECE Board April 1990 Given: (e"Ja™)=100000 an - 1990000 > gom> Problem 75: ECE Board November 1991 Give the factors of a? - x?. 2a-2 (atx)(a-x) (atx)(atx) 2x-2a com> Problem 76: ME Board April 1996 Factor the expression x? + 6x +8 as completely as possible. A. (x#4)(x+2) B. (x-4)(x+2)32. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas C. (x-4)(x=2) D. (x+6)(x+2) Problem 77: ECE Board November 1990 (a-b)°=? a° —3a*b+3ab? +b® a® - 3a*b- Sab? -b® a? +3a7b + 3ab? —b® a? - 3a%b + Jab? —b® 9oOB> Problem 78: Find the value of k so that 4x* + 6x + k is a perfect square. 36 25 9 2.25 9OR> Problem 79: ME Board April 1995 Factor the expression 3x ~ 3x? ~ 18x 3x (x-3)(x+2) 3x (x+3)(x+2) A B. C. 3x(x+3)(x=2) D. 3x(x-3)(x-2) Problem 80: Ifp—q=5 and pq= —, then p* + q” equals k 26k 25+k he 25 9 Op> Problem 81: ME Board April 1995. ‘Simplify b™"Fundamentals in Algebra 33 Problem 82: ME Board April 1998 Find the value of x which will satisfy the following expression: Vx —2 = Vx +2 A 32 B. 9/4 Cc. 18/6 D. None of these ab Jab ab D. Yab Problem 84: ME Board April 1996 Ifx to the 3/4 power equals 8, x equals ~9 6 9 16 poOm> Problem 85: Solve for x: yx +2V2x+3 -3 i 23 3and 23 20 GORE34 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 86: CE Board November 1991 Solve for x from the given equation: 8 Yavex =2 Problem 87: EE Board October 1997 If f(X) = 2x? + 2x + 4, what is (2)? A 4x42 B. 16 C. 4x2 D. If n is any positive integer, when (n-1)(n-2)(n-3)... (3)(2)(1) = ew (n-1)! n! 1" Problem 89: What is the least common multiple of 15 and 187 ‘What is the lowest common factor of 10 and 32? 320Fundamentals in Algebra 35 Problem 92: EE Board April 1996, EE Board March 1998 The polynomial x° + 4x? ~3x +8 is divided by x - 5, then the remainder is, 175 140 218 200 com> Problem 93: Find the quotient of 3x° - 4x° + 2x” + 36x + 48 divided by x°-2x* + 6. 3x2 - 4x-8 30+ 4x+8 3x. -6x-8 3x? + 6x+8 po@> Problem 94: CE Board November 1997 Find the remainder if we divide 4y° + 18y* + By — 4 by (2y + 3). 10 au 15 13 gom> Problem 95: ECE Board April 1999 Given: f(x) = (x + 3)(x— 4) + 4. When f(x) is divided by (x - k), the remainder is k, Find k. A B. ¢. D. OOAN Problem 96: The expression x* + ax’ + 5x* + bx + 6 when divided by (x — 2) leaves a remainder of 16 and when divided by (x + 1) leaves a remainder of 10. Find a and b. ‘The mean of x and y is a, the mean of y and z is b and the mean of x and z is c. ‘What is the mean of x, y and z? a atbee 336 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas p arbre 2 atb+c c ‘abe pane a+b+c Problem 98: ECE Board April 1999 Find the mean proportional of 4 and 36. 72 24 12 20 pom> Problem 99: ECE Board April 1998 ‘The arithmetic mean of 80 numbers is 55. If two numbers namely 250 and 850 are removed, wheal is Ure atillmuelic mean Of Ure retaining numbers? A 42.31 B. 50 C. 38.62 D. 57.12 Problem 100: ECE Board April 1998 The arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is 17. If two numbers are added to the progression, the new set of numbers will have an arithmetic mean of 19. What are the two numbers if their difference is 4? A. 21,25 B. 23,27 Cc. 8,12 D. 16,20 ANSWER KEY 64.4 77.0 65. 78.D 79.8 RATING 2 is geses 8ses [J ua-s0 topnotcher [Lj a3-u2 passer [_] 25-32 conditional [_] 9-24 Failed If FAILED, repeat the test. SeSsse >o>omm000e BOBEOOD0BDO o 51 52. Bas 54, Bi 56: 7. 8. 9. 0. 1 2. 3. PO>OQOYSOBOY>Y 5 5 5 6 6 6: 6Substitute (1) in (2): 24y—2)+y— By-4+y—4 Fundamentals in Algebra 37 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 238 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 13x - 3y=2 7 @e@ ‘Substitute (1) in (2): (2x? -3y?-6}s 6x? - gy? = 18 re (3x2 +-2y? =35 )2 6x? +4y? =70 Te ‘Subtract (1) from (2): 6x? + 4y?