TCP/IP MODEL:

The OSI Model we just looked at is just a reference/logical model. It was

designed to describe the functions of the communication system by dividing
the communication procedure into smaller and simpler components.
TCP/IP was designed and developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) in
the 1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of
the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike the seven layers in the OSI
model.
The number of layers is sometimes referred to as five or four. Here In this
article, we’ll study five layers. The Physical Layer and Data Link Layer are
referred to as one single layer as the ‘Physical Layer’ or ‘Network Interface
Layer’ in the 4-layer reference.
What Does TCP/IP Do?
The main work of TCP/IP is to transfer the data of a computer from one device
to another. The main condition of this process is to make data reliable and
accurate so that the receiver will receive the same information which is sent
by the sender. To ensure that, each message reaches its final destination
accurately, the TCP/IP model divides its data into packets and combines them
at the other end, which helps in maintaining the accuracy of the data while
transferring from one end to another end.

What is the Difference between TCP and IP?

TCP and IP are different protocols of Computer Networks. The basic
difference between TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet
Protocol) is in the transmission of data. In simple words, IP finds the
destination of the mail and TCP has the work to send and receive the mail.
UDP is another protocol, which does not require IP to communicate with
another computer. IP is required by only TCP. This is the basic difference
between TCP and IP.
How Does the TCP/IP Model Work?
Whenever we want to send something over the internet using the TCP/IP
Model, the TCP/IP Model divides the data into packets at the sender’s end
and the same packets have to be recombined at the receiver’s end to form the
same data, and this thing happens to maintain the accuracy of the data.
TCP/IP model divides the data into a 4-layer procedure, where the data first
go into this layer in one order and again in reverse order to get organized in
the same way at the receiver’s end.
For more, you can refer to TCP/IP in Computer Networking.
Layers of TCP/IP Model
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer(TCP/UDP)
3. Network/Internet Layer(IP)
4. Data Link Layer (MAC)
5. Physical Layer
The diagrammatic comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI model is as follows:

TCP/IP and OSI

1. Physical Layer
It is a group of applications requiring network communications. This layer is
responsible for generating the data and requesting connections. It acts on
behalf of the sender and the Network Access layer on the behalf of the
receiver. During this article, we will be talking on the behalf of the receiver.

2. Data Link Layer

The packet’s network protocol type, in this case, TCP/IP, is identified by the
data-link layer. Error prevention and “framing” are also provided by the data-
link layer. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) framing and Ethernet IEEE 802.2
framing are two examples of data-link layer protocols.

3. Internet Layer
This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the
protocols which are responsible for the logical transmission of data over the
entire network. The main protocols residing at this layer are as follows:
• IP: IP stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for
delivering packets from the source host to the destination host by
looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers. IP has 2 versions:
IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most websites are using
currently. But IPv6 is growing as the number of IPv4 addresses is
limited in number when compared to the number of users.
• ICMP: ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is
encapsulated within IP datagrams and is responsible for providing
hosts with information about network problems.
• ARP: ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find
the hardware address of a host from a known IP address. ARP has
several types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP, and
Inverse ARP.
The Internet Layer is a layer in the Internet Protocol (IP) suite, which is the
set of protocols that define the Internet. The Internet Layer is responsible for
routing packets of data from one device to another across a network. It does
this by assigning each device a unique IP address, which is used to identify
the device and determine the route that packets should take to reach it.
Example: Imagine that you are using a computer to send an email to a friend.
When you click “send,” the email is broken down into smaller packets of data,
which are then sent to the Internet Layer for routing. The Internet Layer
assigns an IP address to each packet and uses routing tables to determine
the best route for the packet to take to reach its destination. The packet is
then forwarded to the next hop on its route until it reaches its destination.
When all of the packets have been delivered, your friend’s computer can
reassemble them into the original email message.
In this example, the Internet Layer plays a crucial role in delivering the email
from your computer to your friend’s computer. It uses IP addresses and
routing tables to determine the best route for the packets to take, and it
ensures that the packets are delivered to the correct destination. Without the
Internet Layer, it would not be possible to send data across the Internet.

