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© Publisher
Edition - Second
Edition Year - 2023
Preface Index
Writer - SSGC
M.R.P.: 100/-
There are two main objectives of
Pictorial Presentation of various subjects
l Computer : An
Printed at - of General Studies. The First One - to Introduction 5-8
gain confidence in studying the entire s Computer s Meaning s Working System
Core Publishing Solution subjects in a short time. The Other One - s Full Form s Structure s Major functions
these facts should get imprinted on the s Working System of Computer Architec-
Contact : ture s Applications s Data and their types
brain of the readers. Consequently the
aspirants will be able to remember the l History of
Sam-Samayik facts within no time in the
Ghatna Chakra examination hall. Our aim is that an
Computer 9-24
s Evolution & Development of Computer
188A/128, Allenganj, Churchlane, aspirant should be able to solve at s Meaning, origin and innovation of
Prayagraj (Allahabad) - 211002 least two questions more from
Abacus s Napier Bones Device
each topic because of imbibing s Pascaline and Leibniz Calculator
Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525
this very effective pictorial s Father of Computer s Hollerith Census
Mob.: 9335140296 representation. Tabulator s ABC Computer s MARK-I
e-mail : [email protected] A good book is one that s EDVAC s ENIAC s UNIVAC-I
Website : ssgcp.com depicts and imbibe happiness. q Classification of Development of
Computer s Based on Working Technol-
e-shop Website : shop.ssgcp.com While presenting this subject
ogy s Analog Computer s Examples of
matter, it has been kept in mind Analog Computer s Examples of Analog
Copyright 2020, by Sam-Samayik that only the important and Signal q Digital Computer and its
relevant facts should get a example s Hybrid Computer and its
Ghatna Chakra Private Limited. No
place in this presentation along example s Computers classified on the
Part of this publication may be with no factual error at all. basis of size and work s Mini Computer
reproduced or distributed in any Moreover only the and its use s Micro Computer and its use
Purvavalokan related facts s Personal Computer and its use and
form or by any means, electronic, development s Workstation and its use
have been incorporated here.
mechanical, photocopying, recording s Notebook Computer and its develop-
While presenting this book ment s Use, Type, Part, Advantage and
or otherwise or stored in database or before the readers, we have
Disadvantage of Tablet Computer
retrieval system without the prior worked hard to assay all key s Palmtop and Smartphone s Mainframe
written permission of publisher. facts with utmost accuracy. Computer and its use s Super Computer
Undoubtedly, we are in a and its speed measurement and use s Best
The program listings (if any) may five super computers s Exam Facts and
position to say that there is 99.9
be entered stored and executed in a percent accuracy or above. This
Interesting Facts s Super Computer in O
India q Computers Classified on the basis
computer system, but they may book is well designed, handy,
of Hardware Usage s First Generation
.C
not be reproduced for publication. and appropriate for revision Computer s Second Generation Computer
at the eleventh hours of the s Third Generation Computer s Fourth
S

examination with appropriate Generation Computer s Fifth Generation

design elements and a sense of Computer s Future Use s Next Generation
TE

originality. Computer s Generation of Computer - At a

Writer glance
& Associates Despite all efforts to
l Components of
O

make this book very efficacious, if

any doubt arises regarding facts,
Computer System
FN

Sudhakar Tiwari readers are always welcomed to

Shubham Gupta
contact on our WHATSAPP 25-52
platform. You may WHATSAPP on q Hardware & Software
D

Asif Iqbal mobile number 8081655444. Your q Input Device

.P

doubts will be resolved within 72 hours s Man Data Input Device s Software
compulsorily. Keyboard s Virtual Keyboard s On Screen
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Pictorial Presentation 2 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Index
Keyboard s Hardware Keyboard s Parts of Software q Types of software s System
Keyboard s Functions Keys s Special Purpose Software and its types s Operating System,
Keys s Characteristics of Mouse s Mouse, Language Translator and Device Driver
Trackball, Joystick s Light Pen, Touch Screen s s Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter
Source Data Input Device s Speech Recognition s q Difference between compiler and inter-
Sound Card, Microphone, Video Camera, Digital preter s Types of Operating System
Camera, Scanner q Source Data Automation q Development based s Serial Operating
s OCR, OMR, MICR, OBR, PCR s Storage System, Batch Operating System s Embedded,
Device and its types q Primary or Main Network and Distributed Operating System
Memory s ROM, PROM, E-PROM, EE-PROM s Multi Tasking and Multi Programming
q Temporary or Volatile Memory s RAM and Operating System s Open/Closed Source
its characteristics s Cache Memory s Secondary Operating System s Some Popular Operating
or Auxiliary Memory q Access Mode s Use and System s Microsoft Windows NT q Unix, Linux
Example of Sequential Access s Formulae of and Android Operating System s Application
storage capacity of Magnetic Tape s Example of Software (Special and General) s Example of
Direct Access s Magnetic Disk (Hard Disk, General Application Software q Processing,
Floppy Disk) s Optical Disk and its Example Spreadsheet, Presentation, Accounting and
s CD-ROM, CD-R/W, DVD, BD q Electronic DTP Software q Database, Graphics and CAD
Storage Device q Virtual Memory s Difference Software s Difference Between System Software
between Primary and Secondary memory, Storage and Application Software s Utility Software
Capacity and Access Time of Memory q Buffer q File Management Utility and Disk Manage-
Memory and its use q Spool/Spooling ment Utility q Software Package and its Use,
q Selection of Computer Memory for use Example and Definition s Other Software -
q Flash Memory, Memory Card q Processing Retail Software, Freeware, Group ware, Share
Device (CPU) and its structure s Computer's ware, Firmware, Software License, Install,
working system s Three parts of CPU Uninstall Program s Bug and Debug q Syntax
s Register/Memory Unit and its Function Error and Logic Error s Booting (Cold Boot and
s Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit Worm Boot) s Algorithm with Kernel and
s Factors affecting the speed of a CPU Example q Flowchart and Example
s Computer Clock, Word Length, Parallel q Flowchart Signs and Pseudo Code
Calculation s System Bus s Interaction between
CPU and other devices s Output Device l Languages of Computer
s Softcopy, classification of Monitor s LCD/TFT
Monitor, Projector, Hardcopy, Printer and its
Programs 68-71
O
.C
classification s Printers by capacity, Single, Line, q Low Level Language (Machine and
Page Printer q Printers by style s Impact Printer, Assembly Language) q High Level Language
S

Dot Matrix Printer s Daisy Wheel Printer, Non- s Difference between Machine Language and
Impact Printer s Thermal and Inkjet Printer Assembly Language q Fortran, Pascal, Cobol,
TE

s Laser Printer and Speaker Icon s Measurement Comal, Logo Basic, Prolog, Algol, C and C++
of Motherboard and Computer System Perfor- s Java s C Sharp, Lisp
O

mance s Throughput, Response Time and Turn

Around Time l Computer Network
FN

l Computer Software 72-87

q Advantage of Network, Protocol q Types of
D

53-68 Protocol (TCP, IP, UDP SMTP, HTTP, FTP,

.P

q Function, Use and Definition of Computer IMAP) s Bandwidth, Broadband, RS-32,

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Pictorial Presentation 3 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Index
Server s Node, Baud, Baseband q Methods of revolution s Telnet or Remote Login s Instant
Communication (Simplex and Duplex) messaging s Whatsapp, Telegram, Wechat,
s Communication Media (Wave and Wire) Facebook, Messenger, Internet, Telephony
q Microwave, Radiowave, Satellite s Video Conference, Chatting (Text, Voice,
s Bluetooth, Infrared, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi s Other Video) s Usenet, Newsgroup, E-Publishing s E-
wireless (WLL and WiMAX) s Twisted Pair commerce (B2B, B2C, C2C) s Internet Protocol
Cable and Co-axial Cable s Fibre Optics Cable, Television s Blog and Blogging and its types
Ethernet Cable s Data Transmission Service s Use of Internet in Education, Medical and other
(Dial-up Line, Leased Line, GSM, DSL, ISDN, fields s Social Networking Sites (Netiquette,
CDMA) and Wireless Broadband q Synchro- Flame, Flash, Youtube, Acronyms, Facebook,
nous and Asynchronous Transmission Twitter, Emoji) s Establishment year, Founder
q Multiplexing and its types (FDM, TDM, and Current CEO of some Important Social
WDM, CDM) q Switching Techniques Media.
(Circuit Switching, Message Switching and
Packet Switching) q Classification of l www and network
Computer Network (PAN, LAN, WLAN,
CAN, MAN, WAN) q Network Topology (Bus 104-112
Topology, Ring Topology, Star Topology, Mesh s www s Difference between internet and www
Topology, Tree Topology, Hybrid Topology) q s Internet Protocol Address s Seven Layers of
Internetworking Tools or Devices (Network OSI model s Major Tips of OSI Model s Benefits
Gateway, Bridge, Repeater, Router, Switch, of Web applications s Used Languages on www
Hub) q Network Interface Card and (HTML, XHTML, XML, Java Script, PHP, SQL)
Backbone Network q Internet, Intranet and s Versions of IP Address (IPv4 and IPv6) s Types
Extranet and Difference among them of IP Address (Private and Public IP Address)
s Classes of IP Address (Class A, Class B, Class C,
l What is Internet? Class D, Class E) s Domain Name System
(Geographic & Non-geographic) s URL q Web
88-103 Browser and its Example s Internet Explorer,
q Development of Internet (1960 to 1995) Google Chrome, Mozilla, Firefox, UC Browser,
s Who governs the Internet? (Domain Name Safari, Microsoft Edge, Opera, Lynx, Flock,
Register, ISOC, IAB, ICANN, IRTF, W3C and Netscape Navigator q Search Engine (Yahoo,
IETF) q Used Protocols on Internet (TCP/IP, Google, Ask.com, Orkut) q How Search
SMTP, FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Gopher) s Two Engine works s Crawling, Indexing, Ranking
O
versions of IP address (IPv4 and IPv6) and Retrieval s Examples of Search Engine
.C
s Computer Network established by Government q Network & Data Security
of India (National Knowledge Network), State
S

Wide Area Network, Educational and Research l Microsoft Office

TE

Network, National Information Centre Network

s Uses of Internet s Internet in India s Internet of 113-119
Things s E-mail and its benefit, loss and inventor
q Introduction q Data Management
O

s E-mail Service Provider s E-mail Address, User

Name, Domain Name s Parts of an E-mail
System q Features q MS Word q MS
FN

message (Header, Message Body, Envelope) PowerPoint q MS Excel

s Address Book (Mailing List, Forwards, Drafts)
s Elements and types of E-mail message s Benefit l Some Famous IT people and their
D

and Loss of web based and pop based e-mail

contribution 120
.P

s Security of e-mail message and internet

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Pictorial Presentation 4 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Computer
Drishti An Introduction

Computer Computer's Working System

l Giving instructions to the computer
by the user through an input device.
l To store instructions in a storage device
by a computer.
l To process the instructions stored by CPU.
l To display the result obtained by
CPU to the output device.
l A computer is an electric Input Process Output
device that can be programmed to
accept data (input),
process it and generate result (output) Storage

2. Process
l Computer System ®
A computer with
additional hardware and
software together
is called a
computer system.

1. Input 3. Output

Computer &
0 its0 Meaning
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1111111111111111111111111
0 Charles Babbage Full Form
0 0 0 0The
0 0 meaning
0 0 0 0 0of0 the
0 0word
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (The
0 0 0Father of
1 of Computer
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Computer)
11
0 ↓ O
0 0000000000000000000000000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Computer C Common
1111111111111111
.C
0 0 0000000000000000000000000
1 ↓ O Operating
1 1111111111111111111111111
S

0 0 0 0 0 is derived from the English word

0000000000000000000000 M Machine
TE

1 1 1111111111111111111111111
0 ↓
0 0000000000000000000000000 P Purposely
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Compute
O

1 1111111111111111
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0↓0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
U Used for
FN

1 1 1111111111111111111111111
0
T Technological and
0 0 which means to calculate so it is called a
000000000000000000000000
1
D

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1↓1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E Educational
0 0 0000000000000000000000000
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1Computer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R Research
0
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Pictorial Presentation 5 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Structure of Computer

Secondary Storage Device

The device through The device that receives
which signals are data from a computer
sent to a computer for display,
Primary Memory physical production etc.

Input Unit (IU) Output Unit (OU)

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Five
1 Major Functions 5
of Computer

2 4
3

To accept data To display

or instructions To To process the results in the
store To control data as per the O
by the input desired form by
data internal requirement of
unit the output unit.
.C
operations of the user
computer
S
TE

Fast Speed Reliability

O

Accuracy Secrecy
FN

Characteristics
of Computer
Memory Versatility
D
.P

Diligence Automation Multitasking

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Pictorial Presentation 6 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Working System of Computer Architecture

lUsed to
Display
lUsed for lIt is used to
addition, information
subtraction, store data
as results
l Used for Input, and
Output, resource
multiplication after
storage. division, instructions
processing
lUsed to enter l Process of start logical and
and stop data comparative
data operations Output
exeution.
and instruction l Scrutinizing and Memory Unit
into a computer controlling of Unit
system
above processes Arithmetic
Logic Unit
it
Control Un
Input
Unit

l Devices connected Example

externally to a computer l Input
Peripheral Device Mouse,
→ port. → →
Devices l It is used for l Output Keyboard,
special purposes. Device Monitor, Printer etc.

Applications
of Computer
A computer Hardware Ø Computers are seen everywhere around us, in all
consists of both spares of life.
is of no use
hardware and
Ø Computers have now become an indispensable
without software part of our lives.
software. and software cannot
Both are
equally be used without O
important for the hardware.
.C
working of School College Railways
computer system. Computer
Software is a
S

Ø In Airlines Ø In Hospitals
The electronic general term
TE

components of a used for computer

computer system that program
that control.
O

we can see and Airlines Hospitals

the operation
touch are called
FN

of the
hardware. computer. Ø In Business such as Film Ø In Space
production Bank, etc.
D
.P

Film City Bank Space

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Pictorial Presentation 7 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Definition
Computer is an electronic machine used for various types of mathematical
and logical operations. It takes input (instruction) from users and processes
(calculates) and provides output (result) accordingly.

Why?
Input t
Outpu
¯
Charles Babbage designed the
analytical engine which later
on proved to be the basis of modern Result
(i) 599
computer that’s why he is known as (ii) True
The Father of Computer (iii) False

Input Process Output

Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner CPU ® ·ALU

·CU Monitor, Printer, Loudspeaker,
Camera, Joy Stick, Projector etc.
Microphone etc. ·Registers

Storage

Rom, RAM, CD, Hard Disk etc.

Data and their types Ø Information

{ lUnorganized collection of raw

facts without any
meaningful conclusion.
{ l Data is derived from the analysis and
compilation of data on the basis of utility.
l Data is a unorganized fact/data
↓ whereas information is an organized data.
↓ ↓ O
Numeric Alphanumeric
Data Data Ø Instruction
.C
↓
l Instructions given to the computer to work.
S

From 0 to 9 Use of letters,

TE

(total 10 numbers) numbers and symbols

Ø Program
↓ ↓ ↓
O

Used in performing Arithmetic operations l Set of instructions given to the computer.

FN

arithmetic processes cannot be performed

↓ ↓ Ø Software
D

Example Example ↓
l Students' obtained marks l Students' address l A set of programs responsible for the successful
.P

l Employees' salary implementation of various functions of the computer.

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Pictorial Presentation 8 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 History of Computer
3000 years ago
Evolution & Development of Computer
go Anc
ars a China ient
3 0 0 0 ye Bab
ut ­ ylon
Abo ­ ­
plac
year credit to e
­ ­ ­
­

Innovation

The world's first ¬ Machine ¾ Abacus ¾ Meaning ® Table or Tablet

calculator
½
Origin
¯
From Abacus or Abacone

Note

The History of computer starts from that time when man tried to calculate
very large numbers with the help of a device.
Today, we know it as Abacus.
It includes the Babylonian counting system, the Greek counting system, the
Roman counting system and the Indian counting sytem majorly.

Abacus 1617 A.D. Napier Bones Device

An ancient
calculator O
Wires and spherical beads

­
.C
Used to count
are used in it

the numbers

S
­

TE

Ø It was made of ivory or wood and

­ metal in a set of rectangular rod.
O

Another Name Ø Manually operated calculation tool.

FN

Gintara
Ø Invented
l By the Mathematician of Scotland,
D

John Napier Bones in 1617.

l A teaching assistant device used to teach
numbers to children at the primary level
.P

Ø Use l For Multiplication and division

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Pictorial Representation 9 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 1642-44 A.D. Gottfried von Leibniz developed a form of
Pascaline pacaline that enabled multiplication and
manufactured
division besides addition and subtraction which
by Blaise Pascal Another Name was called Leibniz calculator.
Adding Machine
Pascaline Calculator
cylinder are used in
Wheels, gear and

Used only in addition

and subtraction
Leibniz
Calculator

Used to work on Its other parts are able Able to add, subtract,
the principle of manufactured in to move right multiply and divide
clock and odometer 1642-1644 and left. quickly.

1822 & 1833 A.D.

Born Inventions :
26 December, Analytical Engine,
1791 Difference Engine,
Computer
Place
London, Died :
England 18 October, 1879
London, England

Charles
Babbage
(Father of O
Computer)
S .C
TE

l In 1822 AD, Charles Babbage l In 1833 AD, Charles Babbage

built the Difference Engine which developed the powerful Analytical
O

had run on steam with shift and gear. Engine, which was a developed form
of the Difference Engine
FN
D

l Analytical Engine became the base of modern computer,

hence Charles Babbage is called Father of Computer.
.P
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Pictorial Representation 10 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 1889 A.D.

Hollerith Census Tabulator

Ø Invention :
By American Mathematician Herman Hollerith

Ø Year in 1889

Ø Another Name -
Electromechanical Punchcard Machine

Ø Use - To process census data in less time.

Ø Machine operated by electricity

Ø Punchcard reader is used to read data stored on punchcard

Ø Credit goes to Herman Hollerith for the invention of the Punchcard in the form of memory.

1939-1942 1944
ABC Computer MARK-I

ABC is an The First Automatic

abbreviated form of
Electronic Digital
Atanasoff Berry
Computer Computer

Ø MARK-I was developed in collaboration

with IBM (International Business Machine) and O
under the direction of Howard Aiken.
.C
Ø The official name was Automatic
S

Sequence Controlled Calculator.

TE

Ø Harvard University renamed it as

MARK-I.
O

Ø It was the world's first automated

electro-mechanical computer.
FN

Ø It had 500 miles length wire and

more than 175000 connections.
D

Working on ABC was done between 1939-1942

and released in England by the scientists named
.P

Ø It was capable of doing a multiplication in

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942. 6 seconds and a division in 12 seconds.
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 1944 1943-1946
EDVAC ENIAC

Development with Manufactured at the

the concept of Moore School of
Logical Design by Electrical Engineering
John Von Neumann. in Pennsylvania.
First general
purpose electronic
digital computer
with complete
turing.

ENIAC The EDVAC

inventors John was a binary serial Full Form – Able to be
Mauchly and computer with Electronic reprogrammed to solve
J. Presper Eckert additions, subtractions,
Numerical complete computing
multiplications, etc.
proposed the construction Integrator and problems.
and took time 864
of EDVAC in Aug., 1944, calculator.
microseconds with
which was later an average addition
delivered to the and 2900 microseconds Developed by American scientists
Valistic Research with an average. Jon Mauchly and J.Presper
Laboratory. multiplication Eckert in 1946.

Do you know?

Lady Ada Augusta An American

installed the first program in Dr. Von Neumann contributed
Analytical Engine, so she is the most in the development of O
known as the world first programmer. She is modern computer. He is also credited with
.C
also credited with the invention of the storing both data and instructions in a
Binary System. Binary System (0 and 1).
S
TE

1954
UNIVAC-I
O

¯
FN

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Full Form : Manufactured by Use Designed
Universal GEC The first commercial By John Mauchly
D

Automatic (General Electric computer UNIVAC-I and

.P

Computer. Corporation) used for business and John Presper

in 1954. general purpose. Eckert.
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 (A)
Classification of Computers
Development of classified on the basis of
Computer Working Technology
Data storage capacity
Classification of too low Physical quantities
These
Computer like-pressure,
quantities are
continuously temperature,
(A)
Ø Based on Working Technology change over speed, length,
(1) width, electric
time.
(1) (3) Analog voltage, etc.
Computer
Analog Hybrid In this, the very cheap
Computer (2) Computer representation of
the data is done
Digital as a continuously Implemented
Computer changing quantity. on the principle
of analog signal.
Used in the field of science
(B) and engineering rather than
Ø Based on Size & Work using analog computers in
the home and office.
(1)
1
Mini
(2) Computer (3) 0

Micro Mainframe -1
Computer (4) Computer
Analog signal Analog computer
Super
Computer
Examples of Analog Computer
(C) ¯ O
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Ø Based on Hardware Usage
.C
A Vehicle Voltmeter Petrol
(1) (2) simple speedo- pump
S

clock meter meter

TE

First Second
Generation (3) Generation
O

Examples of Analog Signal

Third
(4) (5)
FN

Generation ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Fourth Fifth
D

Generation Generation Air Earth Car's Spoken

blowing shaking speed Voice
.P
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 (2) (3)
Digital Computer and its example Mixed form of Designed for
digital and analog special work

Digital form is used

Digital

Analog signal is
Hybrid

and processing
for calculation

used for input

Computer

and output
Computer
and its
example

Ø Electronic signal is used to

1
display data in it. 1
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ø Binary digits (0 and 1) is used for calculation. Analog Signal Digital Signal

Ø Used to denote data in the form of Applications Examples

electronic pulse. l Airplane l Traffic control
l Petroleum l Ultrasound
Ø Nowadays, digital computers are prevalent exploration Machine
in the market. l Hospitals l Monitoring
l Large industries Machine
Ø Example l Medical Field
Smartphone, Tab, Laptop, PC, Calculator, etc.
Characteristics
l Flexible l Fast/Speed
l Accuracy l Diligence
l Automatic l Versatility
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Digital Signal Hybrid Computer

(B) O
Computers classified on the basis of Size and Work
.C
First mini computer Larger in size and capacity than a micro
S

manufactured in 1965. computer and smaller than a mainframe. Manufactured by

TE

DEC (Digital
Its size is almost equal (1) Equipment Corporation).
to that of a refrigerator.
Mini
O

Computer More than one

FN

microprocessors are used.