— (ex? ay?Fundamentals in Algebra 39 Multiply (2) by 3x+ 15y-6w=-27 wr O Subtract (4) by (1): (x + 15y ~ 6w) ~ (3x - 2 + w) = - 27-11 17y-Tw=- 38 Tw -38 Tee w@ Multiply (2) by 2: 2x+ 10y-4w=-18 wr @ Subtract (6) by (3): (2x + 10y — 4w) — (2x + y - Sw) = -18 - (- 6) sy-w=-12 a @O Substitute (5) in (7): 7w-38] 4) 2%) wate 63w — 342 — 17w =-204 ws3 EI ax-yt z= 6 =o x-3y-22=13 = 2x-3y-32=16 xr @ Subtract (2) from (3): (2x — By ~ 82) — (x- By -22) = 16 - 13 Multiply (1) by (3): 6x—3y +3z = 18 ‘Subtract (2) from (6): (6x ~ 3y + 32) ~ (x 3y - 22) x + 6;40 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas z=5+y +e ‘Substitute (4) in (3): y+@+y)+1=0 2y=-6 y=-3 2=5+(-3)=2 Xe=4=( (2x + 5y)(5x = 2y) = 10x? - dxy + 25xy - 10y” }Ox? + 21xy — 10y” Multiply the three given equations: Gy) yz)(ax9 = 15(35)(21) (xyz)* = 11025 xyz = 105 =e Substitute xy = 15, in ©: Substitute yz = 36, in ©: 35x = 105 Substitute zx = 21, in @: 2ty = 105 ys5 Thus, x+y+z=3+5+7=16 5x X+3_, Oxet 2x? 47x43 2x?-3x-2 x? +x-6 Sets eee tines nae (2x+DKF3) (Ax +1(K-2) * (K+3)(K-2) _ 5x(X=2)— (K+3)(x +3) + (2x+ 2x41) be (2x + 1)(x + 3)(x—2)Fundamentals in Algebra 41 ___8x?7-42x-8 4x? -3x-2) = Bx D+ 3X2) (2x+ (K+ 3-2) _ 42x + (x= 2) © Bx K+ 3-2) 4 e43 EN 2? 20+ 508 +490? = 797? 77+ ap =7°(49-56+5+1) =-78 go (b?-40+16 )(b?-16) _(b?-4b+16 )(b-4 (+4) a 344) - 2 2 goss be +4) (b+4 |b? -4b+4 wylb=5) Gao? sol X42 &=3)K=4) x= x4 3)42 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Equate coefficients of x: 1=A+B A=1-B +o Equate constants: 2=-4A-3B Te Substitute (1) in (2): -4(1-B)-3B -4+4B-3B POND Thus, x2 7412 Gi x244x+10 A B(2x+2) c 38 2x7 45x KF OKHB XP HOKE _ Abe? +2x 4 5) Bx(2x +2) +Cx xb? +2x+5) x2 +4x+10 _ Ax? +2AK+5A +2Bx? + 2Bx+Cx x9 + 2x? +x x9 + 2x? 45x By equating constants: 10 = 5A A=2 [es -28 64%4Y = (4)%* (4) = (4) Y (81) (3)* = 243 @)%@)* =@)° 70 7 =)" @*=@ ‘Squaring both sides: (3) =@)¥ +e ‘Substitute (2) in (1): )%@)* =@)* @*@y* =(9)% ex-Fundamentals in Algebra 43 alee*)-10f6-) _ 26") 9652) 73. = = my see os (5™.5')- 567.5-* a y=2(6')-5(5")=9 @°}e)- 100,000 70 0 ; at=10a™ -'® x? 46x48 =(x+4)(x+2) (a-b)’ = 2° -3a%b + 3ab? -b® x? +6x+k=0]t x? +1.5x+0.25k =0 Since it is a perfect square, then 2 [Z| =0.25k , k=2.2544 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 3x? -3x? -18x=ax(x?-x-6) =3x(x-3)(x+2) p-q=5 By squaring both sides: , - a= 6) p*—2pq+ q2= 25 pi + q?= 25 +2pq v= eae ae (va=2 Ff -(Ye+2f x-2=x+ayx +4 Av =-6 Note: Since x = 9/4 will not satisfy to the given general equation when substituted, this equation is classified as defective and thus, the answer is “None of these”. OS otf fab) Yab 4 x=(8)3 =16 Eh ks 2exss By squaring both sides: x+2V2x4+3 =9 2V2x+3=9-xey | Fundamentals in Algebra 45 By squaring both sides; 4(2x + 3) = (9-x)* By completing the square: (x= 13)? = - 69 + (13)? (= 13)?= 100 x-13= +10 (absurd) x=3 feaJex =2 By raising both sides to exponent 4: 8 i2Jex =(2)4 =16 Yavex =2 By raising both sides to exponent 2. 2Vex = (2)° =8 vex =4 By raising both sides to exponent 2: 8x = (4)? =16 x=2 fQ9 = 2x + 2x+4 {(2) = 22) + 2(2)+4= 16 al = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) ......(3)(2)(1) (9-1)! = (-1)(n-2)(0-3)........ (B)(2)(1)_F Formulas 15 =5-3 18 =6-3 Least common multiple = 5-6-3=90 10 =5-2 32 =2.2.2.2.2 Lowest common factor = 2 12=43=4.3 16=4.4 =4.4 Greatest common divisor = 4 f(x) = x° + 4x? -3x+8 ; divisor =x—5 Note: Using remainder theorem, remainder = f (5). Remainder = (6)° + 4(5)? -3(5) +8 = 21846 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 3x? +6x+8 x8 + 2x? +6)3x5 — 4x? + 2x? + 36x +48 (-) 3x® 6x4 + 18x? 6x4 — 4x3 - 16x? + 36x (G) 6x4 - 12x? + 36x 8x? - 16x? +48 (-) 8x3 - 16x? +48 0 fly) = 4y? + 18y? + By —4 divisor= 2y +3=y- [-3] Note: Using remainder theorem, remainder = f f All ff oeal iain Remainder = f(k) f(k) =k? -k-8 = oO ‘Substitute the given