4. Transport Layer
The TCP/IP transport layer protocols exchange data receipt
acknowledgments and retransmit missing packets to ensure that packets
arrive in order and without error. End-to-end communication is referred to as
such. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol are
transport layer protocols at this level (UDP).
• TCP: Applications can interact with one another using TCP as
though they were physically connected by a circuit. TCP transmits
data in a way that resembles character-by-character transmission
rather than separate packets. A starting point that establishes the
connection, the whole transmission in byte order, and an ending
point that closes the connection make up this transmission.
• UDP: The datagram delivery service is provided by UDP, the other
transport layer protocol. Connections between receiving and
sending hosts are not verified by UDP. Applications that transport
little amounts of data use UDP rather than TCP because it
eliminates the processes of establishing and validating connections.

5. Application Layer

This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is

responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. It
shields the upper-layer applications from the complexities of data. The three
main protocols present in this layer are:
• HTTP and HTTPS: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It
is used by the World Wide Web to manage communications
between web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-
Secure. It is a combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer).
It is efficient in cases where the browser needs to fill out forms, sign
in, authenticate, and carry out bank transactions.
• SSH: SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations
software similar to Telnet. The reason SSH is preferred is because
of its ability to maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up a secure
session over a TCP/IP connection.
• NTP: NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to
synchronize the clocks on our computer to one standard time source.
It is very useful in situations like bank transactions. Assume the
following situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry
out a transaction, where your computer reads the time at 2:30 PM
 while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very
badly if it’s out of sync.
The host-to-host layer is a layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
model that is responsible for providing communication between hosts
(computers or other devices) on a network. It is also known as the transport
layer.
Some common use cases for the host-to-host layer include:
1. Reliable Data Transfer: The host-to-host layer ensures that data
is transferred reliably between hosts by using techniques like error
correction and flow control. For example, if a packet of data is lost
during transmission, the host-to-host layer can request that the
packet be retransmitted to ensure that all data is received correctly.
2. Segmentation and Reassembly: The host-to-host layer is
responsible for breaking up large blocks of data into smaller
segments that can be transmitted over the network, and then
reassembling the data at the destination. This allows data to be
transmitted more efficiently and helps to avoid overloading the
network.
3. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: The host-to-host layer is
responsible for multiplexing data from multiple sources onto a
single network connection, and then demultiplexing the data at the
destination. This allows multiple devices to share the same network
connection and helps to improve the utilization of the network.
4. End-to-End Communication: The host-to-host layer provides a
connection-oriented service that allows hosts to communicate with
each other end-to-end, without the need for intermediate devices to
be involved in the communication.
Example: Consider a network with two hosts, A and B. Host A wants to send
a file to host B. The host-to-host layer in host A will break the file into smaller
segments, add error correction and flow control information, and then
transmit the segments over the network to host B. The host-to-host layer in
host B will receive the segments, check for errors, and reassemble the file.
Once the file has been transferred successfully, the host-to-host layer in host
B will acknowledge receipt of the file to host A.
In this example, the host-to-host layer is responsible for providing a reliable
connection between host A and host B, breaking the file into smaller
segments, and reassembling the segments at the destination. It is also
responsible for multiplexing and demultiplexing the data and providing end-
to-end communication between the two hosts.

Other Common Internet Protocols

TCP/IP Model covers many Internet Protocols. The main rule of these Internet
Protocols is how the data is validated and sent over the Internet. Some
Common Internet Protocols include:
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP takes care of Web
Browsers and Websites.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): FTP takes care of how the file is to
be sent over the Internet.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): SMTP is used to send and
receive data.
Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP OSI

TCP refers to Transmission Control

OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.
Protocol.

TCP/IP uses both the session and

OSI uses different session and presentation
presentation layer in the application
layers.
layer itself.

TCP/IP follows connectionless a

OSI follows a vertical approach.
horizontal approach.

The Transport layer in TCP/IP does

In the OSI model, the transport layer provides
not provide assurance delivery of
assurance delivery of packets.
packets.

While in the OSI model, Protocols are better

Protocols cannot be replaced easily
covered and are easy to replace with the
in TCP/IP model.
technology change.

Connectionless and connection-oriented

TCP/IP model network layer only
services are provided by the network layer in
provides connectionless services.
the OSI model.