D

Use
Multiple persons are capable of
In passenger reservation,
.P

working at the same time.

company, research and office, etc.
Mini Computer
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 s It dev
essor elope
e r oproc it. d firs 8, 16
d sinc M i c IBM t by , 32
micro or 64 bit
Starte . sed in Com
pany.
1970 are u proce
are u sso
sed in rs
it.
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) and
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) reduce the size of
microprocessor and increase the efficiency manifold
Smartphone (2) Notebook Computer
or Laptop
Micro Computer
and its use
Palmtop Netbook computer
Many Forms
Tablet Computer Workstation
PC

or
Use

Personal Computer or Used in home, office, school,

Desktop Computer business, production, defence,
enterainment, medical fields etc.

(2a)
Personal Computer
and its use and
development
Used Hardware PC Manufacturer Company
- PC
Keyboard, Monitor, IBM, Lenovo, Apple,
CPU, Memory and Company, Zenith, HCL, HP,
other hardwares Hewlett-Packard, Intel, etc.
O
Operating System and Connections Used
.C
l Ability to perform multiple tasks In the field of Business, Hospitals,
simultaneously by a multitasking Education, Home, Offices, Entertainment,
S

operating system. Data storage, Publication, Railways,

TE

l Interconnection by internet with the Airlines, etc.

help of telephone or modem.
O

Development of PC
FN

l Developed in 1981. Microprocessor 8080 is used.

l Increased storage capacity by installing a hard disk drive.
l Nomenclatured PC-XT (Personal Computer Extended Technology)
D

l Nomenclatured PC-AT (Personal Computer Advanced Technology)

.P

PC made by new microprocessor 80286 in 1984.

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 (2b)
Workstation and its use

Workstations have more CAD, Animation,

power than PC for e-mail, Only single Data Analysis, Rendering,
Efficient in making video
web surfing and word person is able to and audio.
processing task. work at a time.

Ultra powerful PC built with Use

Typically more processing capacity, It is used
powered by a bigger storage, in the field of
Local Area Network better display. technical, scientific
applications, engineering,
connectivity and operated by building construction, study of
multiuser operating system. simulation, etc.

Ø Notebook sized computer.

Ø Used for carrying anywhere in the briefcase.

Ø All features of a PC are present.

Ø Due to being used in the Lap, it is also popular by the name laptop.

Ø Developed by Adam Osborne in 1981.

Keyboard, Touchpad, Development Internet

Harddisk, Flopy disk (2c) connectivity
Used Hardware

Connectivity

drive, CD/DVD drive, Notebook used with the

Foldable LCD monitors, help of Wifi
Computer O
Chargeable batteries made by and
and its
lithium ion, nickel Bluetooth
development
.C
cadmium and nickel metal
hydride, etc. Difference
S

between Notebook
TE

and PC

Ø Nowadays, laptop computers are named as notebook computers.

O
FN

Ø All the features of notebook are less than laptop's.

Ø Display screen in notebook is smaller than that of a laptop.

D
.P

Ø The thickness and weight of the notebook is slightly

less than that of the laptop.
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 (2d)
Netbook

Features The word 'Netbook' Use

Ø Smaller size, smaller screen originated from 'Net' of Ø Used in connecting to the
Ø low weight, low prices, internet, surfing on www,
Internet and 'book' of
built in camera sending and receiving e-
Ø Microprocessor with Notebook. mails, using social media,
low capacity downloading or uploading
Ø Headphone and audio or video files,
microphone jacks viewing calendar, listening
Ø Two or three USB ports to music, writing and
Ø Slots for memory card posting blogs, making call
Netbook over VoIP etc.

Ø A small, portable computer.

Popular Producer Ø Used for wireless communication. Another Name
Asus, Acer, Sylvania, Ø Lash with easy connectivity Mini Laptop
Lenovo, Hewlett Packard (HP), to the internet.
Dell, MSI, Sony, Samsung

Uses
l Used in Education, Health, Marketing
l Useful in reading books/newspapers, browsing
the web, generating reports, collecting data,
conducting surveys, project planning, online
learning, day-planning, etc.
Types Parts
Slate Tablet, Mini Tablet, (2e) -Stylus (a type of touch
Gaming Tablet, Booklet, pen), screen, external body,
Business Tablet, Phablet, Tablet battery, operating system,
2-in-1 or Hybrid Computer power button, volume
button and back button and
application software.

Advantages
It is cheap for using in
Disadvantage
l All features of
O
.C
hand, carrying anywhere, computer are unavailable.
using without keyboard, l Unable to shoot
mouse, etc. selfies or videos.
S

l Fewer features, higher prices.

TE

l Risk of touchscreen breakage.

O

l The first sketch of the tablet was created by

Alan Kay of Xerox Company in 1971.
FN

l Tablet is a mobile computing device.

l Bigger than a smartphone but smaller than a laptop.
l Another name – Tablet computer, Tab or tablet PC
D

and hand held computer.

l Keyboard and mouse are absented from it.
.P

l All the works done through touchscreen or stylus pen.

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Pictorial Representation 17 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (2f) (2g)
Palmtop Smartphone
This is a mobile phone

Ø Almost all the features of the computer are present.

Ø Touchscreen is used for input.

Ø Meaning - Computer working on Palm.
Ø Touchscreen is used for soft copy.
Ø Smaller in size.
Ø Features
Calling, Messaging, Media player, PDA (Personal
Ø Another Name - Mini Laptop.
Digital Assistant), GPS, Digital Camera, etc.

Ø Input by voice instead of kayboard.

Ø Company and Operating System
Google's Android and Apple's iOS.
Ø Used as a mobile phone in practice.

Ø Characteristics
Ø Use - Useful in company, passenger-
Touchscreen, Web browsing, Wi-Fi,
reservation, research, etc.
Applications, Motion Sensor, Mobile Payment.

Ø Very Large in size. Computer

Ø Too much storage capacity. (CPU)
Ø Faster data processing speed.
Ø Multiple users are able to work
at the same time.

(3)
O
.C
Ø Increase Use
the processing Used in large
Mainframe
S

capacity of two
companines,
or more Computer
TE

microprocessors Railway
by connecting
and its use Reservation,
them together. Defense,
O

Ø 32 or 64 bit
Research,
microprocessor
FN

is used. Operating System Spacealogy, etc.

Ø Time sharing and

D

multiprogramming operating
.P

systems are used.

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Pictorial Representation 18 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Ø Equipped with fast processing power, huge Ø Calculation of processing speed
storage capacity (memory) of super computer is done in FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations per
Ø Manufactured by aggregating thousands of
Second)
high-efficiency microprocessors, equipped with
Ø Meaning of Floating point is
modern technologies. Fractional Numbers.
Ø Multiprocessing and parallel processing are Ø Measurement of the speed of
used. current super computers – PetaFlops
Ø Processing done by individual processors by 15
l 1 PetaFlops = 10 Flops
breaking down complex processes into pieces.
Supercomputer Measurement of Processing Speed
(4)
Super Computer and its speed
measurement and use

Usage Best five Supercomputers

Ø In scientific and technical field, in research and Super Computer Country Speed
design, Ø In universities and automobiles, in defense
and military sector, Ø in petroleum exploration, Fugaku Japan 442 petaflops
seismic data analysis, Ø In flight simulation and
Summit U.S.A. 148.8 petaflops
space research, Ø Weather forecasting,
Nuclear test, Ø In astronomy and cosmology, Sierra U.S.A. 94.6 petaflops
computational chemistry, Ø In condensed matter
physics, geology and biology Ø In complex Sunway TaihuLight China 93 petaflops
financial or economic models, machine learning, etc. Selene U.S.A. 63.4 petaflops

Exam Facts
Ø The credit for the creation of the
world's first supercomputer goes to
'America'.
Ø Company – Cray Research Company.
Ø Stablished – by Seymour Cray.
Ø Father of Super Computer –
Seymour Cray (Father of Super Computer)
Super
Computer
O
.C
Interesting Facts
S

Ø IBM Deep Blue Computer is Ø At present, the name of the

TE

capable of thinking 200 million fastest running supercomputer in

chess tricks in 1 second. the world is Fugaku.
O
FN

Ø It defeated the world champion Ø This is the fastest

of chess, Garry Kasparov.
D

supercomputer built ever by

Japan.
.P
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Pictorial Representation 19 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Super Computer in India

Ø In 1986 NAL (National Ø Manufacture of PARAM series supercomputer was completed by

Aeronautical Laboratories) C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Pune,
started the Flosolver project India.
to develop a computer for
CFDAE (Computational
Fluid Dynamic and Ø 'PARAM-8000' the first supercomputer developed by C-DAC was
Aerospace Engineering). built in 1991.

Ø Dr. Vijay Bhashkar, the director of C-DAC is credited for the

manufacturing of PARAM-8000.
Ø Development of ANUPAM
Series' super computer by Ø 'PARAM-10000' supercomputer was built by C-DAC Pune in 1998.
BARC (Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre) of
Mumbai. Ø 'PARAM Padma' supercomputer was built in 2003.

Ø PACE (Processor for Ø Its computing capacity is 1 Tera Flops (1 Tera = 1012) i.e. 10 trillion
Aerodynamic Computation calculations per second.
and Evaluation) Series' super
computer manufactured by
ANURAG (Advanced Ø The fastest supercomputer PARAM Yuva-II developed by C-DAC
Numerical Research and was built in 2013.
Analysis Group) Hyderabad.
Ø Computation capacity of PARAM Yuva-II is 524 Teraflops but at
present 529.4 Teraflops.

Ø It was built for DRDO Ø Such supercomputers are available only with seven countries of the
(Defence Research and world, America, Japan, China, Israel, Italy, Germany and India.
Development Organization).
(C)
Computers classified on the basis of Hardware Usage

Used Hardware Used Languages

Year time Ø Machine Language and Low Level
Ø This computer is made of vacuum O
1946-1959 Language
tube which is also called valve.
Ø The first compiler was developed
Ø Punch Card and Paper Tape are used
.C
by Dr. Grace Hopper in 1952.
to store data and software.
(1)
S

Examples
First Generation Ø ENIAC, UNIVAC,
TE

Use
EDSAC, EDVAC and
Ø Mainly used for scientific Computer IBM's MARK-I
research and military work.
O

The thermionic valve, the

Drawbacks
FN

first vacuum tube was patented and

Benefits Ø Maintenance in air-conditioned environment
invented by British engineer John
Ø Calculation time or due to more heat generated by the vacuum tube.
Ambrose Fleming in 1904. This
D

speed was in milliseconds Ø Bulky in size and consumes more energy.

–3
progress marked the birth of the era
Ø 1 ms = 10 or Ø Low storage capacity and slow speed.
.P

of modern wireless electronics used

1/1000 sec. Ø More likely to be erroreous.
in the first generation of computers.
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Pictorial Representation 20 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Operating System
Batch operating systems are used for key
roles in Industry and Business
Ø It is an Advantage
electronic device Ø Transistors are
made up of p and n (2) relatively light, small
types of
semiconductors.
Second Generation and used to
This arrangement Computer consume less
is called Transistor. (1959-1965) electricity
Ø These are made of Ø Calculation time or
Silicon (Si) speed is in
and microsecond
Germanium (Ge).
1 ms = 10–6 sec

Used Language
Ø Mnemonic code used in
Used Hardware
High Level Assembly Language.
Ø Use of Transistors instead of
Ø High Level Language such as COBOL
Vacuum Tube.
(Common Business Oriented Language) and
Ø Use of Magnetic Tape and
FORTRAN (Formula Translator) used in
Magnetic disk for storage.
software.

The Transistor was invented in 1947 by John Wardeen, William Shockley and Walter Bretton of Bell Laboratories.

Storage Device Use of Time Sharing Used Hardware

Operating System
Ø Increased storage Ø Use of integrated circuit
capacity of magnetic chip instead of transistor.
tapes and disks (3) Ø Use of SSI (Small Scale
Ø Use of RAM (Random Integration) and MSI
Access Memory) Third Generation (Medium Scale Integration)
Computer techniques.
Ø Keyboard and monitor O
as input and output
Examples respectively.
.C
1965-
Ø IBM-360, IBM-370/168 1971
S

PDP-11 Used Languages

(Personal Data Processor)
TE

Honeywell-6000 Ø PL/1, PASCAL and BASIC

in High Level Language
O
FN

Drawbacks Advantage

Ø Need of air conditioning to Ø Smaller in size than other previous computers.

maintain air condition Ø Calculation time and speed are in nanoseconds (ns)
D

–9
Ø Need of complex technology Ø 1 ns = 10 sec
.P

for manufacturing IC. Ø Saving labour and time.

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Pictorial Representation 21 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 The IC was Interesting Facts Due to the size
developed in 1959 of potato chips
by Made on the surface of silicon. This the integrated
Jack Kilby and technology was named Micro Electronics. circuit was
Robert Noyce. These chips are made of the semi- named chip.
conductor material Silicon (Si) or Germanium (Ge).

Used Languages Used Hardware

Ø Development and use of C Language in Ø Use of Microprocessor.
High Level Language. Ø By using LSI (Large Scale Integration)
Ø This simplified programming so that any and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
program could be run on all computers. increased the efficiency of the microprocessor.

(4)
Advantage Used Operating
th
Ø Calculation time is in Four omputer System
C
Pico second (PS)
ration Ø Development and use
1 ps = 10–12 sec Gene -1980 of MS-DOS, Microsoft
Ø Development of very 1971 Windows and Apple
small and handheld Operating System
computers using (Apple OS)
microprocessor.

Ø M.E. Haff (Marcian Edward) Ø According to Moore's Law,

(Ted) Hoff developed the “Every year (approximately)
microprocessor in 1971. From this; the number of dense IC transistors
the PC (Personal Computer) was developed. will be doubled.
Ø Semiconductor memory replaced magnetic Ø ULSI is capable of manufacturing
tape and disk. RAM capacity increased. 10 million electronic devices on a single chip.

Used Processor Used Memory O

Ø Development and use of microprocessor chip Ø Use of Magnetic Bubble
.C
containing millions of electronic components Memory which increased the
(5) storage capacity
with ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)
S

and SLSI
TE

(Super Large Scale e

ntag
Integration) Fifth Generation va
Ad
O

Computer Ø The speed of

net
ter computer processor was made
FN

In
ed extremely fast by connecting two
Us Ø Use and
development of processors together and parallel processing.
D

Internet , email and Ø Resulting that, Portable PC

WWW (World Wide Web) and Desktop PC added the
.P

in the networking fields. computer to almost every aspect of life.

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Pictorial Representation 22 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Future Use
Ø Efforts to insert Artificial Intelligent
in the new computer are progressing
so that the computers can make their
own decisions.
Ø It is used in Voice Recognition
and Robotics.

Next Generation Computer

Quantum
Computer Ø DNA Computer
Preserving and processing the data by using
DNA or protein based biological material in
omplished due
l Energy in electric rays is acc place of Silicon and using copper salt will make
to the presen ce of elec tron s. possible the cheap construction of super
computers in future which is also called Bio
ted in the 0's and 1's Computer.
l These electrons are able to be coun
ly by mov ing rapi dly in their orbitals
positions simultaneous

of such computers
l By its use, the development Ø Chemical
g faster than
is going on, which will be workin Computer
sma ller and faster.
human brain and will be In this,
using
ry of matter whose chemical
l It will use the quantum theo properties
O
it (Quantum bit)
memory will be measured in Qub and
whereas in normal computer,
.C
concentration
memory is measured in bits. of the
substance to
S

be calculated
TE

will be possible to built a

computer representing data by
different concentrations of
O

chemicals.
FN

Ø Nano Computer
It is being envisaged to develop very small and large capacity
D

computers using nanotubes built at the nanoscale (1 ´ 10–9m)

.P

diameter, in which the molecular structure of matter will be used.

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Pictorial Representation 23 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Generations of Computer - At a glance
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
1946-1959 1959-1965 1965-1971 1971-1980 1980-till now
Hardware Vacuum Tube Transistor IC (Integrated Microprocessor ULSI (Ultra
Circuit), VLSI Large Scale
SSI (Very Integration)
(Small Scale Large Scale SLSI (Super
Integration), Integration) Large Scale
MSI Integration)
(Medium Scale Notebook,
Integration) Laptop,
Internet
Software Machine Assembly Standardization CUI Interface, Internet and
Language Language, of High Level UNIX and Multimedia
(0, 1 - Binary) Batch Language, C Language Software,
Operating Time Sharing Parallel
System Operating Processing
System

Memory Punch Card, Magnetic Tape, Increment in Semiconductor Cloud Memory,

Paper Tape Magnetic Disk, Magnetic Memory Optical Disk,
Magnetic Storage Large Storage
Memory Capacity Capacity

Calculation Milli Second Micro Second Nano Second Pico Second - -

Time (Speed) (ms) (ms) (ns) (ps)

Usage Scientific Scientific Personal Increment in Entertainment

and Defence and use of commercial by Internet
Research Commercial Computer production and and
Use personal use of Social Media
computer

Characteristics Electrical and Increment in Use of Developed Plug & Play

Mechanical Memory and Keyboard and ability to do O
Machine Processing Monitor multiple tasks
.C
Capacity simultaneously
S

Examples ENIAC, IBM-1401, IBM-360 IBM PC IBM

EDVAC, UNIVAC, PDP-11 Apple PC Notebook,
TE

UNIVAC-I PDP-8 Pentium PC,

Super
Computer
O
FN

Quality/Faults Expensive, Expensive, Relatively small Relatively cheap Very fast and
Larger size, Relatively and cheap, fast and fast, high- very short
Higher energy small and easy to use capacity, easy
D

consumption, and fast to use

Greater chance
.P

of errors
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Pictorial Representation 24 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Components of Computer System
(1) (2)
Hardware Software
It is a physical part, we can see and touch it. It We can see but can't touch it. It tells the
is divided into four parts, Input, Storage, computer what to do and how to do it. It is
Processing and Output devices. divided into three parts, System, Application
and Utility Software.
Monitor

Keyboard

Printer

Scanner

ve
n dri
Pe
Mouse

Cabinet
CD

(A)
Input Device
It is an electomechanical device. It makes the computer usable
by accepting data and instruction from the user.
O
Examples
.C

Keyboard
S

(a)
Man Data

{
TE

Input Point & Draw Device

Device
Pick Device
O

Input
Device
FN

Audio Input Device

Source Data

{
D

Input Video Input Device

(b)
Device
.P

Optical Input Device

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Pictorial Representation 25 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Mouse Scanner
Point
& Draw Track Ball OCR
Device
Joy Stick OMR
Optical
Input
Device MICR
Light Pen
Pick OBR
Device
Touch Screen
PCR

Voice Recognition
Audio Video Video Camera
Input Sound Card Input
Device Device Digital Camera
Microphone

(a)
Man Data Input Device

(ii) (iv) (vi)

(i) Mouse (iii) Joy Stick (v) Touch Screen
Keyboard Track Ball Light Pen

(a)(i) Keyboard
¯
¯ ¯ O
(I) Software Keyboard (II) Hardware Keyboard
.C
¯
¯ ¯
S

Virtual Keyboard On Screen Keyboard

l Virtual means pragmatic
TE

l It is prepared by Software
Program
l Its image (virtual picture) is taken
O

down on a surface and then used to

enter data or instructions into the
FN

computer by touching any of its

buttons. l An application software.
l Advantage – There is no chance of l Keyboard is visible on computer screen.
D

wear and tear and no need for l It is used by using mouse, touchscreen or other pointing devices.
cleaning as there are no any l It is a variant of virtual keyboard.
.P

mechanical parts l It is used for inserting data into tablets and smartphones.
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Pictorial Representation 26 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Function Keys

Cursor Movement Keys

Modifier Keys Arrows Keys Numerical Keypad

(a)(i)II
Hardware Keyboard

l A popular electromechanical input device.

l Used to enter alphanumeric data into the computer and give instructions to the computer.

l Most widely used 'QWERTY' keyboard with 104 buttons.

l Connection by PS-2 (Plug Station-2) Port of Keyboard and USB (Universal Serial Bus) port to the CPU.

l Connection by a wireless keyboard to a computer via Bluetooth.

Parts
of Special
Function Keyboard Purpose
Keys
Keys

O
Numerical Modifier
.C
Key-pad Keys
S

Cursor
Movement
TE

Keys
O

Page
FN

Home
Down
D

Page
End Up
.P
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Pictorial Representation 27 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Parts of Keyboard

Function Keys Cursor

Movement Keys

Buttons are numbered from F1 to F12

at the top of the Keyboard.

Their functions depend on the software use.

Numerical Key-Pad Ø It is used to move the cursor

to the Right (®), Left (¬),
Up (­) and Down (¯).

Ø Pressing once, it is used to move

the cursor one place left or right, one
line up or down which is also called
Navigation Key.