remainder = k in (1): k=K-k-8 EE =x tar +52 +ox+6 Note: Remainder = f(r). When divisor is (x- 2), r= 2.8 f() = 16 f(0) = (2) + a(2)° + 5(2)* + b(2) +6 = 8a+2b +42 roFundamentals in Algebra 47 When dlvisoris (+ 1),¢=-1 & (9) = 10 (9 = (-1)* +a (-1)° + 5(-1)" + b-1) +6 a-b+12 10=-a-b+12 2eatb re Substitute (1) in (2): 2=a+ (-13-4a) =9a=15 as-5 b=-13-4(-5)=7 By adding a, b and c: atbtc= X*¥, +2, X+zZ ea eee Afex+2y+2z] atbtc=xty+z Mean =-X+y+zZ_a+b+c 3 2 EER Let: x= the mean proportion of 4 and 36 ea ie a. t E six 8 FER ct: x= the arithmetic sum of 80 numbers, Arithmetic meat = =55 x= 80(55) = 4400 y= new Arithmetic mean x= (250+ 850) 80-2 y= 42.31 Let. x= the first number x +4 = the second number y= sum of the original 6 numbers. Arithmetic mean =% = 17 y= 17(6) = 10248 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Y+x+(x+4) 49 642 102+ 2x+4 8 106 + 2x = 19(8) 2x = 46 x=23 x+4=27 =19Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 49 QUADRATIC EQUATION The general quadratic equation is expressed as: Ad +Bx+ C=0, where a, b and c are real numbers and with a #0. A quadratic equation in x is also known as a second-degree polynomial equation. Quadratic formula: Nature of roots: The discriminant, B°~4AC determines the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. » When B? — 4AC = 0, roots are real and equal (one root only) When B?~ 4AC > 0, rools are real and unequal When B? — 4AC < 0, roots are imaginary and unequal Properties of roots: Let r: and ra be the roots of a quadratic equation. ‘When the two roots are added: ‘When the two roots are multiplied: Pure quadratic equation — is when B = 0. In such case, r= -12 Binomial is a polynomial or expression of two terms. When a binomial is raised to a certain power, the expansions are as follows:50 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ee sy exty wry ana wry? 4 ery =x Bata PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION: In the expansion of (x + y)" , and as observed in the given expansions above, the following are the properties of a binomial expansion: ‘The number of terms in a resulting expansion = n + 1 The powers of x decrease by 1 in successive terms, while the power of y increase by 1 in successive terms. The sum of the powers of each term =n. ‘The first term is x" and the last term is y" and each of the terms has a coefficient of 1. @ The coefficients increase and then decrease in a symmetrical pattem. To express everything in general terms, the so-called Binomial Theorem was established and expressed as follows: Also, the coefficients of a binomial expansion can be conveniently obtained by arranging them in a triangular array of pattern. This is known as Pascal's Triangle, named after the famous French Mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662). Binomial Pascal's Triangle «x+y? —— > ry) ode: «ty ——> 1 eye 1 «+tyf —> 14) +, —> 1°56 10 105 1 &+y’ — > 1 6 1520 156 1 Note: Any number in the Pasca''s triangle is obtained by adding the two adjacent numbers above it. For example, the number 6 is obtained by adding 3 and 3. ‘Another way of determining the coefficient of any term in a binomial expansion is to use the following formulaQuadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 51 where: P.T. = preceding term The rterm of the binomial expansion of (x + y)" may be calculated using the following formulas: 5 A term involving a variable with a specific exponent is obtained by using the following formula: ‘Sum of the coefficients of the ‘Sum of exponents of the expansion ‘expaneion of (x + y)": ary. LOGARITHMS The term logarithm was derived from Greek words, “logus” meaning “ratio” and “anit mus” meaning “number". John Napier (1550 ~ 1617) of Scotland invented logarithm 1614. Napier used e = 2.716... for its base. In 