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Solutions Quantify

This document provides solutions to exercises from Chapter 7 on quantified statements. It translates statements between English and symbolic logic, negates statements, and evaluates the truth of statements. For example, it shows that the statement "For every natural number n, there is a subset X of N with |X| < n" is true, while "For any subset X of N, there exists an integer n for which |X| = n" is false. It also translates statements such as "If f is a polynomial and its degree is greater than 2, then f0 is not constant" into symbolic logic.

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Bentang Lajuardi
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23 views

Solutions Quantify

This document provides solutions to exercises from Chapter 7 on quantified statements. It translates statements between English and symbolic logic, negates statements, and evaluates the truth of statements. For example, it shows that the statement "For every natural number n, there is a subset X of N with |X| < n" is true, while "For any subset X of N, there exists an integer n for which |X| = n" is false. It also translates statements such as "If f is a polynomial and its degree is greater than 2, then f0 is not constant" into symbolic logic.

Uploaded by

Bentang Lajuardi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions for Chapter 7 209

7.6 Solutions for Chapter 7


Section 7.1
Write the following as English sentences. Say whether the statements are true or
false.
1. ∀ x ∈ R, x2 > 0
Answer: For every real number x, x2 > 0.
Also: For every real number x, it follows that x2 > 0.
Also: The square of any real number is positive. (etc.)
This statement is FALSE. Reason: 0 is a real number, but it’s not true that
02 > 0.
3. ∃ a ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ R, ax = x.
Answer: There exists a real number a for which ax = x for every real number x.
This statement is TRUE. Reason: Consider a = 1.
5. ∀ n ∈ N, ∃ X ∈ P (N), | X | < n
Answer: For every natural number n, there is a subset X of N with | X | < n.
This statement is TRUE. Reason: Suppose n ∈ N. Let X = ;. Then | X | = 0 < n.
7. ∀ X ⊆ N, ∃ n ∈ Z, | X | = n
Answer: For any subset X of N, there exists an integer n for which | X | = n.
This statement is FALSE. For example, the set X = {2, 4, 6, 8, . . .} of all even natural
numbers is infinite, so there does not exist any integer n for which | X | = n.
9. ∀ n ∈ Z, ∃ m ∈ Z, m = n + 5
Answer: For every integer n there is another integer m such that m = n + 5.
This statement is TRUE.
Section 7.3
Translate each of the following sentences into symbolic logic.
1. If f is a polynomial and its degree is greater than 2, then f 0 is not constant.
Translation: (P ∧ Q ) ⇒ R , where
P : f is a polynomial,
Q : f has degree greater than 2,
R : f 0 is not constant.
p
3. If x is prime then x is not a rational number.
Translation: P ⇒∼ Q , where
P : x is prime,
p
Q : x is a rational number.
5. For every positive number ε, there is a positive number δ for which | x − a| < δ
implies | f ( x) − f (a)| < ε.
Translation: ∀ ε ∈ R, ε > 0, ∃ δ ∈ R, δ > 0, (| x − a| < δ) ⇒ (| f ( x) − f (a)| < ε)
7. There exists a real number a for which a + x = x for every real number x.
Translation: ∃a ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ R, a + x = x
210 Quantified Statements

9. If x is a rational number and x 6= 0, then tan( x) is not a rational number.


Translation: (( x ∈ Q) ∧ ( x 6= 0)) ⇒ (tan( x) ∉ Q)
11. There is a Providence that protects idiots, drunkards, children and the United
States of America.
One translation is as follows. Let R be union of the set of idiots, the set of
drunkards, the set of children, and the set consisting of the USA. Let P be the
open sentence P ( x): x is a Providence. Let S be the open sentence S ( x, y): x
protects y. Then the translation is ∃ x, ∀ y ∈ R, P ( x) ∧ S ( x, y).
(Notice that, although this is mathematically correct, some humor has been lost
in the translation.)
13. Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else.
Translation: ∀ x, (∼ M ( x) ∧ S ( x)) ⇒ F ( x),
where M ( x): x is happening to me, S ( x): x is happening to someone, and F ( x) : x
is funny.
Section 7.4
Negate the following sentences.

1. The number x is positive, but the number y is not positive.


The “but” can be interpreted as “and.” Using DeMorgan’s law, the negation is:
The number x is not positive or the number y is positive.
3. For every prime number p, there is another prime number q with q > p.
Negation: There is a prime number p such that for every prime number q, q ≤ p.
Also: There exists a prime number p for which q ≤ p for every prime number q.
(etc.)
5. For every positive number ε there is a positive number M for which | f ( x) − b| < ε
whenever x > M .
To negate this, it may be helpful to first write it in symbolic form. The statement
is ∀ε ∈ (0, ∞), ∃ M ∈ (0, ∞), ( x > M ) ⇒ (| f ( x) − b| < ε).
Working out the negation, we have

∼ ∀ε ∈ (0, ∞), ∃ M ∈ (0, ∞), ( x > M ) ⇒ (| f ( x) − b| < ε)


¡ ¢
=
∃ε ∈ (0, ∞), ∼ ∃ M ∈ (0, ∞), ( x > M ) ⇒ (| f ( x) − b| < ε)
¡ ¢
=
∃ε ∈ (0, ∞), ∀ M ∈ (0, ∞), ∼ ( x > M ) ⇒ (| f ( x) − b| < ε) .
¡ ¢

Finally, using the idea from Example 7.10, we can negate the conditional state-
ment that appears here to get

∃ε ∈ (0, ∞), ∀ M ∈ (0, ∞), ∃ x, ( x > M )∧ ∼ (| f ( x) − b| < ε) .


¢

Negation: There exists a positive number ε with the property that for every
positive number M , there is a number x for which x > M and | f ( x) − b| ≥ ε.
Solutions for Chapter 7 211

7. I don’t eat anything that has a face.


Negation: I will eat some things that have a face.
(Note. If your answer was “I will eat anything that has a face.” then that is
wrong, both morally and mathematically.)
9. If sin( x) < 0, then it is not the case that 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
Negation: There exists a number x for which sin( x) < 0 and 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
11. You can fool all of the people all of the time.
There are several ways to negate this, including:
There is a person that you can’t fool all the time. or
There is a person x and a time y for which x is not fooled at time y.
(But Abraham Lincoln said it better.)

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