Ø Buttons located on the right side of the Ø Home – It is used to move the cursor
keyboard, similar to the calculator. to the beginning of a line, Ctrl+Home to the
beginning of the current page or document.
Ø Used for fast filling of numerical data.
Ø End – End is used to move the cursor to
Ø In this, Numerical lock with the end of a line or end of page, ctrl + End
0 to 9, ., +, –, * to the end of the current page or document.
and / and enter bottons are present.

Ø Used to type Numbers when Ø Page Up – Moves the cursor to

Num Lock is on. the previous page of the document.

Ø When Num Lock is off, it is used for

O
Ø Page Down – Moves the cursor to the
.C
Arrow key and End, Home, Page Up,
Page Down, Insert and Delete functions. next page of the document.
S
TE

Modifier Keys
O

Ø Able to manipulate Ø Shift, Ø Conveniently, Ø Change in

functions together with Alt (Alternate), their two keys are their functions
FN

other keys without doing Ctrl (Control) located on both according to

any work by itself. and sides of the the software.
Windows Keys are keyboard.
D

the Modifier Keys.

.P
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Pictorial Representation 28 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Caps Lock Key
When the Caps Lock key is on or off,
the Caps Lock light turns on or off,
so that it is used to write English letters Shift Key
in capital letter/uppercase or If Caps Lock key
in small letter/lower case is on by pressing
Num Lock Key Another name for respectively. shift key or
When it is on, the Caps Lock and combination key with
green light at the right Num Lock is Toggle Key other keys of alphabet,
top of the keyboard then small letters
lights up, so the will be typed.
numeric keypad is If the Caps Lock key
used to type numbers is off, then capital letters
written on buttons. will be typed.
Special When there are
Purpose two symbols on a key,
Key pressing that key with
shift key will type the
above symbol.

Return / Enter
It is used to execute the instructions
Tab Key
given to the computer,
It is used to move the cursor
to send the typed data on the screen
by jumping to a certain distance which can be
to the computer, to start
covered by ruler.
a new paragraph or line in MS word. It is used to select one of the options
available in a dialog box.

O
Do you know?
.C

l Cursor is a straight vertical

S

line displayed on the screen of

TE

the monitor which keeps on

coming or blinking on the
screen.
O

l The next character to be

FN

typed by the keyboard is

displayed in its place.
D

l Moves the cursor from one

place to another by the cursor
.P

movement button on
keyboard or the mouse.
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Pictorial Representation 29 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Space Bar Pause Key Back Space Key
The longest botton (key) It is used to resume It is used to delete the
located in the middle of the notification on character or space
bottom row of the keyboard. pressing any immediately
It is used to insert a space other key, to the left of
between letters and numbers similar the cursor and
while typing and to move to the scroll correct the
the cursor to the right by key/button. mistakes made
giving a space of one letter. while typing

Ctrl + Alt + Del Esc Delete / Del Key

These three keys are used or It is used to delete the
together to close the character or space
programs running in the
Escape Key located to the
computer. These are used It is used right of the cursor
to restart the computer to exit one by one.
when it hangs. the current
program

Print Screen Key Scroll Lock Key Insert Key

It is used to print It is used to It is used to overwrite
whatever stop and already stored data.
is seeing on the screen, resume For this, pressing the
store it in the photo information typing key with
clipboard coming insert key erases the
which can then on the digit or letter located
be pasted or computer immediately after the
edited in screen at cursor and new text is
another program, etc. one place. typed in its place.

O
Features of Mouse
.C
Ú Ú
S

Left Button Right Button

l Located on the left side of l Located on the right side of
TE

the mouse. the mouse.

l It is used to perform click, l According to the software, it
O

double click, point or drag. is used for some special

functions such as opening
FN

Ú dialog box or menu box,

Centre Button viewing properties, etc.
l Another name
Scroll Button, Roller
D

Button or Wheel Button

.P

l Used to scroll up and down a

document or web page.
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Pictorial Representation 30 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (a)(ii)
Mouse
Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú
It is an electro Its importance It is used for selecting menu Mouse was There are two
mechanical increased with commands, moving icons (drag invented in or three buttons
pointing input the use of GUI & drop), resizing windows, 1964 by Dr. right, left and
device. (Graphical User starting programs, selecting Douglas centre exist on
Interface). options, etc. Engelbart. the mouse.

(a)(iv)
Joystick
i) (a)(v
(a)(ii It consists of a gear-
Lig )
all Thi ht P
ck B Aided shaped stick and a s ha
T r a
er nd- en
m put mputer click button on it, by inpu
t de
held
C o o poin
D- –C as which video games, wri
ting
vice ting
CA C AM g used i
on c s used
& ri n f o
ign actu place o simulator training, draw mpute or
f
Des a nuf n r
ed M
i
vice puters
. robot control, etc. read ing pic screen
Aid ing de o m e works are performed
ing
bar
ture
s,
,
int op c f th c
a po in lapt ition o by selecting any icon
Pho od
to c es, etc
use os the .
mo s t he p oving or text. ligh
ell a
nd
ge by m ving i
t t ar
han ter e us
It c i n m o in t ed
po ut his
mo
use
l w itho . dev
ice.
er b
a l ace
b b i t s pl
ru from
(a)(vi)
Touch Screen
Blue light rays move around the surface of this input device,
when one touches anyone of the options available on the screen with the finger,
the speed of the rays gets affected and records the position by which the computer starts
processing. It is used in ATM, Smartphone, Tablet,
Information Kiosk, etc.

(b) (b)(i)
O
Source Data Input Device Speech Recognition
S .C

(ii)
TE

(i) Sound Card

Speech (iii)
Recognition Microphone Ø It is used to recognize the words spoken by
human and display them on computer screen after
O

(v)
converting them into text.
Digital
FN

(iv) Camera Ø It is used to control the movements of

(vi) computers and other electronic devices by giving
Video Scanner
Camera verbal commands.
D

(vii) Ø In this system, a microphone converts voice

Source Data
.P

into analog signal, again converts it into digital

Automation
data and then converts into text or command.
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Pictorial Representation 31 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (b)(ii) (b)(v)
Sound Card Digital
Camera
internal expansion card
Ø It is an audio card,
t of an audio signal
that provides the outpu
r the control of a
from a computer unde
computer program.

(b)(iii)

Microphone or Mic
Ø A digital camera or a digicam in short,
taking a video or still photograph or
both in digital form, capable of
converting photodiode optical
Microphone information into electrical waves,
popularly recording images through an electronic
known as Mike image sensor and transmitting it to a
computer.
or Mic.

Ø Another name of digital cam is Web Cam.

It is used to convert audio signals Ø It is used in video conferencing,

into electrical waves. video chatting, web broadcasting, etc.

(b)(iv) (b)(vi)
Scanner
Video Camera

O
.C
Ø This input device is capable of converting
texts, pictures and drawings into digital
S

images and storing them in memory.

TE

Ø An electronic device capable of

capturing our picture which is Ø This scanner is skilled in converting a
then suitable for viewing as a
O

document made on paper or picture into

movie. digital data based on the intensity of light
FN

by placing a light beam on it.

Ø It is used in some special fields

D

like film, media, advertising, event Ø It is used to scan images, pictures, printed texts
.P

management, wedding. and objects and convert them into digital images.
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Pictorial Representation 32 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (b)(vii)
Source Data Automation
Its construction mainly for inserting input into logistics and personal computer system.

OCR OMR MICR OBR PCR

OCR OBR

Ø Full form of OCR is Ø Full form of OBR is

Optical Character Reader/Recognition. Optical Barcode Reader.

Ø Able to recognize and convert

scanned text documents into Ø Vertical and Parallel Lines (black bars)
processing text. of different widths and according to
interval among them contained
information.
Ø Able to make scanned
document editable.
Ø It contains complete information about a
product like price, quantity, country,
Ø OCR software is used in this device. company name, date of manufacture, etc.

OMR Ø It is used to read and recognize

various information of a product.
Ø Full form of OMR is
Optical Mark Reader / Recognition.

MICR
Ø This input device is capable of reading
special signs, symbols or marks and Ø MICR stands for
making them usable by the computer. Magnetic Ink Character Reader / Recognition.

Ø Its main function is to identify/

Ø Nowadays, special use in checking recognize Bank cheques. O
the OMR sheet of objective answer
Ø It is used to read written letters
.C
sheets (Multiple Choice Question).
specially by computer with
special magnetic ink.
S
TE

PCR Ø In this code, numbers from 0 to 9 and

four symbols (total 14 characters) are used.
O

Ø PCR stands for Punch Card Reader.

FN

Ø Punch card is a hard and rigid paper Ø Its rapid use in cheques / drafts
card which is capable of storing data. issued by the Bank.
D

Ø Punch Card Reader machine is used to Ø Used to read Magnetic Code

.P

read stored data in Punch Card. written on Bank Cheques.

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Pictorial Representation 33 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (B)
Storage Device

It is a computer hardware. It is used to store, port or

extract data files and input instructions.
This device can hold and store both permanent and temporary
information.

Storage Device (Memory)

¯
¯ ¯
Primary or Secondary or
Main Memory Auxiliary Memory
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Direct Sequential
Access Access
¯
Permanent Temporary Magnetic Tape
or or
Non-Volatile Volatile

¯ ¯
Floppy Hard
ROM Random Access Disk Disk
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
PROM EEPROM Cache RAM
¯
EPROM

¯ Magnetic
¯ ¯ Disk
Dynamic Static
RAM RAM Optical Electronic
Disk Storage O
Device
S .C

Di
isk g
Di ital V
TE

c tD) sk er Zip
a
o mp D-R (D sat
VD ile Disk
C (C )
O
Disk

Optical
FN
CD-
)

Disk
(BD

HDD
Ray

R/W

¯ ¯
e

Disk Winchester
D
l u

Flash Memory Memory Card

B

Pack Disk
(Pen drive) (Chip)
.P

CD-ROM
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Pictorial Representation 34 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Ø Directly connected with Ø Stored data are destroyed when power
supply is turned off.
Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Ø Use of IC (Integrated Circuit) made of
Ø Fast speed, limited storage Silicon chip
Ø J.S. Kilby and Robert Noyce are credited
capacity and high price.
for its (IC) development.

Ø Divided into many

Ø Capable of storing the
smaller parts (Location or
Cell)
Primary data currently being
Ø 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit word
or processed by the CPU.
length capacity.
Main Ø It is faster and more
Ø Register, Cache Memory Memory expensive than secondary
memory.
ROM and RAM are its
examples.

Non-Volatile
Memory

ROM EE-PROM
The data stored l It is able to
in this store new
permanent PROM E-PROM programs by
memory are not removing
destroyed by l Full form is l It is able to (deleting) the
O
themselves and Programmable Read store new old programs by
.C
can't be replaced Only Memory programs by high electric
them. It can only l It is programmed removing potential.
S

by optimized data by (deleting) old l Its use in

be read. Its full
TE

special process. programs by research as flash.

name is Read
ultraviolet l Pen drive is its
Only Memory. l There are
rays.
O

The information good example.

thousands of diodes
l Able to l Flash Memory
is able to remain
FN

present in it which are

store data has features of
in it even when capable of recording
even in both RAM and
the power supply the desired absence of
D

ROM.
is turned off. information by fused power supply.
.P

with high voltage.

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Pictorial Representation 35 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Note

Ø The more bits of the word length in the memory, the higher will be the speed of data
transfer. Therefore, on increasing the word length in a machine, the speed increases.
It can be compared to a road. The wider the road, the higher the speed.

Temporary or Volatile Memory

Ø Temporary Memory is called main, volatile and Ø All data and information stored in it are
primary memory. destroyed when power supply is turned off.
Ø It is an internal memory of computer. That is why it is called volatile memory.
Ø It is directly accessed by the processor (CPU).
Ø It is faster than secondary memory.
Ø Computer can't run without primary memory.

Ø Full name Random Access

Ø Its full form ® Static Random Access Memory. Memory
STATIC

Ø Static means the data being stable in RAM.

Ø There is no need to keep on rewriting or refreshing it
repeatedly. Ø Other Names – Main
Memory, Primary Memory,
Ø Used as Volatile Memory
Temporary Memory, Volatile
Memory.

Ø It is a fast semiconductor
Characteristics of RAM memory made of microchip.

Ø Not to read (access)

Ø Its full form ® Dynamic Ramdom Access Memory. information sequentially
DYNAMIC

stored in it by the CPU but

Ø Dynamic means 'moving', it means always changing.
to read (access) randomly.
Ø There is a need to keep on rewriting and refreshing it
repeatedly. O
Ø It is also used like a Volatile Memory. Ø All calculations are
.C
performed in this memory.
S
TE

Cache Memory
O

Extremely fast memory between Primary Memory (RAM) and CPU.

FN

Cache Memory is fastest compared to RAM and Hard disk.

D

It is capable of storing frequently used data and instructions.

.P

Increment in processor speed due to faster speed.

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Pictorial Representation 36 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Its direct connection to the CPU.

The CPU doesn't use buses due to the Cache Memory.

It acts as a buffer between RAM and CPU.

Size of Cache Memory, from 256 KB to 4 MB.

A fastest memory.

It is located close to the CPU chip.

Used to speed-up the CPU.

Frequently used by the CPU.

Cache
CPU Memory RAM

Function of Cache Memory as

buffer between RAM and CPU

Secondary or Auxiliary Memory

Ø Secondary or Auxiliary Memory used as a backup memory.

O
.C
Ø Other names are Permanent Memory and Non-volatile Memory.
S
TE

Ø Slower and cheaper than Primary Memory.

O

Ø External memory as well as optical and magnetic memory.

FN

Ø Able to store large amount of data.

D

Ø No effect on stored data due to power supply interruption.

.P
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Pictorial Representation 37 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Access Mode Formula for Magnetic Tape
Storage Capacity

1. The storage
Sequential capacity of Magnetic
Tape is multiplication of
density of the data
Access
record and length of
3. 2. the tape.
Random Direct

ß
ß Storage
Capacity

=
Example Example Example
of of of Data Density
Sequential Direct Random (Byte per inch)
Access Access Access ´
Tape Length

Magnetic Magnetic Disk, RAM

Tape Optical Disk
Magnetic Tape/Reel

Example and Application

of Sequential Access O
Magnetic
.C
Tape
S
TE

Access Iron oxide Magnetic Tape

time
or
O

can be Another Use for

read, Name Data chromium
FN

write Magnetic Back-up.

and reel. di-oxide
D

delete
layer
many
.P

times. used. VCR (Video Cassette Recorder)

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Pictorial Representation 38 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Examples of Direct Access
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Electronic
¯ Storage Device
¯ ¯
Hard Disk Floppy Disk

Magnetic Disk Optical Disk

Ø Hard Disk
Ø It is a built-in round disk made of
polycarbonate plastic.
Ø One of its surfaces is coated with a
thin layer of Aluminium to convert light
and a laser beam is used to read or write
data on it. Hence, it is also called a Laser
Disk.

l First Feature
Micro pit on the surface of the disk is
l Permanent and Auxiliary Memory. called pits and flat area between the Pits
l Disk made of metal or plastic. is called Lands.
l Iron oxide layer is used.
l Read/write head used for reading or writing. l Second Feature
l Capable of storing huge amount of data. Pits represent the binary digit 0 or
off and Lands represent the binary
digit 1 or on.
Ø Floppy Disk
l Examples
® CD (Compact Disk)
® DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) O
® BD (Blue Ray Disk)
.C
l Benefits
S

® Less chance of data being erased or changed.

TE

® More storage capacity at less cost.

® Easy to transfer data.
® Less chance of disk wear since the Read.
O

l Circular Disk contained in a

write Head does not have physical contact
plastic square floppy. with the disk.
FN

l A layer of magnetic material used

on the disk.
l Protected by a plastic square shell. l Drawbacks
D

l Divided into tracks and sectors. High chance of disk damage

.P

l Each sector has 512 bytes of storage capacity. due to dust, dirt, fingerprint, etc.
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Pictorial Representation 39 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Optical Disk Spiral Track DVD
Disk Sectors Ø Full Name – Digital Versatile Disk
Ø Storage Capacity
l 4.7 GB (Single Side - Single Layer - Common)
l 8.5 GB (Single Side - Double Layer)
l 9.4 GB (Double Side - Single Layer)
l 17.08 GB (Double Side - Double Layer)
Ø Layering of 4 layers are possible.

Single track spirals to edge of disk

Example of Optical Disk

or
CD DVD
CD-ROM
or BD
Ø Full Form
l Compact Disk Read
Only Memory
Blue Ray Disk
Ø Usage
l For storing software, Ø Short Form
huge data, audio, video,
l BD
file and documents.
Ø Storage Capacity
Ø Diameter and Width l High storage capacity (25 GB - 50 GB)
l 120 mm and 1.2 mm.
Ø Access Technique
Ø Storage Capacity l Blue Violet Laser Rays.
l about 700 MB.

Ø Technique for Reading

l Infrared laser
beam used. Note O
l The storage capacity of
.C
single layer DVD is 4.7 GB.
CD-R
S
TE

Ø Full Name l Compact Disk – Recordable l The storage capacity of

Ø Another Name
l WORM (Write Once Read Many) two layer DVD is 8.5 GB.
O

l In 50 GB storage space,
FN

CD-RW 9 hours of High Definition

Ø Full Name l Compact Disk Re-writable Video (HDV) or 23 hours of
D

Ø Feature Standard Definition Video

.P

l It can be read and written many times.

(SDV) is able to be stored.
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Pictorial Representation 40 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 m com It is
em p a
so sy or ute typ
ex ftw ste y m r sy e o
or ecu are m i ana ste f
pr te pr n w ge m's

removable
to another.
EE-PROM
(Pen Drive)
im d i og h m

In the form of

storage device.
Flash Memory

from one device

ar n t ram ich ent

Transferring data
Th y he s

Pictorial Presentation
th is s m m a
e e ys em a re
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t c c y.
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w m ng ss ti en e u
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ar h a m en ith of les
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em a ee by n
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y. fa ik h
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It om me he
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41
e s end nli ry Usage
pa s o mi
m t

Popular
em ce o n th ed.
M or f t e
pr er y. he

large programs to run.

Virtual Memory
W oc its
a e -
Another name and Example

ev pro nd ss e Pos
c
e e in xe s

It is not a physical memory of the

computer but a technology to allow
Electronic Storage Device

W m n w ssin cre cut ible

em he g as io
e n
n
re ory th spe s
du s e ed
W ce ize ma D
d. is in e e
ta xec me
ke ut ri
s
.P t io ts-
m o be mor n p Th
a e r e
D op nag tter tim oce
er em me e ss
at
MMC
(Chip)

in ent mo due
g
Palmtop,

sy by ry
FN
memory card
In the form of
Camera, PDA,
Memory Card

ste the
Smartphone, etc.

m
In Mobile, Digital
(Multimedia Card)

.
O

GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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S .C
O
 Difference between Primary and Secondary Memory
¯
¯ ¯ ¯

Primary/Main Memory Secondary/Auxiliary Memory

Inside the computer Place Mainly outside the computer

Permanent and Temporary Kinds Permanent

Limited Capacity Unlimited

Fast Speed Relatively slow

Low (nano second) Access Time More (Milli Second)

More Cost per bit Low

ROM Register Cache RAM Magnetic Optical

Memory

Memory Disk Disk

1m sec 1-2 ns 3-10 ns 11-60 ns 10-50 ms 100-200 ms

O
Access

(Micro (Nano (Milli

.C
Time

Second) Second) Second)

S
TE
O
FN

4 to 8 200 32 KB to 16 MB to 160 GB to 700 MB to

Capacity
Storage

MB Byte 4 MB 4 GB 1600 GB 60 GB
D
.P
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Pictorial Presentation 42 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Buffer Memory

Usage

Ø To control the speed of data transfer

between sender and receiver.
Ø To optimize the data transfer
The data are
between devices of different size. stored
Creation of
buffer Ø To store the data is buffer before data temporarily
memory in in buffer
to be stored in RAM. before being
main
memory Example transferred
(RAM) in main
Ø While downloading audio / video
memory.
from internet it first loads 20% into
buffer then starts playing.

Full Form Used

Simultaneous as a
Peripheral buffer
Operation memory
On Line
O
.C
Spool/
Spooling
S
TE

A temporary Sending a
O

storage area document to a

where buffer with high
FN

the data to be speed capacity

printed is stored for before printing, is
D

a period of time. called spooling.

.P
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Pictorial Presentation 43 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Selection of
Computer Memory for Usage

More More Low Slow

Semiconductor Memory

Register

Cache Memory

ROM / RAM
Storage Capacity

Access Time

Speed
Cost
Magnetic Disk

Optical Disk

Magnetic
Tape

Low Low More Fast

Memory Card
Note

Ø Selection of computer
memory is such a way –
Without slowing down the speed of data O
processing, to achieve maximum
.C
utility at low cost.
S
TE

Flash Memory Ø Electronic Memory device like

small card of thin size
O

Ø Non-volatile memory is used to

FN

write new data by removing old Ø Popular as Removable storage

data or programs by electricity
Ø Usage- Used in mobile phone,
D

Digital camera, VDA, Palmtop,

Ø Example -
.P

Smartphone, etc.
EE-PROM, Pen Drive and Memory card
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Pictorial Presentation 44 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 (C)
Processing Device Working System of Computer (CPU)

Information
Instructions
An electronic Secondary or

Result or
Data and
microchip Auxiliary
Important CPU is called Memory
part of Heart or Brain
computer of computer

Output Unit
Input Unit
system Primary or
Main Memory
Computer is Used to
unable to control, instruct
work without and process all
CPU tasks. Control Unit
Processing (CU)
Device
Another Part Able to
(CPU) transform data
CU, ALU and
into information Arithmetic
Memory
after processing Logic Unit
(Register) based on (ALU)
instructions.
CPU
Another name CPU Able to execute
(Central Processing the operating
Unit) or Processor system and other Parts/Components of CPU
­
or Microprocessor programs.
­

­ Control
Memory
Unit Three Parts of Unit
or CPU
Memory Unit ­
Register
Arithmetic Logic Unit

Operational It is a high speed Data, Program,

Register A
electronic chip memory Instruction and last O
L that is a part of CPU. results being currently
used by CPU are stored
.C
Control Unit U
in Register.
To store all data instructions
To store final results before

S
going to output device.