1616, it was improved by a professor of geometry at Gresham College in London, Henry Briggs (1561 — 1630) using 10 as base. Common logarithm (logio or simply log) is a logarithm using the decimal base 10. This is also known as Brigg’s or Briggsian logarithm. Natural logarithm (In) is a logarithm using the base e. This is also known as Napier’s or Napierian logarithm in honor of Napier. The number, e is known as Euler’s Number,named after the Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler (1707 — 1783) and is defined as, ‘ e= lim (1-2) aval n Binary logarithm (denoted as Ib) is a logarithm with a base value of 2 Since logarithm is an exponent, this illustrates that loge x is the exponent to which b must be raised to obtain x. Therefore,52 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ofan a Log 216 =4 maybewrittenas 24= 16 tose oo PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS: © 10g (xy) =logx+ logy log > = log x-log y @ ® logx =nlogx e @ logx k = ax 00.8 Tag ote eh @® \oga =1 The natural logarithm can be converted into a common logarithm and vice versa. To obtain this, a factor known as the modulus of logarithms is necessary, such as log x = 0.4343 In x also, Inx= 2.3026 logx modulus Degree of a polynomial or equation — refers to the maximum sum of the exponents of the variables in any term of the polynomial. What is the degree 3x‘y - 2x°2* + 7yz°2 Ans. 7, which is the sum of 3 and 4 of the second term. 1BjB you finow tft... Newton whilea student at age 22, invented differential and integral calculus, discovered the law of universal gravitation, formulated the three laws of motion, developed the new theory of light in just 18 months and set a record of the most productive periods of achievement by an individual in the history of science. Proceed to the next page for your third test. GOODLUCK | &Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 53 Time element: 3.0 hours Problem 101: ECE Board March 1996 The equation of whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of 2x" - 3x6 = Ois, 5x. + 3x-2=0 2x2 +3x-5=0 3X -3x+2=0 2x + 5x-3=0 com> Problem 102: EE Board October 1993 In the equation x’ + x = 0, one root is x equal to A. Bic 5: c. 14 D. none of these Problem 103: ECE Board April 1990 Solve for the value of “a” in the equation a° - 17a‘ + 16 = 0. £2 +3 +4 +5 com> Problem 104: ME Board October 1996 Solve for x that satisfies the equation 6x - 7x - 5 = 0. A Sort 8. gore c. fort D. ord54 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 105: EE Board October 1: Find the values of x in the equation 24x" + 5x - 1 =0. A i» ad c. D. Problem 106: EE Board October 1990 Determine k so that the equation 4x" + kx + 1 = 0 will have just one real solution. 3 4 a 6 gop> Problem 107: ME Board April 1996 Solve for x: 10x* + 10x+1=0 — 0.113, - 0.887 0.331, - 0.788 0.113, - 0.788 -0.311, -0.887 gop> Problem 108: If 1/3 and -3/2 are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation is 0 6x -7x+1=0 Problem 109: Which of the following is a root of this quadratic equation, 30x* + 49x + 20 = 0?Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm $$ Problem 110: What is the discriminant of the equation 4x* = 8x — 5? 8 -16 16 8 pop> Problem 111: Given the equation 3x" + Bx + 12 = 0. Whatiis the value of B so that the roots of the equation are equal? A 4 B 8 Cc. 10 D. -12 Prahlem 127 Find the term involving y° in the expansion of (2x" + y)"® com> 8 g 8 Problem 113: Find the 5" term of the expansion of ( + Aye x 260 x 5040 x° 210x% 420 x° com> Problem 114: ECE Board April 1998 In the expression of (x + 4y)'7, the numerical coefficient of the 5" term is, 63,360 128,720 506,880 253,440 Dom> Problem 115: ‘What is the fourth term of the expansion of (x + x7)? 1650 x' 161700 x 167100 x'° 167100 x"? pomp>