TE for processing.

Register /
I/O Module Memory
Unit
O

and Its
FN

Functions
I/O Device
D

To store the It is fastest memory in

Structure of
.P

results between comparison to RAM.

CPU
processing.
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Pictorial Representation 45 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Second important It is called Nerve
part of CPU. System of Computer.

Able to help ALU. Control It is connected to ALU

Unit and I/O device.
(CU)
Instructing and ­ Adjusting and
Controlling Harmonizing
Functions of Control Unit
­

­
l To processor (ALU)'s ­ l Among all the
functions or operations. softwares, hardwares and
their activities
l To input / output and other Storing
hardware like monitor, l Between Input /
printer, scanner, mouse, Fetching data from Output devices
keyboard, disk, etc. main memory and
storing them

Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) Logical Unit
Arithmetic l Equal to (=)
Unit l Less than (<)
Ø The important part of CPU is ALU.
l Greater than (>)
l Addition (+) Ø The actual execution of
instructions and data are l Less than or equal to (<)
l Subtraction (–) processed by ALU. l Greater than or equal to (>)
l Multiplication (×) Ø It is used to l Less than or
perform arithmetic does not equal to (<¹)
l Division (÷) and logical calculations. l Greater than or does
1 Ø ALU is divided 2 not equal to (>¹)
into two parts.

Do you know? Computer O

Register Cache Clock Internal External
¯ ¯
.C
Ø AMD and Intel are two biggest ¯ Bus
¯ Bus
¯
Leading CPU manufacturing ¯
Memory
S

companies which make available their System Bus

TE

own types of CPUs.

Factors affecting the

O

AMD Intel Pentium speed of a CPU

Athlon
FN

Intel Celeron
AMD Intel Intel Xeon
Parallel Interaction
D

Intel Core 2 Duo Calculations between CPU

.P

AMD and other

Duron Intel Atom Word Length
devices
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Pictorial Representation 46 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Data processing speed
depends on its clock.

In the absence of power, l System Clock, a timing

the time of the computer device capable of
Computer

clock is remain reset by generating a pulse or

Clock

the CMOS. electric pulse to

(Complementary Metal synchronize processing.
Oxide Semi-conductor)
Battery.
l The sooner it generates
a clock pulse, the faster
the speed of data
processing.

Bus is used to send data, instruction,

and information to various devices of
ng th
Word Le the computer by the CPU.

Ø The number of digits (bit) to be taken by

computer for processing
Ø Increment in speed of computer due to System
increment in word length
Ø Its length is possible upto 8,16, 32 and 64
Bus
bits.
Ø 64 bit means the word length of computer Types
is 64 bit. Internal Bus External Bus
used to transmit used to transmit data
data to the internal to various external
device of the devices like
Multiple processors are able to motherboard. peripherals, ports
perform multiple operations expansion slots, etc.
simultaneously at a time.
O
Example
.C
32 bit data can be exchanged simultaneously
parallel processing is

over a system bus of 32 bit width.

CPU is increased by
Working capacity of
Parallel processing.
parallel computing.

S
Another name of

TE

Parallel
ices
Calculations
etween C PU and other dev
Co-ordination b
O
FN

Ø Generally, CPU is able to do fast

calculation.
Ø Negative impact on computer's speed due
D

Two or more processors to slowing down of other devices.

are used to solve a single Ø Positive impact on computer's speed due to
.P

problem. speeding up of other devices.

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Pictorial Representation 47 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Output Device w?
Ø Electromechanic Device Do you kno sured
m p u te r m onitor is mea
Ø Used to display the result processed by the of a co onitor, whic
h
Ø The size n gth of the m
CPU. ia g o n al le f a
based on the
d us, the size o
Ø Able to display the result as hard copy or ss ed in inches. Th ld
is usual ly ex p re es wide wou
soft copy.
in ch es lo n g and 9 inch
2
Ø Example – Monitor, Printer, Projector, monitor is 1 .
Speaker, Plotter, etc. be 15 inches

(D)
Output Device
¯
¯ ¯
Soft Copy Hard Copy

(Which can be seen only) (Which can be both seen and touched)
¯ ¯
Display Unit or ¯ ¯
Monitor Printing Listening Unit
¯ Unit or Speaker
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Monochrome Gray-Scale Colour ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ Printer Plotter
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ Impact Non-Impact Drum Flat Bed
CRT LCD Projector Printer Printer
(Cathode (Liquid Crystal Display) / ¯
Ray TFT ¯ ¯
Tube) (Thin Film Transistor) / Dot Daisy ¯
LED Matrix Wheel ¯ ¯ ¯
(Light Emitting Diode) Inkjet Laser Thermal
¯
¯ ¯ Classification Monochrome Monitor
Vector CRT Rester CRT Ø Its display
O
¯ ¯ of Monitor
Three types of displayed with two
.C
¯ monitor available colours
used in Hospitals based on its colour Ø One colour of the
S

background and
other one colour
TE

Soft Copy of the visible object.

Ø Temporary output,

W
O

which cannot be touched. Gray Scale Monitor

Ø It cannot be used without Ø Monochrome is a Colour Monitor
FN

form of monitor. Ø Three colours (Red,

hardware. Ø Multiple sheds Green and Blue) are
Ø Available electronically in digital form. displayed by used in this.
D

Ø It is easy to change it. mixing black with Ø Displayed other

Ø The output presented by monitor and white colours. colours by RGB.
.P

speaker are its examples.

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Pictorial Representation 48 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 On the basis of technology, LCD/TFT
Monitors Monitor
are divided into three categories
Ø Full Form - Liquid Crystal
Display/Thin Film Transistor.
Ø Liquid crystal used between two layers.
Ø Thin, lightweight, less space and less
power consumption monitor.
Ø Used is Laptop, Tablet, Smartphone,
Electronic watch, Calculator, etc.
Ø Converted into TFT due to low image
clarity.
CRT r
ito
Mon

Projector
Ø It is an output device which is
Ø Full Form – Cathode Ray Tube used to show any type of image or
video on a white poster or wall.
Ø Another Name – VDU (Visual Display Unit)
Ø It was invented in 1895 by
Ø Available like a picture tube of a TV Lumiere Brothers, Auguste and
Louis.
Ø Phosphorus layer used on screen.

Ø Used in the emission of electron guns,

cathode rays and electron beam.

Focusing
Base System Y deflect
O
Phosphorus

.C
Actual Physical Printed
Paper Documents
S

Connector X deflect
Pins Electron
TE

Gun Control
grid voltage

Hard
O

Ø When the electron beam hits the

screen, the pixels start glowing by Copy
FN

which picture or image are shown.

Text Printable
File File
D

Ø Two types are : Vector CRT and Rester CRT

Photograph,
.P

Ø Both used in Hospitals Drawing

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Pictorial Representation 49 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Printers by style
er
Print
Impact Printer
nic
e l e ctro Ø Used to print by pressing on paper and
n
t is a ice. ink ribbons, similar to a typewriter.
Ø I t dev
t p u he Ø Used to print electromechanically by
ou
t o put t e
d striking on ribbon and paper.
Ø U
se
e d on th
la y on Ø Single colour output available depending
p u t disp f o r mati on the colour of the ribbon.
out ital i
n
ics,
e n (dig G raph Ø Physical contact established among print
s c r e s ,
ge per.
Ima n pa
head, ribbon cartridge and paper during
like ) o py
t s , etc .
S o f t Co printing.
Tex ert Ø Effective printing on paper using ink
t o conv y.
U se d
a r d Cop ribbon.
Ø H
into Ø Examples –
Dot matrix and daisy wheel printer.

Classification of Printer Dot Matrix

¯ Printer
¯ ¯
According to Capacity According to Style
l Character or ¯
Single Printer ¯ ¯
l Line Printer Impact Printer Non-impact
l Page Printer l Dot Matrix Printer
l Daisy l Thermal
Wheel l Inkjet
l Laser

Printers by capacity Ø Able to print a single character at a time.

Ø Slow speed impact printer.

O
.C
Ø A print head is used to move from
left to right and from right to left.
S

Ø Character or Single Printer Ø Carbon copy used in this printing.

TE

Able to print a single character at a time.

Example Dot Matrix Printer
Ø Ink soaked ribbon used between
paper and print head.
O

Ø Line Printer
FN

Ø The print head is fitted with hammers which

Able to print a complete line
strike the ribbon to bring out the character.
at a time.
D

Ø Used to making invoices, receipts, tickets, etc.

Ø Page Printer
.P

Able to print a complete page

at a time. Ø Bad printing quality.
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Pictorial Representation 50 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Ø In this, printing on
Daisy Wheel Printer paper by dots.

Ø The printing quality is very

clear due to the dots being very
small and close together.

Non-Impact Printer
Ø No physical contact between
Ø A character is present on each petal. print head, cartridge and paper.
Ø Ink powder used inside
Ø The wheel is rotated at high speed by a motor. the cartridge.
Ø Its printing is good. Ø Missing ribbon in this.
Ø Multiple carbon copy can be printed simultaneously. Ø Printing is done by
spraying ink by electrical or
Ø In this, a plastic wheel is used similar chemical method.
to the Daisy flower shape.
Ø Faster speed and less noise.
Ø When the correct letter position is
reached at the printing position, it is Ø Both black and colour printing is
struck with a small hammer. possible.

It is a digital printing process. Thermal In this, coated thermochromic

Printer heat sensitive paper used.

Printing done on thermochromic

Thermal print head used in printing. paper by the effect of heat.

Advantages Inkjet Printer Drawbacks

Ø Good Ø Higher cost per
printing
Ø It is a non-impact printer.
page.
O
quality Ø Slower printing
.C
Ø Less than laser printer.
initial cost Ø Print head with 300-500 small jet nozzles available in this. Ø For black and
S

Ø More colour printing,

TE

reliable Ø Printing by ink dots (spray). different ink-

cartridge used.
O

Ø Spraying of ink droplets on the paper

with the effect of electric fields.
FN
D

Ø In this, Ink bottle (colour and

monochrome cartridge) used.
.P
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Pictorial Representation 51 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Advantage Disadvantage
Ø Low printing cost with good quality. Ø More expensive equipment.

Ø High speed Ø It is able to

non-impact print high
printer. quality fast
Ø In this, speed characters
semiconductor and pictures.
laser beam, Ø Commonly
optical drum and changed used in desktop
ink toner are used. publishing.

Laser Printer

Mother Board
Ø It is the main Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
link to which all components are connected.
Ø Visible like printer
device. Ø Entire computers orgranized around it.
Ø Used to print vector
graphics. Ø CPU, RAM, ROM, HDD, etc. are connected on it.
Ø Plotter used
instead of toner. Ø Input unit, output unit, CD drive, sound
Ø Pen, pencil, card, video card, TV card, Graphics card,
marker or etc. are connected.
other writing
devices are used to Ø Expansion slots are available for future
draw continuous connections of hardware device.
lines on paper.
Backbone
of Computer
Speaker Icon Main Circuit
Board of Computer
O
Measurement of Computer System Performance
.C
Ø Speaker is an
output device.
Ø Used to convert
S

electrical waves into

TE

sound waves.
Ø Used to produce Response
a soft copy of the output Time
O

in the form of sound.

Ø There is an amplifier available in it.
FN

Ø It is used to convert electronic

signals into sound wave. Turn
Throughput
Ø Headphone and earphone are its Around
D

examples. Time
.P

Ø Nowadays, they are through

bluetooth.
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 Computer Software

l Used to indicate improved performance.

l The number of useful processing performed by the computer per unit time.
Throughput l Used to measure the performance of hard drive, RAM,
Internet and network connections.

l Depends on the type of processed work.

The time between the

This is the computer processing and the
time when the first response to be edited.
process is in the ready Response
state and is received by Time
the CPU for the first Response time should be
time. short for better
performance.

The time taken by The time between

the CPU to complete a
Turn the work given to the CPU
process or to fulfil
Around and the result obtained after
a request.
Time the process.

To tell the hardware l Controlling the

what to do, when to Functions Software Usage functions of computer O
system.
do and how to do it,
l Co-ordinating with
.C
etc. are its functions. hardware.
Definition l The scheduled task
S

done by the hardware.

TE

l A systematic set of instructions, programs, rules and actions that we (users)

cannot touch.
O

l If hardware is its engine, the software is its fuel.

l Programs, applications and software are used to indicate the same thing.
FN
Programmer

l A set of instructions l Computer software specialist prepares the code or

Program

prepared by the program to complete the assigned task, checks it, identifies
programmer to make a
.P

computer perform a and fixes the bugs and consider the possibilities arising
definite and specific task. during the implementation (processing).
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 Types of Software

Note
System Application Executable Program
Software Software l The software that gives the desired
result by executing by the computer
processor (CPU).
l The extension name of this file is .exe
l To follow the instructions of the
Utility program are run, execute, process,
Software operate.

User
Users
Working implementation by
Application Software Application Software

Hardware Controlling By
Operating System
System Software

Hardware Hardware

Software
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
System Software Application Software Utility Software
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ Word Anti-virus
Operating Language Device Driver Processor Examples
System Translator Example Examples
Backup
Example Example Motherboard Spreadsheet
Windows Compiler, driver, Database program O
Unix, Assembler, Keyboard Accounting File manager
.C
Linux, Interpreter driver Pagemaker
Android, Printer driver Coreldraw
S

MAC OS Scanner driver Photoshop

TE

Without it,
A set of programs designed to perform The sets of
O

the computer
It is the basic functions of a computer programs
is a lifeless are responsible
FN

connected to system and make them functional.

machine. System for running the
Hardware computer,
Software
and Functions intermediate function Use controlling
D

Application between the computer and user, the used for tasks, managing
.P

Software function of preparing background computer resources.

for application software. hardware.
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 l Organized set of programs. Types of System Software l Used to guide,
l A link between the control, make usable
computer and the user. any device that can be
extremely connected to
a computer such as
Main Functions keyboard, mouse, printer
scanner, camera, etc.
l To transfer user commands to
hardware and results and
messages to the user.
l Providing interface for
communication with the user l Nowadays, various device
Operating Language Device
and the computer. drivers are already loaded into
Sytem Translator Driver operating system that the
l Managing hardware devices.
l Managing and maintaining computer configures the new
disk file systems. hardware accordingly.
l Supporting application programs. l Another name : Plug and
Play Device

l Source code is written by the programmer in a high level language which the computer is unable to
understand directly because the computer understands binary (0 and 1). For solving these types of
problems, language translator is used.

Assembler
Compiler Interpreter
l A language translator
l A language translator l Like a compiler,
program. program.
interpreter is also a
l Used to translate High l Used for assembling
language translator
Level Language (HLL) (converting) the program
program.
program into machine written in assembled
l Used to execute a
language. form or low level
program designed in a
l By translating the whole language into machine
program in one go, it is used high level language by
language.
to indicate all mistakes (bugs) converting them into
l Used to convert
in line order. machine language.
assembly language as
l Used to create an l Used to run or execute
mnemonic code into
executable program by each line of the program
binary code. O
compiling the entire source by converting them into
program or source code into machine language line by
.C
an object program. line.
Assembly Language
S

(Source Code)
TE

¯
High Level Language Assembler High Level Language
¯ (Source Program)
¯
O

Compiler Machine Language (Object Code) ¯

¯ Interpreter
FN

Object Program ¯
Important Facts Program Implementation
D
.P

l Linux is also a powerful l Linux is available for free while l Limited usage of Linux
operating system like Windows. Windows is available for paid. compared to Windows.
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 Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

Sl. No. Compiler Interpreter

Able to translate the program line by line.

1. Able to translate entire programs together.

Used to display all errors together. Used to display another fault by correcting
2.
an error after displaying it.

Unable to execute progam by translating Able to execute programs by translating

3.
it into machine language. program into machine language.
4. Its output is an object of machine language. Its output is the result of software implementation.
5. Slow speed in removing the bugs. Quick in removing the bugs.
6. Less time in editing. More time in editing.

Types of Operating System

User Based Work Mode Based

Development
Based

Single User Graphical User Interface

Operating system In this operating system, Input
to computer through mouse and
In this
Multiuser Character or keyboard based on graphics
operating system, l As a graphics, all kinds of
Operating System Command User
only one person In this operating buttons, menus, etc
Interface – In this interface are present.
(user) is permissible system, more than one
persons (users) are operating system, a special l No need to
to act atonce.
permissible to act at type of command (only text) memorize
Example commands
once by creating an is used by typing to operate
MS DOS, account. l Commands
the computer. Need to be displayed as
Windows, 95, 98, etc Example – O
Linux, Unix, etc. memories commanded. icon on
Example MS DOS monitor.
S .C

Serial
Embedded
TE

Operating System
Operating System
Distributed
O

Operating System
Development Batch
FN

Based Operating System

Open/Closed Source
Network
D

Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating System
.P

Operating System
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 Multi Processing Operating System

Real Time Operating System Time Sharing Operating System

Multi User Operating System

1
Serial Operating System
l In this, one by one tasks Job 1 Job 1
(Processes or jobs) are executed
serially.
Serial
Example
Job 2 Opera- Job 2 CPU
l MS DOS
ting
Drawbacks
System
l After completion of a process
(job), another are executed. Job n Job n
l Now, its use is negligible.

2
Batch Operating System
l In this, organizing similar tasks (processes or jobs) as a batch
and executing them in groups.
Example
l Payroll system, Bank statements.
Benefits
l All computer resources available for execution of jobs.
l Very little CPU idle time.
Loss
l Difficult to debug.
l If one job falls, the other job has to be stopped to wait for an
unknown amount of time. O
.C

Job 1
S
TE

Job 1,
Similar Job 2 Batch 1
Job 3,
O

Similar Job 3 Batch Job 2,

Operating Job 4, Batch 2 CPU
FN

Job 4 Sytem Job 5

Job 5
D
.P

Job n Job n
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3
Embedded Device
Operating System Drivers
l Operating system to use
the processor located
inside an electronic device.
RTOS
l Present (stored) in ROM Embedded
(Real Time
(Read Only Memory). Firmware Operating
Operating
l Used in home System
Systems)
appliances like
microwave, washing
machine, DVD player, car
management system, Reference
traffic control, electronic Board Design
clock, etc.

4
Network Operating
System
Client 1 Client 2
l This operating system used
to run on a single server.
l Capable of managing data,
security, users, groups,
applications and other
networking tasks.
l On its private network,
access permission of sharing
files, printers, applications,
security and other functions.
Example
l Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
2008, UNIX, LINUX, Mac OSX, BSD File Server
Benefits
l Integration in new technology
and hardware system and centralized Client 3 Client 4
server security.
Loss
l Dependence on the central
location for expensive server,
more tasks.

5
Distributed
O
CPU Disk CPU Disk CPU Disk
.C
Operating System
l Capable of running various Memory Memory Memory
S

applications using multiple

processors and memories.
TE

l Due to its use by many

users, its another name is
loosely coupled operating Distributed
O

system Operating
Benefit System
FN

l When one system falls,

using the simplest of the other
systems are possible.
D

Loss
l Due to failure of the main CPU Disk CPU Disk
.P

network, all communications stopped.

l Low availability due to being expensive. Memory Memory
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6
Multi Tasking Operating System
l Used to perform multiple tasks (more than one task).
l All the tasks can be edited simultaneously after the processor has given all the
running programs (tasks) for some time.
l Actually assigning time to different processes by the CPU.
l The tasks are completed so fast that the user feels that all the tasks are
happening simultaneously.

Real Time Operating

Multiprograming System
Operating System l Importance of giving results
l Capable of performing multiple in stipulated time frame.
jobs at the same time. l Used as data in another
Time sharing l Capable of doing a single process at a time program of a result of a
Operating program.
without executing multiple programs
l By delaying execution
System (processes or jobs) at the same time. of first program, the
l Used for giving l Some part of the main memory are execution of second
some time (slice allocated for each program. program and results are
time or quantum) to l More storage capacity of the main memory. likely to stop.
each user for sharing l Execution of another process when l Used in operation of
use of resources. satellites, controlling of
one process is busy. airplanes, nuclear furnaces,
l Using to create an Benefits scientific research, defence,
account of each user l Time utilization medical, railway reservation,
according to the permission. robotics, industrial control, etc .
Word Time Example l Linux
E-mail Sharing CPU
Operating
Tally System
Multi User Operating System
l Used in computer system connected to network.
l Various users able to do one program at same time.
Example
l Unix, Linux, Windows-7

Multiprogramming Operating System

O
.C
Job 1 ® Job 1 idle Job 1 ®
S
TE

Job 2 ® Job 2 idle Job 2 idle ®

O

Job 3 ® Job 3 idle Job 3 idle ® CPU

FN

Job 4 ® Job 4 idle Job 4 idle ®

D
.P

Job 5 ® Job 5 idle Job 5 idle ®

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 Open/Closed Source Operating System

l Kernel or source l The source

code of software is code of software is secret.
available to all.
l Anyone is unable
l Anyone able to use it by
changing it according to his to make changes in it.
needs. l Any user able to
l Completely independent Open Closed use it by
means no one has any Source Source
right on it. paying
OS OS defined fee.
l Free of cost.

Example Example
Linux, Google's Android OS Windows, Apple's iphone OS

Some Popular Operating Systems

l Single user Microsoft

operating system developed Windows NT
by Microsoft in 1981.
l Based on command prompt. l Built for use in computer networks equipped
with multi-processing, multi-user and time
sharing OS.
MS DOS l Use of graphical User Interface.

l Various features of network,

communication and data security are available.

l Users need to remember commands and syntax.

O
.C
l It is a 16 bit operating system.
S
TE

Microsoft Windows

l Windows 3.0 released in 1990 to l Based on Graphical User Interface (GUI).

O

address the shortcomings of DOS

l Used to work with pictures, graphs and letters.
FN

l Windows 95, Windows 98, l Features of multi-tasking are inherent.

Windows Me (Millennium),
D

l Useful for one program to another.

Windows-XP, Windows - Vista,
.P

Windows-7, Windows-10, l All programs based on Windows

etc are its examples have almost the same functions.
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 UNIX LINUX

l Developed by Linus Torvalds

l Developed by Ken Thompson in 1991.
and Dennis Ritchie of Bell
Laboratories in 1969.
l Free available open source software.

l Open software for modification

l First software built for network and by any programmer.
communication.

l Its Mascot is Tux-the Penguin.

l First operating system written in
High Level Language (C. Language)

More features available in Unix

than Windows Operating System.

Android Operating System

l Touchscreen mobile phone like

smartphone, tablet, etc. developed by
Google company.

l Using GUI (Graphical User Interface).

l Source code based on modified

versions of Linux and other open source
software.

Customized / Application General /

Special Packaged
Application Software Application O
.C
l Developed to fulfil l An organized set of programs designed l Developed to fulfil the
general needs of a user /
S

special needs of any to perform a specific task of a user

user/institution / institution / organization.
TE

organization. l Capable of handling the

l Useful in establishing coordination requirements of creating
l Developed over using between the system software and the user.
documents / database,
O

High Level Language

managing them, drawing
l Example – Railway l Able to work only on the background images, making
FN

reservation, flight set by the operating system. presentations, playing

control, weather games, etc.
analysis, inventory l Example – Microsoft
D

l System software operates in the Backend, while

control, payment the application software operates in the Frontend. Office, Media Player,
.P

(payroll) etc. CAD/CAM, etc.

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 Examples of General Application Software

Processing
Software
l Used for Creating text document (Letter, Report,
Spreadsheet Books) Editing, Formatting, Checking grammar Desktop
Software spelling, Printing, etc.
Publishing
l Used to classify and l
analyze mathematical Abbreviation is
and statistical data in Presentation Accounting DTP.
the form of table (Row Software Package l Used in the
and Column. l Used for l Used in work and
l Facility to create presentation of various practice of
graphs and charts. information in the financial
publishing.
office, conference accounting,
l Used to create meeting, seminar, business l Used to
Ledger in Banks and etc. transactions enter and edit
Merchant l Example and general text data in a
establishments. MS Power Point, management. computer.
Presentation l Example
l Example l Example
Graphics, Libre Tally
MS Excel, Lotus, Smart Office Impress, etc. Microsoft
Suit, Open Office Calc, Publisher,
Libre Office Calc, Page Maker,
Apple Numbers, etc. Corel Draw,

Application
Software
Word Spreadsheet Presentation Database
Processing
Operating
System

Word Lotus -- dBase

O
MS DOS Star 1-2-3
S .C
TE

Word Pad MS MS MS
MS Windows MS-Word Excel Power Point Access
O
FN

K-Word K Spread K Presenter Star Base

D

Ab-Word Open Calc Star Impress Oracle

Linux Open Writer Star Calc
.P

Star Writer
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 Graphics
Database Cad Software
Software Full Form
Software l Used to built, l Computer Aided Design
l Used to store, modify modify and print l Used in engineering and specific
and classify data. graph, image, design, creating three dimensional
Example drawing, etc. (3-dimensional) design of map,
Example modifying and process
l MS Access, Oracle, understanding, etc.
l Paint Shop Pro,
Libre Office, Base, SQL Adobe Photoshop, Example
Server, etc. etc. Auto CAD, Auto Desk,
etc.

Sr. No. System Software Application Software

1. Used to operate computer hardware. Used to do user's specific task.

Differenece
between
2. User interaction impossible User interaction possible due to
System
due to running in Backend. running in Frontend.
Software
and
3. Able to run independently. Application Unable to run independently. For being
Software capable, system software is needed.

4. Example - Compiler, Example - Word Processor, Web Browser,

Assembler, Interpreter, Media Player, Spreadsheet software,
Debugger, Driver, etc. Accounting Software, etc.

Utility Software
O
.C
l A Computer Programming System
S

l Used to optimize, analyze, configure, maintain the computer, remove bugs,

TE

increase security functions, increase efficiency, etc.

O
FN

Advantage
D

l Increasing computer efficiency, adding special functions and features,

customizing settings like screen saver, protecting against viruses, spyware, malware,
.P

managing memory providing passwords etc.

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 Types
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
File Management Utility Security Disk Management Utility Backup
¯ Programs ¯ and
¯ ¯ (Anti ¯ ¯ ¯ Recovery
File Data/File Virus Disk Disk Disk Utility
Manager Compressor Utility) Formatting Fragmentation Cleaner
In case, the memory disk gets damaged, it is possible to store it on another

File Management Utility

disk using the Backup and Recovery Utility to avoid the fear

Data/File Compression File Manager

used to compress file size which l Used to display file name, size,
takes less space in memory and type, date and time, etc
Backup and Recovery Utility

takes less time to transfer over l Used to View, Edit, Print, Move ,
the network. Example JPEG, Copy, Delete and Modify the Files
MP3, MPEG and Folders.
of loss of data.

Anti Virus
Utility Disk Cleaner
Software Utility is used to l Through this, it is possible to
disable viruses that cause increase the capacity of the memory
system failures disk by removing the impurities and
unnecessary programs and data.
Disk
Disk Formatting Management Disk Fragmentation
l Major functions like Utility l It enables faster disk speed by
checking all the sectors of recording all the files on the disk.
floppy, hard disk or optical disk, l Able to improve memory
identifying bad sectors, preparing management by arranging
address table and free space between different
optimizing OS, etc. stored files.

Software Package
O
Definition
.C
l A group of software designed
for a specific purpose.
S
TE

Another Name
l Software Suit Microsoft
O

l Integrated Software Office

FN

Usage and Example

D

l MS office package manufactured

.P

by Microsoft company for office use

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 Other Freeware
Retail l It is available for personal
Softwares
Software use without fee.
l Which is l Available for free on internet.
available for sale in l Its full rights (copyright)
the market and is available to manufacturer.
manufactured for
use by paying a l Only manufacturer has the
reasonable price. right to change the source code
not the user has.
l Unavailable for sale.
Groupware

A utility software
developed for
Share Ware general purpose at Firmware
l Mixed form of software or
Software the convenience of
software and hardware.
l Used for a specific period of individuals. l Saves the hardware and
time, without fee. Example replaces it.
l Fee required for use after Online Chat, l Stored in permanent electronic
ending of the trial period. memory at the time of
E-mail, Voice Mail,
l Free available manufacture.
News group, l Software written in ROM,
on internet. Video Conferencing. PROM is its example.

Software License Install/Uninstall program

l A legal document that l Install
grants the legal right to use and Copying any software
distribute the software subject to from secondary storage
certain conditions or unconditionally. media to hard disk
l Software piracy nomenclature to use, so that it is ready for use.
distribute, modify software without the l Uninstall
permission of the copyright holder. Removing software from hard disk.

Some important keywords related to Software

O
.C
Bug & Debug
S

l The Error presents in program or software is bug and

the process of finding and repairing them is
TE

debug nomenclatured.
l The software designed to bug and
debug is nomenclatured
O

Syntax debugger. Logic

FN

Errors Errors
l Grammar mistakes in Two Types of l Errors arising
programming are during program
D

indicated by the name of Errors in the Program execution are

.P

Syntax Error. indicated by the name

of Logic Errors.
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 Booting

Cold Boot l Automated process Worm Boot

nomenclatured booting from
l The process l The process when
starting the computer's power
the computer is
when an off button ON to ready for use.
already ON without
Major Functions
computer is turning off the power
l Loading a copy of the operating
turned on by supply get booted
system into main memory (RAM).
again.
pressing the l Checking the hardware and
l Ctrl+Alt+Delete
displaying the relevant information
power or start used for
on the screen.
button. Worm Boot.
Another name
l Boot Strap

Kernel
l The core point or part of the infrastructure of an operating system.
l Its main function is to establish a connection between software and hardware and
ensure the management items of equipment.
l Complete operating system based on the Kernel itself.
l Another Name – the source code of the software.

A set of
procedures designed
step by step to achieve
a desired result. l Able to
complete each
instruction in
l given time.
Its all Used to Small set l Each algorithm
instructions eventually
build of
must be Alogrithm terminates. O
correct and ladders to instructions.
l At each
clear. solve the
completion, the
.C
problems. desired result
must be achieved.
S

Logic required
to build a
TE

program.
O

Example
FN

Algorithm to print Step 4 : if A < 50 goto Step 2

all even numbers Step 1 : A = 2
D

Step 5 : if A > 50
from 1 to 50 Step 2 : Print A
Step 6 : Stop
.P

Step 3 : A = A + 2
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 Flowchart

l Image conversion of algorithm (schematic representation).

l Used in the analysis, design, documentation or management of a process or program.
l Use of different pictures for different types of instructions.
l Easy to write programs and easy to correct mistakes.

Start

Input A, B

Example Yes
If
of a flowchart to A>B
show a larger or
smaller number in
Print A Greater
two No
numbers.
Print B Smaller

Stop

Example

Process 1

O
.C
Start Decision Process 2 Action End
S
TE

Process 3
O
FN

l Use of flowcharts for simple process in designing and documentation of programs

D
.P

l Its great contribution in visualizing what is going on in a process

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 Signs of Flowchart

The oval symbol used Start and the Used to represent logic or questions and their results
End the process. (Yes or No) one or more options possible on this.

Start / End Decision

The parallelogram used for Used to indicate the direction of the flow
input or output. from top to bottom or left to right.

Input / Output Flowline

Rectangular mark (rectangle) containing Used to link one page to another

processing instructions or formulas. or one mark to another.

Process Connectors

Pseudo Code

l A way of creating program logic to solve a problem or perform a task.

l The link between programming language and human language.
l Articles on programs and logic in concise and simple language without using symbols like flowchart.

1. Start
2. Input A, B
Example
Pseudo code to 3. Compare A and B
represent a larger
or smaller number 4. If A > B, Print A O
in two numbers. 5. Else Print B
.C
6. Stop
S

Pseudo Code
TE
O

Computer Programming Languages

FN

¯
¯ ¯
Low Level Language High Level Language
D

¯ ¯
¯ ¯ (Cobol, Basic, C, C++,
.P

Machine Language Assembly Language Java, Logo, etc.)

(Middle Level Language)
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 Signs of Flowchart

The oval symbol used Start and the Used to represent logic or questions and their results
End the process. (Yes or No) one or more options possible on this.

Start / End Decision

The parallelogram used for Used to indicate the direction of the flow
input or output. from top to bottom or left to right.

Input / Output Flowline

Rectangular mark (rectangle) containing Used to link one page to another

processing instructions or formulas. or one mark to another.

Process Connectors

Pseudo Code

l A way of creating program logic to solve a problem or perform a task.

l The link between programming language and human language.
l Articles on programs and logic in concise and simple language without using symbols like flowchart.

1. Start
2. Input A, B
Example
Pseudo code to 3. Compare A and B
represent a larger
or smaller number 4. If A > B, Print A O
in two numbers. 5. Else Print B
.C
6. Stop
S

Pseudo Code
TE
O

Computer Programming Languages

FN

¯
¯ ¯
Low Level Language High Level Language
D

¯ ¯
¯ ¯ (Cobol, Basic, C, C++,
.P

Machine Language Assembly Language Java, Logo, etc.)

(Middle Level Language)
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 Machine
Language

(First pro l Di
d gra R sad
e d an m eq va
t a g
a n Generation l
M on for e uires ntag
a n rst ne. . i nst u t h a c a e
v e
Ad und ach speed
i Language) ruc ch di e typ h tas diffe
t f e k r
sy
to by m ing deb ions ficult of m and ent
Ea able ocess l The only language of
ug by p y in ach dep
gin re
l cap t pr
s g, par unde ine. ends
F a computer is capable b m
y h odi ing p rstan
l of understanding. um fyin rog din
an. g, ram g
l Language written in binary (0 and 1). etc s,
l Computer is an electronic circuit which only
able to sense ON (1) or OFF (0).
l Another name for machine language is machine code.
l Computer processor is able to understand directly and execute
machine language.
l No translation software is required for this.
l Very fast program execution speed.

Assembly
Language

y l Dis
e e ver e n
(Second It a
a g
nt guag guag than
i
Generation i s s s pro dvan
a l o c t
v n n
Ad ly la ial la s in i
t l ma wer essin age
. Language) l a P c h t h g
b qu m rs ng rog ine an sp
sem llo gra ge. rro uag ra t
e d ms langu hat o ed
e
As to co e pro ngua ove e ore e w f
l se rit la em is m l pe ri ag
clo r to w chine and r age ine Re
q ma nd o tten i e.
a u c
sse ire hin th n th n
sie ma find langu mach l Mnemonic code mb me e. e ty is
Ea to bly han . le nt pe
l y composed of letters and
s
Ea ssemable guag t e har r for of se of O
l A ad lan numbers (pre-defined words) d s
wa epa ara p
l re used for programming in this language. re. rat te
e
.C
Example
'ADD' to add 'SUB' to subtract, 'LD' to load data into memory, etc.
S

l Computer is unable to understand this language.

TE

Therefore, a translator named assembler is used to translate

the mnemonic into binary language.
l Another name for a program written in an assembly
O

language is source program or source code.

FN

l Capable of converting machine language to object program

by assembler software.
D

Assembly Language Machine Language

Assembler
.P

(Source Code) (Object Code)

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Pictorial Presentation 69 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Benefits

l The language used in colloquial l Use on different computers without any changes.
and writing (similar to human l Easy to write, read and understand instructions.
language) is more close. l Easy to create program, find errors and modify.
l Easy to understand by the user. l Closer to colloquial language
l Each high level language, set of so a few errors are possible.
predefined words and grammar
rules. High Level
l Computer is unable to Language
understand these languages. Third Generation
l A translator 'Interpreter' or Language
'Compiler' is needed to make it l Requires a different interpreter or
understandable by the computer. compiler for each language.
l Example – Cobol, FORTRAN,
Basic, C, C++, Java, etc. l Conversion into machine language before use.
l English language is used to l Its processing speed is slow compared to
write these languages. machine language and assembly language.

Loss

Do You Know?
l FORTRAN, the first high level language was created in 1954
by John Backus of the IBM Company,
but its commercial Version was released in 1957.

Difference between Machine Language

and Assembly Language
e.
gu ag
lan
ne
achi
to m s.
rt in
ve nb eing
o con huma
r t by ax.
mble
s ta nd g e synt
sse der gu a
a un an
l
s an to ng lish guag
e.
e sy e E n lan
Ea th t i o
O
ir

s er a
qu

in en
nta nd g
Re

o co
.C
c ese
It Th
S
TE

Machine Language Assembly Language

l Difficult to modify. l Very easy to modify.
O

l Very low risk of errors in its syntax.

l Higher risk of errors in its syntax.
l Platform Independent Language.
FN

l Platform Dependent Language. l Easy to remember assembly

l Difficult to remember language commands
binary code for by humans.
D

humans.
.P
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Pictorial Presentation 70 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 FORTRAN Pascal COBOL
l Full form Formula l Developed in 1971 l Full form – Common
Translator by Pro Niklaus Wirth of Business Oriented Language
l High level Switzerland. l Its command and
Programming Language sentence structure are similar
l It is nomenclatured
to English.
based on Algebra. on Blaise Pascal. l It is divided into
l Standardization of l Used to clarify the paragraphs, divisions and
FORTRAN in 1966 by ANSI concept of sectors.
(American National programming in l Another variant
Standard Institute) (visual cobol) is an
Trainees. Object Oriented
l Used to solve
Programming Language.
mathematical formulas
easily.
Logo
l It is developed by
Seymour Papert of BASIC
COMAL America, Wallace l Full form – Beginner's All
l Full form – Common Feurzeig, Denial Babrow Purpose Symbolic
Algorithmic Language. and Cynthia Solomon. Instruction Code.
l Used to teach sketches l Development of the
l Language used for and graphs for young popular and simple
middle level students. children. language BASIC in 1964 by
professor John Kemeny
and Thomas Kurtz.
l Used for both business
Prolog ALGOL and mathematical
l Developed in l Full form – purposes.
France in 1972 by Algorithmic l Used to teach students
giving priority to logic Language how to write programs.
in solving problems. l Used for l Foundation stone for
l Used in artificial Algebraic other languages.
intelligence and logic calculations. l Example
programs. Quick Basic, Visual Basic

C and C++ C# - C Sharp

O
l Object Oriented
Java
Programming Languages. l It developed by James l Developed by Microsoft
.C
l Closer to the English Language. Gosling of Sun for use in the internet
l Unix OS written in C Language. Microsystem l Standardized by the
S

l C Language was developed in l Developed mainly for European Computer

use in the internet Manufacture Association
TE

1971 by Dennis Ritchie in Bell

Laboratories and C++ was l Used in electronic (ECMA) and the
developed in 1980 by Bjarne products like Mobiles, International Standard
TVs, Telephones, etc. Organization (ISO).
O

Stroustrup.
FN

LISP
D

l Developed in 1958-1960 by John McCarthy.

l Functional Programming Language used in the processing of
.P

non-statistical data with artificial intelligence.

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Pictorial Presentation 71 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Computer Network

A group
of two or more Used to send
independent text, audio and
computers connected video data from one
together by different computer to
means of another.
communication.

Capable of being connected The word 'network' means –

with or without wires. interconnection of a network.
Four things are needed to establish communication in a network.
1 2
Sender Medium
4 3

Receiver Protocol

Benefits Protocol
O
of Network
.C
S

l Exchange of information l Meaning - Set of rules.

between different computers.
TE

l Exchange of information with

O

l A set of rules and

speed and accuracy. procedures designed to
FN

facilitate
communication and data
l Data transmission in low cost. transfer by different
D

computers on a
.P

network.
l Combined use of data, information and expensive device.
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Pictorial Presentation 72 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Types of
Internet Protocol User Datagram
Protocol (IP) Protocol (UDP)
l Used to transfer data l Used in some parts as the
from one TCP protocol.
computer to another. l It does not have capacity like
l A type of TCP.
Computer l The name of small size data

Used to help data

Address. packets is
is the identity of
each computer.
The IP address

delivering to
destination.
datagram.

Used to l UDP is
include the index and unable to recover
receiver's IP address in each of the it on being lost of the
datagram during
packets when split into multiple packets transmission.
during transferring data l Used to work together with the
IP protocol.

Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP)
Simple Mail Transfer
l Internet Communication Protocol. Protocol (SMTP)
l Communication impossible without TCP.
l Used to allow connection
and data transfer l With it, POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
between two also used.
l Both used for the same task.
TCP/IP are most

devices.
recover it when

l Where SMTP is
packets are

important
protocol.
Used to

used to
lost.

send mails,
POP3
l Able to is
guarantee data also
delivery by used
arranging packets to O
correctly. receive mails.
l Suitable to work
.C
together with IP.
S
TE

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

O

l Created a set of rules to transfer web pages in www

(world wide web).
FN

l Unable to transfer any kind of data over the web and

other client server without HTTP.
D

l On requesting any web page by the user,

.P

its loading is possible by HTTP.

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Pictorial Representation 73 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 File Transfer Internet Message
Protocol (FTP) Access Protocol (IMAP)

l Used to perfrom tasks l It is used to store the mail sent

like upload or download by the user on the mail server.
l This is helpful in accessing the mail
and transfer the files during login by entering the mail ID and
working on the website. Password by the user.

Miscellaneous
l The world's first WAN developed by the l NICNET (National Information
Centre's Network), the network
defense department of America is ARPANET
connecting each district of India.
(Advance Research Project Agency – Network). l SWIFT (Society for Worldwide
l Established WAN in India for education is Interbank Financial Telecommunications)
ERNET (Education and Research Network). is linking banks internationally.

Broad Band RS-232

l A communication l For transferring
th
ndwid
Ba e of highes t medium in which a serial binary data or Serve
l Am r
n g c y signal with a large signals over short a
used to chine
l Ra est frequen of bandwidth is distance by cable, a transfer
w e
and lo e at the tim available. and con
bl
availa transmissio n
n.
nsmission
standard used. node of trol any
l Tra l Used to connect net
data surement i spe ed is very fast. l Use work.
a modem, printer, providi ful in
l Me ertz. f l Ca pab le of mouse, etc. with the ng
H
- S p eed o pro vid ing DSL service various
aning serial port of the comput s to each
l Me ta transfer. (Digital Subscriber er c
da
eed of
data Link), TV Cable,
computer. to the n onnected
l Sp sion is high etwork
Optical Fiber. .
is
transm bandwidth
when high.
is

Baud
l The unit of
Nodes measurement of
Baseband O
l End point or the speed of data l The
terminal of various communication
.C
transmission.
computers l It is measured medium in which
connected to in bps-bits there is less
S

the network. per bandwidth

l Able to act
TE

second. available for

both sender data transfer
and The first l Another
O

receiver. name –
computer
Narrow
network
FN

Band.
which was
said Ethernet,
D

was
.P

manufactured
in 1973.
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Pictorial Representation 74 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Communication Methods

These methods or modes are used to describe the direction

Simplex

l One directional (unidirectional)

communication. Sender Receiver
l Able to send data but unable to receive
l Better performance than HDX One
and FDX. A B
l Keyboard, Monitor, TV, Radio, etc. Direction
are its examples.

Duplex

l Duplex communication
l A road on which system, a point-to-point system l Duplex
traffic can flow in consisting of two or more connected communication
both directions. parties or devices capable of system is able to do
communicating with each other in better performance
both directions. than Simplex.

Half / Semi Duplex Duplex Full Duplex

(HDX) (FDX)
l Both sides O
able to communicate
with each other.
.C
l Both sides may be able to
communicate with each other, but l Bidirectional communication possible.
S

not simultaneously. l Communication in both directions at the some time.

l Communication in one
TE

l Better communication performance because

direction at a time.
double bandwidth usage is possible.
l Example
Walkie - Talkie
O

l Example – Telephone Mobile.

FN

either Receiver Two Way Receiver

Sender or receiving or Sender or Communi- or
or sending cations
D

A B A B
Receiver Sender Receiver Sender
but not
.P

simultaneously
simultaneously
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Pictorial Representation 75 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Communication
Media
Unguided Media Guided Media
or Wireless (Wave) or (Wired Cable)
Communication media able to act as
a channel to connect various
® Microwave computing devices so that they can Twisted Pair Cable ¬
communicate with each other.
® Radiowave
Co-axial Cable ¬
® Satellite
Microwave Fibre Optics Cable ¬
® Bluetooth
l Communication established by ultra - high
frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz) Ethernet Cable ¬
® Infrared electromagnetic transmission.
l Electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths between 1 mm and 1 m used.
l No solid medium required.
l Use of short length parabolic antenna
Radio l A repeater used between Satellite
Wave 20-30 km.

l Those electromagnetic l Artificial satellite able to

waves whose wavelength is provide communication for phone
between 1 m (100 cm) to T.V., computer, etc.
100 km. C-band – 4-6 GHz,
Ku-band – 12-18 GHz,
l Available in both man-made and 1 GHz = 109 Hz
nature-made. l Established 36000 km from Earth's surface.

Bluetooth Infrared Wi-Fi Li-Fi

l Data transfer l Longer l Full Form – Wireless l Full Form – Light
over short wavelength than Fidelity. Fidelity.
distance electromagnetic l A device for l Wireless
(upto 100 meters) radiation. accessing the network technology providing
possible using l Invisible to the and internet with the high speed O
radiowaves of human eye. help of radio waves. communication.
shorter l Approx. l Used to create a l Visible light
.C
wavelengths. 1 millimeter LAN (Local Area communication i.e.
l Use of (300 GHz) to the red Network). capable of using LED
S

radiowaves edge of the visible l Capable of for sending data and

between 2.4 GHz spectrum upto connecting mobile photo diode for
TE

to 2.8 GHz. 700 nanometers phones around the receiving.

(430 THz) access point (upto a
possible. distance of 100 meters)
O

by wireless.
WiM
WLL
FN

A
X
l Full Form –
l Full Form – Other Worldwide Interoperability for
Wireless Local Loop Wireless Microwave Access.
D

l Local wireless technology used to l Able to operate between 3.3 to 3.4 GHz.
provide telephone facility with large Techniques
l Used to create a wireless WAN with 1
.P

bandwidth and high speed data Gbps broadband communication

transmission. speed.
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 Do You Know?
l The Fifth Generation or 5G or 5th Generation mobile phone service. Its speed is 4-5 gigabytes per second.
l Earlier, 4G (4th Generation) in which LTE (Long Term Evolution) and VoLTE
(Voice over Long Term Evolution) technology was used.

l Use of two copper Twisted Pair l Inequalities

wires with a maintenance of
roundness of 1 mm. Cable both wires through
l Used layers of which signals don't
plastic or teflon mix together.
insulators. l Data speed
l These two wires l Noise reduction in the cable. possible more than
are twisted and l Capable of being carried signal without 1 Mbps in range.
balanced. repeater over long distance (1 km).

Foil Twisted
Braided or Shields Pairs
Jacket Foil Shield

l Manufactured in Co-axial l Its bandwidth

cylindrical form as per possible upto 10
co-axial cable according Cable Mbps.
to its name. l Use of internet
l Four separate shields service along with O
or lattice used around the watching TV
central solid conductor. l More usage in TV networks. broadcasts using cable
.C
l Lottice covered with l Capable of carrying signals over long modem with it.
insulator. distance due to high bandwidth.
S
TE

Insulator
O
FN
D

Inner conductor
Outer conductor
.P

Plastic cover (shield)

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 l Capable of doing works
l Ultra thin Fibre Optics based on complete interior
fibre made of
glass or plastic Cable reflection of light.
l It has very low noise,
or silica which
high bandwidth, high speed
is useful to
and low signal loss.
transfer data by
l Time Division Multiplexing
using light l Photo Diode
used to convert light (TDM) and Wavelength
signals Division Multiplexing (WDM)
generated by back to signals.
techniques are used in this.
LED or Laser l In this, upto 300 Mbps data
Diode. transfer speed is possible.

Fibre Fibre
Coating Steel Strands
Copper Pipe

Central
Strength Element
(Core)
Cushion water-blocking
Layer barrier
Polyethylene Sheath

Ethernet Cable

l Often used in high speed l This cable is available

computer network. in several variants (Cat 3,
l Protocol for creating Cat 4, Cat 5 and Cat 6)
Local Area Network (LAN) l Able to work upto
l Ethernet card required 100 meters. O
for connecting computers, l It is also able to grow
modems, routers, telephones, with the help of Network
.C
etc. Bridge.
S
TE
O
FN

l Communication media is the medium used for the communication

of data from one computer to another or computer to terminal or
terminal to computer in any computer network,
D

Due to which the

sender and the receiver are not need to connect each other
.P

by wires in above microwave, satellite or other wireless techniques.

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 Data
Transmission Service

Dial-up Line Leased Line

l Used to establish communication l Used in LAN through Private or
by dialing a number like a telephone. Leased Line or Dedicated Line to
l Another Name – Switched Line.
connect their branch offices by
l Connecting the modem to the
telephone line. large organizations (industries).
l Use of SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) l Used for both Voice and Data.
and PPP (Point to Point Protocol). l Capacity depended on Baud or
bps-bits per second and distance.

GSM
l Full Form – Global System for Mobile
communication DSL
l Most prevalent standards for
mobile phone operation. l Full Form - Digital Subscriber Link.
l International Roaming facility available l Telephone line used for Digital Data
without changing the phone. Transmission.
l Done by GSM only at low cost through l Always connection of the computer to
SMS (Short Message Service). the network for this DSL Modem used.
l No need to dial to establish contact.
l ADSL – Asymmetrical Digital
ISDN Subscriber Link and SDSL –
Symmetrical Digital
l Full Form - Integrated Service Subscriber Link used for data
Digital Network.
communication.
l No need for modem due to digitally
data transmission.
l Transfer of voice, data and image
without noise. O
l Talking is possible on phone even if CDMA
it is connected to the internet.
.C
l Developed form of Dial-up Line.
l Full Form - Code Division
l Two channels of 64 Kbps (bearer lines) Multiple Access.
S

(total 128 Kbps) and delta channel of l Technology based on 3G (3rd Generation).
16 Kbps are used for commands
TE

l Used in mobile phone operation.

and data.
O

Wireless
Broad Band
FN

l With the help of radio waves, the speed of data transfer is

D

possible without wire.

l Two technique Wi-Fi and WiMAX are used.
.P

l Dial-up Line established and used like telephone line with the help of modem.
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 Synchronous Asynchronous
Transmission Transmission

l A method of data l In this method, it is

transfer that requires coordination not necessary to establish coordination
between the sender and the receiver between the sender and the receiver during
before the signals can be sent. the data transfer, but the data is always
l Example ready to be received.
l Voice exchange over telephone. l Example - e-mail, Forum, Letters,
l Video conferencing. Radio, Televisions.

or
h two or m e analog or dig
b y whic a m e communic ital
ue n the s a t sig
q o io
ch ni
s f ull y n med nals
te ce s ium is a
or suc lement this techniq
d d to imp u e is m
. ble
t ho
e use u
to
e vic ltip

se
e
m

le x
ed

nd
A

er.
Th
Multiplexing
&
Its Types

1. 2. 3. 4.
FDM TDM WDM CDM
(Frequency (Time (Wavelength (Code
Division Division Division Division
Multiplexing) Multiplexing) Multiplexing) Multiplexing)

Each signal is All signals Simultaneous Different data

transmitted by dividing broadcasted by transmission of optical signals transmitted
in the frequency dividing them on signals of different simultaneously at
within the main the basis of time wavelengths over a the same O
communication slots. high-speed fibre optics frequency.
medium. cable.
S .C

Communication Channel
TE

Signal 1 Signal 1
(30 KHz) (30 KHz)
Channel 1 D
O

Signal 2 M E Signal 2
(40 KHz) U Channel 2 M (40 KHz)
FN

X U
Channel 3 X
Signal 3 Signal 3
(50 KHz) (50 KHz)
D
.P

MUX - Broadcasting signals on the communication channel.

DEMUX - Rebroadcasting from communication channel to signals.
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Pictorial Representation 80 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 ® Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
® Analog ®
® Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multiplexing ®
® Synchronous TDM
® Digital ® Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) ®
® Asynchronous TDM

Switching
Technique
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Space Division Time Division Virtual Circuit Datagram
Switches Switches Approach Approach

¯ ¯
Switched Virtual Permanent Virtual
Circuit (SVC) Circuit (PVC)

Source Address
Number Such a switching technique in which a
Size point to point physical connection is
Message Circuit established between two or more devices.
Switching (sender and receiver).
Destination Example - Telephone
Address
l Store-forward technique used. O
Switching

l The messages sent by the computer are

Message

Switching
Source Address stored in network node.
techniques
.C
Number are used to allow all l Message forwards to the next node when
Size computers connected to the communication channel is free (empty).
S

the network to share Example - e-mail

Message
TE

the available
Destination communication
Address l This also based on store-forward technique.
channels l Transmitting information or data by
O

dividing them into packets.

Source Address l Source and Destination Address, number
FN

Packet of packets, size, etc. are displayed on each packet.

Number
Switching l Different packets are likely to reach the
Size receiver at different times using different media.
D

Message l Finally converting the collected packets

back to the original information according
.P

Destination
to the packet number.
Address
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Pictorial Representation 81 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Classification of
Computer Network

1 2 3 4 5 6

PAN LAN WLAN CAN MAN WAN

(Personal (Local (Wireless (Campus (Metro- (Wide
Area Area LAN) Area politan Area
Network) Network) Network) Area Network)
Network)

l Computer l Extended l Wireless l Network l Used to l Network of

networks network of computer of connect computers
connected any office, network computers private or spread over
within building, in a located public a wide
the factory or small inside computers geographical
area, in many
jurisdiction university geographical any located countries,
of any campus small area. school, in any continents or in
person geographical l Moving college, big the whole world.
or areas. freely university, geographical l Telephone line,
entity (Approximately in organization area. Optical fibre,
(from 1 to 10 km). limited or (Approximately artificial
10 l Smaller size, area. any other 100 km radius). communication,
meters faster speed, l Example big l Example satellite are used
upto and fewer error Wi-Fi campus. Cable to make
100 l Full control l Its zone Television connection
between them.
meters). of owner or (range) Network. l Slow speed
organization. is possibility due
l Example 1 to 5 km. to more errors
Ethernet. l Example
Internet.

O
S .C
TE
O
FN
D
.P
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 Bus Ring
Topology Topology
l All nodes of one cable l All nodes formed by
(Transmission Line) connected joining rings or loops
to each other. (two end points) to each other.
l Transmission to a particular l Each node is able to
address by dividing the data send and receive data from
into packets using the its nearest node.
Ethernet Protocol.

Network
Topology
Methods of
Interconnecting
different nodes or
terminals.

Star Topology Mesh Topology

l Making any one node l Each node connected to
each other.
Host or Central Hub, other l Used in building backbone networks.
nodes are connected to each l Each node is capable of sending
other by this Hub. its own data in addition to forwarding
l All nodes are able to data received from other nodes.
communicate through Host l If the number of machines
or Hub computers without is n, the number of
direct communication cables will be
with each other. n(n – 1).
2

Tree
Hybrid
O
Topology
.C
l Characteristics of both Topology
star and bus topologies l A combination of
two or more
S

are present.
l A host or hub like (other) topologies.
TE

star topology and all nodes l It includes

like Bus topology Bus, Ring,
are connected Star, Mesh, etc.
O

by cable. topologies.
FN
D
.P
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Pictorial Representation 83 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Less able needed.
l Easy to add a new node.
Benefit l In case of error in one computer, entire
computer is unaffected.
l Very cheap network.

Bus Topology l The entire network is affected

if there is a cable (transmission line) error.
l Each node requires special hardware. Loss
l Single node is able to transmit data
to a single node at a time.

l No need for Host or Central Hub.

l Communication through another route
Benefit
is possible if there is an error in cable.
l Able to work efficiently.
Ring
Topology
l Its speed depends on the number
and structure of computers connected
to the network.
l Entire network affected due to Loss
repeater's error.
l Requirement of complicated
software in operation.

O
.C
l The rest of the network is unaffected

Benefit by a node or cable fault.

S

l Network unaffected by adding

TE

a new node.
Star
O

Topology
FN

l The entire network is affected

(failed) when a fault occurs in the Loss
D

central hub or host computer.

.P
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Pictorial Representation 84 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Easy to manage and maintain.
l Ease in fault finding and maintenance.
l If one node is damaged, the other network
Benefit is unaffected.
l Point-to-Point wiring for individual
segments (parts).
Tree Topology
l Difficult to wire and configure.
l If the backbone line breaks, the entire
Loss
segments are affected.
l Larger cabling required.

l Data transmission unaffected in case of

any node error.
l Transmission unaffected even by adding
Benefit a new node.
l Being a more secure protocol, it is possible
to transfer data secretly.

Mesh Topology
l Building and maintenance is expensive.
l More cables or wires required.
l Requires a large number of input/output Loss
ports to connect all the devices present
in the network.

O
l Able to handle traffic easily.
.C
l Possible to modify if needed.
Benefit l Easy to find and troubleshoot errors.
S

l Useful in building large networks.

TE

l Very reliable network.

Hybrid
O

Topology
l Very expensive network.
FN

l Difficult Installation Process.

Loss
D

l Impact on network performance due to

.P

damage to the Backbone (Host).

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Pictorial Representation 85 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Do
You Know?
l
A mixer of different topologies
was used due to
their advantages and disadvantages of different
network topologies, which was
called Hybrid Network Topology.

Bridge
Network Gateway l Used to maintain data
l Used to connect two filtering, signal,
networks or traffic, etc.
LANs using different l Two ports incoming and
protocols. outgoing are
l Another Name available.
Protocol l Used to transmit data by
Converter. checking data packets and
destination
address.
Repeater Router
l Used to send weak l Used to filter
signals over a long distance data based on IP address.
before they are destroyed to a l Its function is to deliver
certain extent by replicating and the data to the specified address
re-generating. Internetworking by the shortest and
l Useful in modifying the data Tools or fastest route.
signal through communication l Used to transmit
medium and sending it back
Devices data in
to the communication right direction through
medium. routing table.

Switch Hub
l Used to connect l Many ports
network devices and available in it. O
segments l Used to send
among each other. data packets
.C
l Used in coming from
Data Link Layer of one port to
S

all other ports.

OSI model.
l It is a function of
TE

l MAC- Passive Hub to provide

Media Access Control a route for data.
is able to transfer data l In addition to the route of
O

you have to the data monitoring is the function

destination by of the Intelligent Hub.
FN

reading Address. l The function of the

l Procedure Switching Hub is to
like a transmit the packet by
D

bridge. identifying the

address.
.P
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Pictorial Representation 86 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 NIC - Backbone Network
Network Interface Card

l Hardware device made of l It is the part of network

printed circuit board without where multiple
which it is impossible for the local area networks are
computer to connect to the used to connect together.
network. l Possible for connection work,
l Presents in the expansion the LAN to the backbone
slot of the computer. via WAN.

Another Name l Bus used as Highway with

l Network adapter, Large Capacity,
Network Interface Controller, High Bandwidth, Very High Speed.
Ethernet of LAN card / adapter.
Its two types
l Internal Network Card
l External Network Card

Difference between
Intranet Internet, Intranet
l A network established
within a private or institutional and Extranet
office that uses TCP/IP,
Gateway, Firewall or coding to Internet
prevent unauthorized person l Used by everyone.
from access. l No Username and
l Example of Virtual Private Network. Password required.
l Security depends on
Internet user's device.
O
l World's l Public Network.
Extranet Largest
.C
l Able to Network net
l All computers Intranet
use by users
S

other than are connected l Firewall dependent

to the l User name and Password
TE

members
and staff of the Global Network. is required by only one
organization within l Full Form - organization.
Interconnected l Private Network.
O

a private or
institutional Network.
FN

office like an intranet. Extranet

l Users need a special l By more than one
Username and Password organization.
D

to use it. l User name, Password is

required.
.P

l Firewall dependent.
l Private network.
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Pictorial Representation 87 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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l Abbreviation for l Global network used to establish
International Networking contact with each other by following
similar protocols.

l Network of Networks What l English word 'Internet' and

is in Hindi 'Antarjaal'.
Internet?
l The world's largest network l Useful in sharing Data, Text,
used to connect personal, Graph, Image, Audio, Video and
public, educational, business Documents from one computer to
and government networks. another in the blink of an eye.

Development of Internet

l Beginning of exploration work l Construction and commercial

1960 by Defense department of the US use of UUNET 1987
in this decade. (Unix to Unix Network)
l The initial name of internet was started.
ARPANET.

l The idea of establishing l Development of HTML

1962 Internet done by (Hyper Text Markup Language) 1989
Prof. J.C. Licklider. and Introduction of www
l Father of Internet is (world wide web) by
Prof. J.C. Licklider. Tim Berners-Lee.

l ARPA l The ARPANET

1967 (Advance Research ended and 1990
Project Agency) the Internet as the
started discussion network of
to build ARPANET. networks remained.

l Development of l GOPHER was developed

1969 ARPANET by Paul Linder and Mark McHill. 1991 O
by the Defense
l Development of Wide
.C
department of the US.
Area Information Server.
S

l Science of TELNET and l Possible to send audio and video

TE

1974 commercial use of ARPANET over the internet. 1992

possible. l Establishment of Internet society.
l Use of word 'Internet' l Development of www by
O

in place of ARPANET for the Tim Berners - Lee.

first time.
FN

l Mosaic, the first Graphical Web

l Development Browser used on world wide web 1993
1982 of common was developed by Marc Andreessen.
D

TCP/IP l Free access of www.

.P

for all Internet users. l Available by CERN - European

Organization for Nuclear Research.
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Pictorial Representation 88 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Development of the Domain l Establishment of the World Wide
1984 Name Server System, the creation Web Consortium - W3C for the 1994
of JUNET development of various standards
(Japan University Network). and protocols of www.

l Development of NSFNET l Beginning of Internet service in

1986 (National Science Foundation India by Videsh Sanchar Nigam 1995
Network) and FREENET. Limited (VSNL)
on 15 August, 1995.

Domain Name
Registers
l Organization providing domain
names for internet use.
l Used to provide a uniqe domain name
to each individual or organization
on internet.
l It is determined by ICANN
or
ISOC ccTLD
(Internet Society) (Country Code IRTF (Internet
l Non-profitable Top Level Domain). Research Task Force)
international organization l An institution used to
formed in 1992 to develop promote the investigation
and educate standards, & research, improvement in
protocols and policies internet's activity
of Internet. in the future.
IAB W3C
(Internet (World
Architecture Wide Web
Board) Consortium)
l Rules l An
ICANN determined international IETF
(Internet by ISOC used organization (Internet
Corporation for the technical used to determine Engineering
for Assigned and engineering the standards for Task Force)
Names & development work the use of the l An
Numbers) required for the world wide web. institution
l Organization Internet. used to O
established in promote
internet use
.C
1998 to provide IP
Address and Domain and develop their
Name and determine standards.
S

their standards.
TE

Who Governs the Internet?

O
FN

Internet Information System operated

by a combination of various service providers,
D

many institutions, corporations, government undertakings,

.P

educational institutions, individual institutions.

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Pictorial Representation 89 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Set of rules and standards used to enable errorless data exchange between
two or among more computers in any network.

l A set of rules and guidelines used for systematic and safe data transfer.

Protocols
used on Internet

TCP/IP HTTP
(Transmission (Hyper Text
Control Protocol / Two Transfer
Internet Protocol) versions of Protocol)
l TCP used to transmit l This protocol
data dividing it into IP Address used to
small packets l IPv4 Address transfer
l IP used to transmit Version 4 web pages
each packet by giving it a l IPv6 Address on www.
special address to destination. l Able to operate
Version 6
l TCP is used to the http used
resemble the packet before any
in the website on
correct orders at the web browser
destination.
SMTP FTP Telnet Gopher
(Simple Mail (File Transfer l This protocol l Protocol
Transfer Protocol) Protocol) is used to display software
l Protocol used to l Protocol used to data and files of used to
transfer email upload, download, local computer by search,
from the user's rename, move, copy, command line receive
computer to the delete large files interface on and display
server and again (Data, Text, local computer's documents
from the server Graph, Image, Audio monitor by executing from
to the & Video) on by Remote remote computer
client. server. computer. via internet.
O
.C
Computer
Network established
S

National Knowledge by Government of Educational & Research

India
TE

Network Network
l Interconnection of educational l Network connecting
and knowledge-based main educational and
O

State Wide institutions among research institutions National

them by more together
FN

Area Network Information

l A network connecting than 1 Gbps established Centre Network
upto high speed capacity communication by l This NICNet network is
(2 Mbps) from the headquarters institutions. Government. useful in the development and
D

of the states and union territories of management of government

India.
.P

to the block level under e-governance websites connecting all states and
plan by Government of India. district headquarters in India.
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 Uses of Internet

Social Networking Sites

(Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Whatsapp,
E-mail Orkut, Instagram, Blog, Youtube)
in
te Log
R emo Research & Education Learning,
or Virtual Classroom
net
Tele
Video E-commerce
Conferencing

ssa ging
nt Me Entertainment
Insta
News Group
Internet Telephony

tting Usenet
Cha

Online Banking Cashless Transaction

E-Business E-Governance

l Internet started in l A group of computers

India in the 80s. embedded in billions of O
l Five major institutions in India were physical devices in use around
connected through ERNET - Education &
.C
Research Network, later, it connected the world, which may establish
together to all the districts. communication.
S
TE

Internet Internet of Things

in India - IoT
O
FN

Headquarters in the country for administrative By transferring data to one another

convenience by National Informatics without human
Centre (NIC)
interventions along with being
D

l On August 15, 1995, Internet services

were launched in India by Videsh smart and fast by connecting
.P

Sanchar Nigam Limited to the internet.

(VSNL).
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 E-mail

l Full Form - Electronic Mail

l Popular means of sending or receiving messages

(letters) very fast on internet at low cost.

l Modern form of the traditional postal system.

l World's first e-mail was sent in 1971 by

l Able to send same messages to

l Exploitation, pornography and

l A cheap and fast way to send

l The easiest way to spread

Ray Tomlinson.
l Used to attach Text,

l Lack of affinity.
l Saving papers.

adverrtisements.

violent images.
multiple users.

or Video files.
Photo, Audio

non-desirable
Benefits

l Use of

the virus.
message.

Loss

Inventor
l Ray Tomlinson
l Year - 1971
l First use of the @ symbol by Ray Tomlinson.

l It is mandatory for every

consumer to have an O
e-mail address to get
the facility l Name of the
.C
Gmail, of fixed memory
Yahoo, e-mail. Mail.com, provided by the e-mail
server to the e-mail account holder is
S

Outlook, ProtonMail,
AOL, Hushmail Mail Box or Inbox.
TE

Zoho l Each e-mail is able to save, delete, view,

edit, reply, forward.
E-mail l SMTP is used to send messages
O

by e-mail while POP-3

Service Provider (Post Office
FN

Protocol Version - 3)
is used to
receive
D

messages.
.P
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 l To send an e-mail, an e-mail address is required which is made of a
user name and a domain name.

E-mail Address

Email @ domain
User Name @
l A name given by the user. l Its name
at symbol Password
l A user name can be used only
once on e-mail server. which is
able to Password
l Maximum 64 characters is possible. join in (again)
l Case sensitive means using e-mail
Capital and Small automa-
Letters. e o tically.
N am is able t l Able Strength Password
m ain ver that t. to (Why?) Very weak (0/100) Generator
o
D the ser accoun f separate
of ail es o username
n ame de e-m the typ and
A v i l
l pro e to tel ge. domain
Ab l p a Mailbox Quota : 250 MB
l web name.
Unlimited

Syntax
[username] @ [mysite].domainname.extension Create Account

Major websites
providing free
E-mail ccounts
64 255

www.gmail.com
www.yahoomail.com
Maximum Maximum www.hotmail.com
characters in characters in www.rediffmail.com O
User Part Domain Part
.C
[email protected] Letter from A to Z,
[email protected] digits from 0 to 9 and
S

[email protected] Special Symbols.

" "@example.org
TE

ters
Exa
mp No space h a rac ess
les C addr
o in l
add f an e mai
O

-
ress -ma
il E-mail Address d in e
use
FN
D
.P
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Pictorial Representation 93 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Most of the A program made for
new e-mail Microsoft Windows to
services are capable add e-mail functionality
of supporting Indic Header to MAPI - Messaging
Unicode, making it Application
possible to send Programming
e-mails in Hindi. 1. Interface.

Parts
of an
E-mail
Message
2. 3.

Message Body
Envelop

l l
The envelop Header contains
contained the address sender, receiver,
of the sender and route to
the receiver. inbox and various
l l authentication
Currently, it is used Message body, information.
in header only. a part of the
message that
is used to
compose
the message.
O
S .C
TE

Important Facts
O

l On August 30, 1982 the US Government officially recognized Indian

FN

American VA Shiva Ayyadurai as e-mail explorer.

l He created a computer program in 1978 named E-mail.

D

l Many options were present in this e-mail like Inbox, Outbox,

.P

Folders, Memos, Attachments, etc.

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Pictorial Representation 94 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Address Book

l Used to store e-mail addresses.

l No need to retype and remember the stored e-mail address.
l Able to select address in To, Cc, BCc box.

Mailing List Forward Drafts

l The e-mail addresses l To send received l Folder
of the recipients stored in this. e-mails to other used
l When a message is sent to it, e-mail addresses to save
the e-mail server is able to that are e-mail
send automatically linked messages
that message to all the automatically to send
addresses present in by FW. it later.
it.

Elements of an E-mail Message

From : Where the e-mail ID of the sender is mentioned.
To : Where the e-mail ID of the recipient is mentioned.
Cc : It is possible for the e-mail receiver to trace the information of the e-mail list.
BCc : E-mail list is secret or invisible, therefore it is impossible for the e-mail receiver to trace the e-mail list information.
Subject : The title of the e-mail message or the reason for writing the mail.
Salutations : Used to write words like dear, respected, hello, etc.
Main Body : The text or body content space of an e-mail message.
1. Introduction
2. Matter in detail
3. Conclusion
Closing : Closing statement
Attachments : Files attached to e-mail such as text, table, graphics, animation, audio or video.
O
Signature Line : User name, e-mail address, signature, phone number and other contact details.
S .C

Types of E-mail Web based e-mail is the only

TE

way for some

commercial website company to provide
O

free e-mail to its users.

FN

Web-based Pop based

E-mail E-mail l The only e-mail handled by the web
D

server is Pop based e-mail.

.P

l The full form of POP is

Post Office Protocol.
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Pictorial Representation 95 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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Trial Copy – q ´
File Edit View Insert Format Tools Actions Help Reply
Send 01 l Received answer
of e-mail
To ...
Cc ...
BCc ... Important
Subject : Trial Copy E-mail Spam :
Facts
l Sending Junk Full Form
e-mail, Unsolicited CC : Carbon Copy
e-mail messages or BCc : Blind
advertisements. Carbon Copy
l Its main purpose is to
steal computer data.

Web Based
Available free Web Based e-mail Impossible to work
E-mail Account without internet connection.

Requires persistent internet

No extra cost Benefit Loss connection to create or read
any e-mail.
of of

Able to open and use its The website must also

account from anywhere. be opened.

Limited limit restriction on

E-mail security facility
size and number of files that can be
available.
sent as attachments.
O
.C
POP based
e-mail
S

Able to generate mail even offline

(without internet connection). Able to open e-mail only
TE

on computers
that are connected
O

Low internet data usage even Benefit Loss to the internet service
when connected to internet provider's server.
FN

of of
connection.
D

Capable of sending large Opening of e-mails

size files by attaching prohibited in other
.P

them to other e-mails. countries, states, cities.

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 Security of an
E-mail

Avoid opening Avoid sending personal Avoid replying to Always logout while
suspicious e-mails or information to spam e-mail closing the e-mail
attachments. e-mail. messages. account.

Do not share e-mail password with anyone but keep it safe and change it from time to time.

Internet Revolution

Instant
Telnet Messaging
or
Remote
Login
l A form of online
chat that
l The facility of
using a remote computer enables instant
while sitting at your l live conversation
computer. Meaning between two or more
l For its use, the user must Telephone people on internet
have login Password l Network by sending a text
of the remote Used to message.
computer. provide
access data,
information and l In this, the message
O
resources located on a receiver is also able to
.C
remote computer reply the
connected message immediately.
to the internet by a
S

local computer.
l It is useful in sending
TE

Images, Audio, Video

Telnet Client Telnet Server files along with text.
O
FN

Login Name l For this, Whatsapp,

& Telegram, IMO,
Password Facebook Messenger,
D

Yahoo Messenger,
Google Talk, WeChat,
.P

Telnet Protocol Viber are used.

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Pictorial Representation 97 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Whatsapp

l A type of sending and l First time, it launched in 2009.

receiving Instant Message l Able to chat in creating group.
mobile app. l Maximum number of group
l Useful for sharing location by members is 256.
Audio, Video, Image, l It was bought by
Contact and GPS the American
alongwith Text Message. company Facebook.

Free, cross-platform,
cloud-based, instant
messaging, video WeChat
calling and VoIP
service.

Instant messaging app to

Launched Launched send Text, Images, Video,
on August in October Audio, GPS, etc.
14, 2013
Telegram 2013 for
for iOS. Android.

Launched First time

in 2011.

Internet
Telephony
An instant Developed O
messaging and as Facebook
software Chat Use of soft phone application software
.C
application. in 2008.
Use of Mic and Long distance l
S

Headphone/ conversation A type

Speaker for possible at
TE

Facebook l of Internet
Use of VoIP conversa- low service with
Messenger (Voice over tion. cost. the help of
O

Internet Protocol) which it is possible

for voice to make calls with the
The company
FN

transmission. help of internet even

revived in 2010 Useful for l without SIM card
and released as a chat and group Instead of ISP (Internet l
standalone Service Provider), VoIP
D

chat. Able to work with the

iOS and Android Service Provider help of Internet
.P

in August, 2011. used. protocol.

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Pictorial Representation 98 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Video Conference Text Chatting

l Chatting is used to read and reply

messages through
recipient keyboard.

Chatting
With the help of Conversation between
computer and internet, two two or more people connected 3
to the internet through a
or more persons located at different
mic or keyboard.
places are able to communicate among
each other through live video and audio
medium as if they are sitting
together. 2

l Chatting used by
microphone and speaker.

l Modern communication technology, capable of

exchanging records and information running on a Voice Chatting
computer.

l Requires webcam, Monitor, television or

projector, microphone, speakers and internet. Video Chatting
l Face-to-Face chatting in the form of video
l Displayed by speaker and monitor by microphone over the internet with the help of a webcam.
and webcam converting sound and picture into
digital data and converting it into audio and
video signals. l For this the camera quality and internet speed
should be good and high.
O
Usenet Newsgroup E-Publishing
S .C

l Full Form - l A medium for l Storing the

TE

Users network displaying article similar

l Oldest service of the thoughts, experiences, to book on the
internet comments or world wide web
O

l A facility that divides information digitally, so that a interested

the information stored on internet sites by a
FN

person can view and

in the network into large number of
read it via
groups based interested
persons on a similar internet.
on a topic and is used to
D

exchange like an electronic and particular topic. l Addressing the book as

.P

Discussion Forum. l An internet based e-book publishing

Example - Newsgroup Discussion Forum. in this way.
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Pictorial Representation 99 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 1. B2B
(Business to Business)
l Electronic business
between two
companies.

2. B2C 3. C2C
(Business (Consumer to
to Consumer)
Consumer) l Business between
l Electronic two consumers.
l Buying business l Doing
E-Commerce l Example
and selling not between Online
only objects and OLX (Online orders by
company l Operating any
services but also eXchange) consumer,
and business/
establishing contact consumer. Like - eBay, paying price
with customers and occupation Amazon, and delivering
merchants, advertising by using Online products
products and completing Shopping. to consumer's
basic infrastructure, etc. internet home by the
are its major tasks. services. company is
possible.

l
Abbreviation
for Web Log.
l Posting contents on
Social Networking Site.
Internet Protocol Watching Live relay
l Idea, audio, video, photo, etc.
Television mentioned in the content.
l A system where
it is available Watching time
shifted
to broadcast television,
programmes at The Blog Blogger
watch them name is the
convenience. name
on computer of writing
and posting of content
using the internet. poster.
content is O
l IPTv capable of Watching the program of blogging.
providing your choice through
.C
VoD (Video on Demand) Another name
three types Online Diary
of facilities.
S

l RSS
TE

(Really Simple Syndication)

format and Word Press
Software are used to
and
O

publish blog.
Blog ing
g
Blog
FN

Blogospherel
D

Groups of all blogs located on the World Wide Web.

.P

l Personal Blogging started in 1994 by Justin Hall, so he is called

father of Personal Blogging.
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Pictorial Representation 100 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 l Ph
l A to Blog
In Personal Business / Corporate Blog
or

rt Blo
o
Micro Blog
Hobby,

g
It is used Combined Life Style /

Professional

l Multimedia
Blogging

Blogging
Personal

to write Types blog of

Fashion Blog

Blog
and of Business
post Blogs and Affiliate /
story, Personal

l
l V
Review Blog
idea and Blogs.

Food Blog
ideo
experience its Reverse Blog

Blog
own by bloggers. News / Travel Blog

Internet Internet
in in
Education Medical
Fields

ducting ital
l Con ment. y hosp
l Easanagement nsultation
govern rcial and l i ne.
m
L ow cos doctors
t co
co m m e s o n l ig n
g exam T, by foreg at home ords
bankin - CAT, GMA
s s i t t i n s' rec
l A vil, Bank,
i l Patientilable.
SAT , C v a
y, etc. easily a Help in new
Railwa l ons
l In inventi
Games O
l In ne
of onli scover
y
Justice and
l Facility r courses y of di ity of
.C
Law g f o l E a s
trainin ftware, ailabil
l In sales tax and av edical
like so king, web y new m logy and
networ logy, compan
S

department nt.
techno h manageme
l In Income Tax techno ry, etc. rese a r c
TE

department secreta
l In agriculture
department
ive et is
O

l In Aadhar Card, PAN ent of L , Fees, f intern ravelling,

n g e m U s e o
Card, Computerization a
l Arr es Admission ct, etc. l ir t
i ble in a g, telephone
FN

l In voting and censusing s s j e p o s s

Cla , 3-D P
ro vellin
l In meteorological Record ible by vario
us rail tra on, video
Uses department is poss ities oper ti encing, file
a
s
univer at home. confer , web
D

of l In engineering
g sharing asting, etc.
sitt i n
Internet department broadc
.P

lIn marketing and

in other communication
fields
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Pictorial Representation 101 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Social Networking Sites

Netiquette
l Etiquette,
Netiquette or Internet +
etiquette.
l Expected and courteous
Flame behaviour used for Flash
l Use of undesirable exchanging information l Useful software
and derogatory parts by Video games.
during E-mail, Chatting,
by internet
users during e-mail, Video conferencing. l Software developed
chatting or by Macromedia company.
video conferencing. l Used to display, animation,
sound, interactivity, etc.
on web pages.
Youtube
l Video sharing
website/platform
powered
by Google Inc. Acronyms
l Used for uploading l Abbreviations prevalent
video, downloading, The in computer communication
viewing, sending by term during news groups,
e-mail, commenting, etc. e-mail or chatting
l Initiation of Youtube 'Social Network' As-
in 2005 by three was coined in ASAP - As soon as Possible
employees 1954 by
of the Pay Pal company - FYI - For Your Information
Chad Hurley, J.A. Barnes IMO - In My Opinion
Steve chan BTW - By the Way
and LOL - Laugh Out Loud
Javed Karim. TIA - Thanks in Advance

l
ne Wo ac
F
t t er orking .
tw rld eb wi netw ite. gging
Ha sta kin la oko r ' s o T
O
g rg ial bs lo rt
r r
M Mar vard ted i fre est oc e we cro b sho 0
.C
S
cC k Z C n e s so
oll uc oll 200 ite cia l fre s mi send ly 14 tly
l
um ke eg 4 th l e d a d to itia urren nds
S

E , r e b a s e i n e
l d
Op C uard usti rg, A uden
b
D e st y t U s f d c fri
l l U ets o s an s to ,
TE

era hri o S n M nd ts. e r r rs

l ted s H av os rew tw racte racte ishe rs. rm
u er c a a e
Us
ed Comby F ghes in, ovitz Emoji ch 0 ch ill w llow he te
all fo p ace , 28 w fo d t
d e
O

ov r m any bo l Other name an hiev S of .

e r a k . o k '
u t
co pto keep he w ng f
i Inc A 'SM rnet
c
FN

m d r . Emoticon which is l t e
me mu ate, ing orld, iend In
ssa nity cre s formated by Emotion + icon.
on ge , c atin
lin s, ha g l Used to express emotions with
D

e g pla ttin
am yin g the help of letters and symbols
es. g
.P

during e-mail and online chat.

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Pictorial Representation 102 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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Facebook
Some Important Social Media Foundation Year, Founders and Current CEOs

Name - Facebook
Establishment Year - 2004
1 Founder - Mark Zuckerberg,
Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum,
Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes.
Current CEO - Mark Zuckerberg

Name - Twitter
2 Establishment Year - 2006
l Able to open Homepage as soon as Founder - Jack Dorsey
you type www.facebook.com Current CEO - Parag Agrawal
on web browser.
l To create an account on it, user above
13 years of age must have an e-mail ID. Name - Youtube
Establishment Year - February 14, 2005
3 Founder - Chad Hurley,
Steve Chan, Javed Karim
Current CEO - Susan Wojcicki

Name - Instagram
Establishment Year - 2010
4 Founder - Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger
Current CEO - Kevin Systrom (Earlier),
Adam Mosseri (since 2021)

Name - Whatsapp
5 Establishment Year - February 24, 2009
Founder - Jan Koum and Brian Acton
Current CEO - Will Cathcart
l Twitter started in 2006
by
Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone,
Evan Williams, Name - Linkedin
Noach Glass. 6 Establishment Year - May 5, 2003
Founder - Reid Hoffman and his friends
Current CEO - Ryan Roslansky

Name - Quora
O
Establishment Year - June, 2009
7
.C
Founder - Adam D'Angelo,
Charlie Cheever

YouTube
S

Current CEO - Adam D' Angelo

TE

Name - Telegram
8 Establishment Year - March, 2013
O

Founder - Pavel Durov, Nikolai Durov

Current CEO - Pavel Durov
FN

l In February 2005, Youtube created by three

PayPal employees (Chad Hurley, Steve Chan Name - Pinterest
D

and Javed Karim), was bought by Google in 9 Establishment Year - 2010

Founder - Paul Sciarra, Evan Sharp,
November, 2006 for
.P

US$ 1.65 billion. Ben Silbermann

Current CEO - Ben Silbermann
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Pictorial Representation 103 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Convert It is capable of working with the help of
internet HTML, HTTP, web server and
to web browser.
HTTP Information
Highway A repository of information available in the
form of links. Because of this, all the
computers in the world are connected
WWW to each other.
Use of (World Another
name
Wide Web) A group of documents associated with
Hypertext.
W3 Inclusion of Text, Image,
Hyper Sound, Video, etc. in Documents.
Text or
Document Web
First use of www by Tim Berners-Lee in
Connected
1989 at CERN Laboratory.
to each other
with the help of

Use of TCP / IP protocol by internet

Difference
between Fees payable to ISP for internet usage while
O
.C
while use of HTTP Protocol by www. Internet free facility is available though www.
and
www
S
TE

Internet
O

Protocol Adress
s of
l A Addres
FN

m e I P
unique numeric address to to be sa .
identify each device (computer, server, printer, I m p ossible o computers computer by
l any tw ess to each er).
smartphone) connected to internet.
IP addr Provid
D

O b t aining rnet Service

l te
ISP (In
.P
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Pictorial Representation 104 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Seven Layers of OSI Model

The seventh number layer (the highest layer)

provides the interface between
the actual application Data
and other layers as it presents closet
to the end user.

Application Layer
Responsibility of the Host

The sixth number layer is used for

encryption and decryption of data Data
for data compression.
(Host Layer)

Presentation Layer
The fifth number layer is used to
retransmit by availing a session
between two devices Data
when an error occurs in
data transmission.

Session Layer
The fourth number layer
is used to
transmit data packets Segments
by communication
between two computers.

Transport Layer
Sender
The third number layer
is used to transport
packet - group from source to Packets
Receiver destination by switching and routing
techniques.

Network Layer
O
.C
of the Network
(Media Layer)
Responsibility

It is the second layer with two sub-layers

MAC (Media Access Control) and
S

LLC (Logic Link Control) Frames

TE

used to decode and encode data packets.

O

Data Link Layer

FN

The lowest layer of the OSI model

responsible for electrical connection Bits
D

such as voltage, data rates, etc.

.P

Physical Layer
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Pictorial Representation 105 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Key Tips for the OSI Model
Ø There is a reference Ø Full form of OSI
model for Open System Interconnection.
communication between
two users. Ø Each layer is not dependent on
the other layer but the
Ø How data are sent and received transmission of data must be
in the network, used to describe. done among each other.

Benefits of
Web Applications

l Giving access to l Accessing the web

more than one users application through various
to the same platforms like desktop,
version of the application. laptop or
mobile.
l No need to install multiple web
applications. l Very little access to internal memory.

Hyper Link Hyper Text

An arrangement l Linked text by
HTML Texts, Graphics,
to link text or l Full Form - Hyper Text Markup Language Images, Animations.
icons displayed l Combined software language of HyperLink and l Moving the mouse
by hyper text. Hyper Text which is used to prepare web pages. pointer over it,
l Able to be used by converts to a hand
all browsers. symbol (J).

X-HTML Java Script

l Full Form - l Scripting software language O
Extensible Hyper developed by Sun Microsystems
Text Markup Language. company in which there is less
.C
l A type of Software Language. Languages need to write instructions
l It contains the features of used on (codes).
S

XML and HTML www l Used in creating

TE

languages. Web Pages.

O

XML PHP
FN

l Full Form - Extensible Markup l Full Form - Personal Home Page.

Language. l Software language used in
l Language used to create web pages. development of Dynamic web pages.
D

l Its main function is to store data l The PHP language developed

.P

and transfer it to another computer. in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf.

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Pictorial Representation 106 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Used for Development of IPv6
IP Address due to the increasing
number of users.

Use of Use of
32 bit 128 bit
number number
Divided for for Divided by
by three dots (.) address address seven colons (:)

Four sets Eight sets

of numbers of four hexadecimal
from 0 to 255 digits
Example
Example 2001:0db8:85a3:
173.225.0.14 0000:0000:8a2e:
0370:7334

Abbreviation Abbreviation
IPv4 IPv6

Internet Protocol Internet Protocol

Version 4 Version 6
Versions of
IP Address

ddress
Private IP A
Types of
Used to assign and protect IP Address Able to assign network
network routers of private Router by ISP and connect
home or office. to the Internet.
O
.C
Class A Class B
S

l Used for large networks l Used for medium size network

TE

l First part (8 bit) for

Classes l First two parts (16 bit) for
network of network
l Last three parts (24 bit) IP l Last two parts (16 bit) for
O

for Host Part Address Host Part

FN

l Range - 1 to 127 l Range - 128 to 191

D
.P
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Pictorial Representation 107 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Class C Class D Class E

l Used for small size networks l It is l IP address ranging from 240.0.0.0

l First three parts (24 bit) for network reserved for to 255.255.255.255 included
l Last part (8 bit) for Host Part Multicasting l Yet undefined
Application
l Range - 192 to 223 l Reserved for future use
l Range - l Range - 240 to 245
224 to 239

l Last part of domain name

separated by dot (.) which
The way to convert a digital is used to indicate organization
IP address or country.
to a binary IP address,
through which a
country / company / firm
is possible to
1 l Two types of domain names
1. Geographic Domain -
Another Name -
country code Top
identify on internet.
Level Domain (ccTLD)
Example - .in - India
.uk - United Kingdom
.us - United States of America
.au - Australia

4
Domain Name
System - DNS 2 O
.C
l Domain Name,
Not case
S

sensitive.
l Non-Geographic Domain :
TE

That is to type in any

Another Name - Generic Domain or
capital or small letters
Top Level Domain (TLD)

3
but got the same results. Example - .info - information
O

Example .co - company | .int - international

FN

google.com or .gov - government | .org - organization

GOOGLE.COM .mil - military | .net - networking
yahoo.com or YAHOO.COM .com - commercial | .edu - educational
D

hotmail.com or
.P

HOTMAIL.COM
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Pictorial Representation 108 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 A URL contains the following five things :- Example

ftp://info.apple.com/design.html
1. Name of Protocol 1 2 3 4
http://www.google.com/html/index.html
2. Colon and two Slashes (://) 1 2 3 4 5
l l
3. Name of the Server Used in Each
typing into website
web browser's contains its
4. Directory Path address bar. own separate
URL of any web
5. Name of File page.
l A
Its main function is to specialized
find and obtain the address of any
desired information. website or web page
on www.
URL
l Full Form - Uniform Pay special attention during
Resource URL typing capital and small
Locator letters because of
l case sensitive.
Possibility l
of words, Use
numbers of space URL Top Level
or in URL is ¯ Domain
punctuation impossible. Subdomain
¯ (TLD)
signs
in it.
http:// www . google . com
¯ ¯
Hyper Text Domain
Transfer (name)
Protocol

Internet Mozilla
Explorer Firefox
Web Browser O
.C
Google
S

Chrome
TE

UC Browser

Example Example
O

Microsoft Conqueror
FN

Edge
Opera
Lynx Opera Safari
D

Mini
.P
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 l A software
l Proficient in accessing program or application. l Able to run
web pages on internet l Used for finding websites, animated contents.
l Able to find and display accessing them, l Able to handle Text,
any types of websites. reading content, Images,
l Able to follow accessing, Links, Audio and
Hyperlink. etc. Video.

Internet Explorer Google Chrome

l Developed by Microsoft l Developed by the Google
corporation in 1995. company in september, 2008.
l Installed in windows OS. l Popular for safety provisions
and high speed capability.
l Developed for Mac, Linux,
Android, iphone after
Windows OS.
Mozilla FireFox
l Developed first time in 2002
by Mozilla Foundation and
Mozilla Corporation. UC Browser
l Free browser for l Developed in
Windows, Linux and April 2004
Macintosh. by China mobile company
UC Web.

Safari
l Developed on January 7, Microsoft Edge
2003 by Apple Corporation. l Developed on
l Installed in Macintosh OS April 29, 2015 by
and useful for iphone Microsoft Corporation.
and ipad.
O
Opera
.C
l Opera was developed Lynx
in 1995, l Developed as
S

is available in more than 40 Hyper Text Browser

in 1992
TE

languages.
by a group of University
of Kansas students.
O

Flock
l A closed web browser based
FN

on Google Chrome which

is suitable for integrating
Netscape Navigator
Facebook, Twitter l Web browser popular in
D

and Youtube. the 1990s which was developed

l Flock was developed in by Netscape
.P

2005 by Inc. Communication

Corporation.
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Pictorial Representation 110 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Search Engine

Yahoo Ask.com

Google

l Use of the search engine to search the Orkut

desired information in the search box by Alta Vista
the relevant keyword or phase by typing the
URL such as www.google.com in the address
box of the search engine.

l A computer program (search engine)

is capable of locating the desired
information from the information
How Search Engine Works? stored in a computer.

Able to search based on Title,

The search engine succeeds in working
Keywords, Texts, Phases of Page.
through the following three phases:-

1 2

Crawling Indexing

It searches (scans) the l Use of

article on a website database to
with the help of store crawled
crawler data.
or spider by using O
the keywords l The function
(articles) of the
.C
typed by the user. database is to Ask.com Google Bing Yahoo
When the information store
is received, indexing copy of scanned
S

is returned. web Excite DuckDuckGo AOL

TE

If information page by crawler.

is not received, the Examples of Search Engine
Lycos Baidu
crawler scans on l The work of
O

going ranking
to next page by the and retrieval Yandex Wolfram Alpha Chacha.com
FN

link starts
of another web page. after indexing. Excite currently closed (since 31 Aug., 2021)
D

3 l After indexing, many websites (Top 10) displayed on user's screen.

.P

Ranking & l User can open any of the displayed websites by clicking
Retrieval as per his wish.
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Pictorial Representation 111 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Network and Data Security
Network Security
Protecting a network from Unauthorized Access, Data Loss, Virus,
Hacking, Data Theft, Misuse and Risk.

Network Monitoring Network security

is must to protect
data.

Anti-Virus

Principles
Authentication of Confidentiality
By identifying the Network Security Confidentiality
person or party, required from
the authorized
unauthorized access
person is able to
to the transaction
access
information of personal or
secured by business related
User's Name and communication
Password. and information.

In ty
I te li
O
co
rre ac nclu gr bi
ila
.C
an sha ctn cur sion ity le
a sib tion
d t re ess ac
h d y of Av s
Po rma ity on o
r
ac e re bet of i and bi l rs
S

o
ce ce w nfo
ssi iv ee inf aila d pe
ble er n s rma av rize y.
TE

by whi end tion o rt

an ch er a uth pa
yo is r
ne no fo
O

. t
FN
D
.P
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Pictorial Representation 112 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Microsoft Office
Microsoft office is as suite of applications designed to help with productivity
and completing common tasks on a computer

Short form Used for office

¯ related work.
MS office
A type of Developed by
application Microsoft
software Corporation.

Data Management System

A Word Processor is a computer application that can be used to create, edit,
format, store and print document

Features of Word Processor

Text and
Managing Editing Header and
Paragraph
Files Files Footers
Formatting

Organizing WYSIWYG
Mail Merge lists with (What you see is
Tables and what you get)
Bullets

MS Excel MS Power Point

(.xls) (.pptx)
MS Word MS Access
(.doc) (.accdb) O
S .C
TE

MS Office
O
FN
D

MS Outlook MS Publisher
.P

(.pub)
MS Infopath Design MS One Note
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(.xsn) (.one)

Pictorial Presentation 113 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Title
MS Word Bar
MS Word is a word
processing program with Located at the top of soleen or
all features. It helps in the document window
creating or working on

Menu
Components of Document Window Bar
l Title Bar l Standard Toolbar
l Menu Bar l Text Area Type Ø Normally found directly below
l Ruler l Horizontal Scroll Bar the title bar.
l Top Margin l Vertical Scroll Bar l File l Edit l View l Insert
l Document l Status Bar l Format l Tools l Table
l View Buttons l Formatting Toolbar l Window l Help

File
→ New → Creates a new word document.

→ Open → Opens an existing word document

→ Save → Saves the current word document

→ Save As → Saves the current word document under a new name

or new location
→ Print → Prints the word document

→ Print Preview → Shows the preview of the word document

before printing
→ Exit → Closes MS Word and Exits from here.

Edit
O
.C
Undo → Cancel or undo the last Select All → Selects all the content
S

operation of the page

TE

Copy → Copy the selected text or Find → Finds some particulars Text
image to Clipboard on document
O

Paste → Pastes the copied or cut

FN

Replace → Replaces some text with

text or image Text on document
D

Go To → Moves the cursor to a

.P

particular page, section or

bookmark etc.
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Pictorial Presentation 114 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Microsoft Word Shortcut Key and their functions

1. Ctrl+A → To select all text, image and table paragraph

on page together 21. Ctrl+U → Το underline the text.
2. Ctrl+B → Το Εxpress selected text in bold 22. Ctrl+V → Το paste the cut or copied content
form or image.
3. Ctrl+C → Copying the selected contents like 23. Ctrl+W → Το close the open documents in
text, image, photo, chart etc. on the MS Word.
page 24. Ctrl+X → Το cut the selected texts/pictures.
4. Ctrl+D → Το open the font dialog box 25. Ctrl+Y → Το redo in document file (reverse
5. Ctrl+E → Το place selected texts in the of undo process)
center of the page 26. Ctrl+Z → Undo in document file (As we go
6. Ctrl+F → Το find a specific word backward file step by step by using
7. Ctrl+G → Το open the Go to dialog box undo, similarly we use Redo to go
8. Ctrl+H → Το open the Replace dialog box forward step by step.)
9. Ctrl+I → Το express the selected word in 27. Ctrl+[ → Use to decrease the font size of
Italic font. selected text by 1 point.
10. Ctrl+J → Το Justify the selected paragraph 28. Ctrl+] → Use to increase the font size of
selected text by 1 points.
11. Ctrl+K → Το add a Hyperlink on the page
29. Ctrl+Space: Remove any formatting that has
12. Ctrl+L → Το align text toward left on the done in the selected texts.
page 30. Ctrl+Enter: Page break included in the word
13. Ctrl+M → Το shift text from left to right of document
the page 31. Ctrl+Home: First line before first letter Goes to
14. Ctrl+N → Το open new document file. the top cursor of first page.
15. Ctrl+O → Το open saved document file. 32. Ctrl+End: Goes to the bottom (last line after
16. Ctrl+P → Το print the document last letter) of last page
33. Ctrl+F10: Minimize or maximize the
17. Ctrl+Q → Selected line or text is aligned left
document.
on the page
34. Ctrl+shift+DApply Double underline on
18. Ctrl+R → Selected line or text is aligned selected texts.
right on the page 35. Shift+Alt+T To add the current time of the
19. Ctrl+S → Το save the document file. system
20. Ctrl+T → Το apply hanging indent to a 36. Shift+Alt+D To add the present date of the O
system
S .C

Text Style What it look like

TE

Bold (Ctrl+B) This text is in bold

O
FN

Italic (Ctrl+I) This is in Italic.

D

Underline (Ctrl+U) Look as Underline text.

.P
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Pictorial Presentation 115 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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 Setting Font Effect Aligning Data in Cells
1. Superscript - By using or applying
superscript on selected text, it appears smaller Nine Types of Alignment
and above the normal text line to write (I) Alignment Top Left
mathematical formulae with exponents. (ii) Alignment Top Right
e.g. (A+B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB, where (iii) Alignment Top Center
'2' is written above in superscript form (iv) Alignment Center Left
2. Subscript - By using or applying subscript on (v) Alignment Center Right
selected text, it appears smaller and below the (vi) Alignment in Center
normal text line to write chemical formula, (vii) Alignment Bottom Left
slightly lower with character level that normal (viii) Alignment Bottom Right
tax e.g. H2O, H2SO4 (ix) Alignment Bottom Center
where '2' and 4 are written below in subscript form (i) (ii) (iii)
3. Strikethrough - It is used to draw a line in (iv) (v) (vi)
the middle of any word horizontally
eg. - Strikethrough
(vii) (viii) (ix)

Bulleted and Numbered Lists

• A Bullet is a dot or other symbol that is placed before text, such as items in a list, to add emphasis.

Bullet Formats Number Formats

Ø Android lA ¡A ¨ Ram 1. 1) I. A. a) a.
Ø Bluetooth lB ¡B ¨ Computer 2. 2) II. B. b) b.
Ø Windows lC ¡C ¨ CPU 3. 3) III. C. c) c.

1. Sentense Case : O
Capitalizes the first
.C
5. tOGGLE CASE : character in the sentence 2. Lower Case :
Converts uPPER CSAE to This converts all selected
S

Lower Case and vice versa characters to lowercase.

TE

Changing
Case
4. Title Case / Capitalize 3. Upper Case :
O

This Capitalizes the first Used to convert a text into Converts the selected
FN

character of every word. uppercase or lowercase or both character to upper case.

D

Exam Facts
.P

1. Minimum size of character in word file - 1 5. Minimum zoom - out value in zoom dialog box
W

2. Maximum size of character in word file - 1638 10%

3. Minimum font size in list box of a word file is 6. Maximum zoom - in value in zoom dialog box -
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-8 500%
4. Minimum font size in list box a word file is 72
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Pictorial Presentation 116 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

 Microsoft Power Point

Ø Microsoft Power Point is developed by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin Co-orporation.
It is a Graphic Presentation Program. It is a Graphic Presentation Program.

Ø Presentation in Powerpoint is displayed as Slideshow.

Title Bar

Menu Bar
Status Bar

Formatting Components of Standard Tool Bar

Tool Bar MS Powerpoint
Window

Current Slide Slide and

Design Outline Tabs

Keyboard Shortcuts Table Shortcuts

Ø Moving around a slide and selecting objects TAB

↓
TAB or Shift TAB :
Move to the next cell O
Select an object (of title or text area of slide)
Enter :
.C
move to next line in textbox. Shift + TAB
Ctrl + A (in normal slide view) : ↓
S

Select all objects on a slide Move to the preceding cell

TE

Ctrl + A (in slide sorter view) :

Select all slides
Down Arrow
O

Ctrl + A (on the outline tab) : ↓

Select all text Move to the next row
FN

Zoom in and Zoom out :

Press and hold the ctrl key while using the
mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out. Up Arrow
D

Page down : Go to the next slide ↓

.P

Move to the preceding row

Page up : Go to the previous slide
W

Fs : Start the slide show Ctrl + TAB

↓
W

Esc : End the Slide show Insert a tab (row) in a cell

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Pictorial Presentation 117 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

 Change or Resize Fonts Slide show shortcut
Ctrl + Shift + F : Open font dialog box to change ESC, Ctrl + Break : used to end a slide show
font, font style, font size Ctrl + B : Apply bold formatting to the selected text.
Ctrl + C : copy selected text, object.
Ctrl + Shift + P : Open font dialog box to change
the font, and style Ctrl + k : Insert a hyperlink.
Ctrl + M : To add a new slide
Ctrl + Shift + > : increase in font size Ctrl + N : To create a new presentation
Ctrl + Shift + < : decrease in font size Ctrl + Q : Close power point
Ctrl + P : To print the document
Ctrl + O : Open a presentation
Slide show shortcut Ctrl + S : To save the file
N, Enter, Page down, Right arrow, down Ctrl + T : Open the font dialog box
arrow or space bar : used to Perform the next Ctrl + X : Cut selected text, object or slide
animation or advance to the next slide Ctrl + V : Paste cut or copied text, object or slide
S or plus sign (+) : used to stop or restart an Ctrl + Y : Redu the last action
automatic slide show Ctrl + Z : Undu the last action

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is an extended program. It is used to organize

data, to complete calculations, to prepare graph of data.

Microsoft Excel organizes all the data into rows and columns.
The arranged form of column and row is called worksheet.

Spreadsheet
Auto Complete

New
Features
Auto Correct
O
.C
Selecting or
What if Features of filling
S

analysis MS Excel ranges

Information is not always word.
TE

It can include number, figures and

calculations. For such calculation you need Worksheet Check
a special software called spreadsheet.
O

linking Spelling
It is a computer application that consists
Creating Charts
FN

of multiple cells organized in the form

of rows and column.

MS Excel Basics
D
.P

Workbook Worksheet
W

A file in MS Excel is called a Workbook A workbook is made of many worksheets by

W

by default named as Book1, Book2, etc. default named as Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.
You can rename them as you want.
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Pictorial Presentation 118 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

 Cell Cell address

Each individual box in the grid of a spreadsheet Every cell has a unique cell address.
is called a cell. It is the intersection point of a row The column and row heading are used to give
and a column. Cells are the foundation of any each cell a specific address.
spreadsheet as it is the basic unit e.g.: A1 (A→Column, 1→Row)
of a worksheet.

Cell Pointer Active Cell

A cursor in Excel is called cell pointer The cell at the cell pointer position is called
because it always points to a cell. the active cell or the current cell.
The contents of this
cell be displayed on the formula bar.

Range of Cells

A group of cells in continuous locations is called

as a range of cells. A range is specified by giving
the address of first cell and last cell.

Keyboard Shortcut

Ctrl + A → for selecting the entire worksheet.

Ctrl + P or Ctrl + Shift + F12 → Display the print Dialog Box
Keys for
Ctrl + Page Down → Move to the next sheet in the workbook
workbooks and
worksheets Ctrl + Page up → Move to the previous sheet in the workbook
Alt + E + L → Open 'Find and Replace' dialog box
Alt + E + M → Open 'Find and Replace' dialog box O
Ctrl + ; → Enter the system's current date
.C
Keys for Ctrl + shift + : → Enter the system's current time
entering, editing,
S

formatting Alt + Enter → Start a new line in the same cell.

TE

and calculating data. Esc → Cancel the cell entry

Delete → Clear the contents of selected cells
O

Ctrl + 9 → Hide the selected rows.

Ctrl + shift + 9 → Unhide any hidden rows within the selection
FN

Hiding
and Ctrl + 0 → Hide the selected columns
Unhiding
Ctrl + shift + 0 → Unhide any hidden columns within the
D

selection.
.P

Ctrl + T → Apply or Remove the top border

W

Using Ctrl + B → Apply or Remove the bottom border

Borders Ctrl + L → Apply or Remove the left border
W

Ctrl + R → Apply or Remove the right border

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Pictorial Presentation 119 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

 World’s Top 10 Supercomputer
(As per data release on 1 June 2023) Charles Babbage
(Father of Modern Computers)
Rank System Country Speed (Rmax)
(Manufacturer) · developed a machine called
1 Frontier U.S.A. (HPE) 1,194 PFlop/s Difference Engine in 1822
2 Supercomputer Japan (Fujitsu) 442.01 PFlop/s
· in 1833, he designed the
Fugaku Analytical Engine
3 LUMI Finland (HPE) 309.10 PFlop/s
4 Leonardo Italy (Atos) 238.70 PFlop/s
Elon Musk
5 Summit U.S.A. (IBM) 148.60 PFlop/s
6 Sierra U.S.A. (IBM/ 94.64 PFlop/s
· co-founded and leads Tesla,
NVIDIA/Mellanox)
SpaceX, Neuralink and The
7 Sunway China 93.01 PFlop/s Boring Company
TaihuLight (NRCPC)
· Present owner of Twitter
8 Perlmutter U.S.A. (HPE) 70.87 PFlop/s
9 Selene U.S.A. (Nvidia) 63.46 PFlop/s
10 Tianhe - 2A China (NUDT) 61.44 PFlop/s James Gosling

· known as the father of the Java

Super Computer of India (As per June 2023)
programming language
Rank in Super Computer Speed Installation
World (Rmax.) Year
75 AIRAWAT-PSAI 8.50 PFlop/s 2023 Mark Zuckerberg
131 PARAM Siddhi-AI 4.62 PFlop/s 2020
· (Co-founder and chief
169 Pratyush 3.76 PFlop/s 2018 executive officer of Meta
Platforms, Inc. formerly
316 Mihir 2.57 PFlop/s 2018
named Facebook, Inc.)
Note : The data on page no. 19 is as per
2022, Please read the latest released above
mention data (as per June, 2023)
Steve Jobs
Some famous IT people and O
their contribution
.C
· co-founder and chief
Tim Berners-Lee executive of Apple
S

Computer
· computer scientist from
TE

England
· researcher at CERN
Important contributions and
O

achievements Richard Stallman

· invented the World Wide
FN

Web (WWW). · founder of the GNU Project,

· invented the three major an initiative to develop a
requirements of WWW:
complete Unix-like operating
D

· Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), system which is free
.P

· Hypertext Markup software as well as platform

Language (HTML). independent.
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Pictorial Presentation 120 GS Drishti Computer : An Introduction

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