Statistical Appendix for “World happiness, trust

and social connections in times of crisis,” Chapter 2

of World Happiness Report 2023
John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Max Norton, Shun Wang and Leonard Goff
March 13, 2023

1 Data Sources and Variable Definitions

ˆ Happiness score or subjective well-being (variable name ladder ): The survey
measure of SWB is from the Jan 20, 2023 release of the Gallup World Poll
(GWP) covering years from 2005 to 2022. Unless stated otherwise, it is the na-
tional average response to the question of life evaluations. The English wording
of the question is “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the
bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents the best possible life
for you and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you.
On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this
time?” This measure is also referred to as Cantril life ladder, or just life ladder
in our analysis.
ˆ The statistics of GDP per capita (variable name gdp) in purchasing power parity
(PPP) at constant 2017 international dollar prices are from World Development
Indicators (WDI, version 17, metadata last updated on Jan 22, 2023). The GDP
figures for Taiwan, Syria, Palestine, Venezuela, Djibouti and Yemen are from
the Penn World Table 10.01.
– GDP per capita in 2022 are not yet available as of January 2023. We extend
the GDP-per-capita time series from 2021 to 2022 using country-specific
forecasts of real GDP growth in 2022 first from the OECD Economic Out-
look No. 112 (November 2022) and then, if missing, forecasts from World
Bank’s Global Economic Prospects (Last Updated: 01/10/2023). The
GDP growth forecasts are adjusted for population growth with the sub-
traction of 2020-21 population growth as the projected 2021-22 growth.
A few countries/territories have their GDP figures from the Penn World
Table that ends in 2019. We derive their 2020-2022 GDP values based on
the 2019 values and the projected growth rates if they are available.
ˆ Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE). Healthy life expectancies at birth are based
on the data extracted from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global

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 Health Observatory data repository (Last updated: 2020-12-04). The data at
the source are available for the years 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2019. To match this
report’s sample period (2005-2021), interpolation and extrapolation are used.

ˆ Social support (or having someone to count on in times of trouble) is the national
average of the binary responses (either 0 or 1) to the GWP question “If you
were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you
whenever you need them, or not?”

ˆ Freedom to make life choices is the national average of responses to the GWP
question “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what
you do with your life?”

ˆ Generosity is the residual of regressing national average of response to the GWP

question “Have you donated money to a charity in the past month?” on GDP
per capita.

ˆ Corruption Perception: The measure is the national average of the survey re-
sponses to two questions in the GWP: “Is corruption widespread throughout
the government or not” and “Is corruption widespread within businesses or
not?” The overall perception is just the average of the two 0-or-1 responses. In
case the perception of government corruption is missing, we use the perception
of business corruption as the overall perception. The corruption perception at
the national level is just the average response of the overall perception at the
individual level.

ˆ Positive affect is defined as the average of three positive affect measures in

GWP: laugh, enjoyment and doing interesting things in the Gallup World Poll
waves 3-7. These measures are the responses to the following three questions,
respectively: “Did you smile or laugh a lot yesterday?”, and “Did you experience
the following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about
Enjoyment?”, “Did you learn or do something interesting yesterday?”

ˆ Negative affect is defined as the average of three negative affect measures in

GWP. They are worry, sadness and anger, respectively the responses to “Did
you experience the following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday?
How about Worry?”, “Did you experience the following feelings during A LOT
OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Sadness?”, and “Did you experience the
following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about Anger?”

ˆ Gini of household income reported in the Gallup World Poll (variable name
giniIncGallup). The income variable is described in Gallup’s “WORLDWIDE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND CODEBOOK” (Updated July 2015) as
“Household Income International Dollars [...] To calculate income, respondents
are asked to report their household income in local currency. Those respondents
who have difficulty answering the question are presented a set of ranges in local

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 currency and are asked which group they fall into. Income variables are cre-
ated by converting local currency to International Dollars (ID) using purchasing
power parity (PPP) ratios.” The gini measure is generated using STATA com-
mand ineqdec0 by WP5-year with sample weights. Observations whose recorded
income value is 0 or 1 are dropped before the gini calculation.

ˆ GINI index from the World Bank (variable name giniIncWB and giniIncW-
Bavg) from the World Development Indicators. The variable labeled at the
source as “GINI index (World Bank estimate)”, series code “SI.POV.GINI”.
According to the source, the data source is “World Bank, Development Re-
search Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from
government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments.” The
variable giniIncWB is an unbalanced panel of yearly index. The data avail-
ability is patchy at the yearly frequency. The variable giniIncWBavg is the
average of giniIncWB starting from year 2000. The average does not imply
that a country has the gini index in all years since then. In fact, most do not.

ˆ Institutional trust: The first principal component of the following five measures:
confidence in the national government, confidence in the judicial system and
courts, confidence in the honesty of elections, confidence in the local police force,
and perceived corruption in business. This principal component is then used to
create a binary measure of high institutional trust using the 75th percentile in
the global distribution as the cutoff point; this way a country whose population
tends to have a low level of institutional trust in the global distribution will
have a low average institutional trust at the national level. This measure is
not available for all countries since not all surveys in all countries ask all of the
questions that are used to derive the principal component.

2 Coverage, Summary Statistics and Regression

Tables
WP5 is GWP’s coding of countries including some sub-country territories such as
Hong Kong. Not all the countries and territories appear in all the years. Our analysis
does not cover all of the country/territories that have valid happiness scores.
To appear in regression analysis that uses data from outside the GWP survey, a
wp5-year pair needs to have the necessary external information (GDP, healthy life ex-
pectancy, etc). The regression analysis thus does not necessarily cover all of the coun-
tries/territories in the GWP. Nor does it necessarily cover all the countries/territories
that are ranked by their happiness scores in this report. The underlying principle is
that we always use the largest available sample. For different kind of analysis/ranking,
the largest available samples can be different.
Regions: Some of the analysis includes dummy indicator for regions, namely West-
ern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States,
Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, North Amer-

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ica and ANZ, Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. A later set of
tables list individual countries by their region grouping.

3 Imputed Missing Values in Our Exercise of Ex-

plaining Ladder Scores with Six Factors
We do not make use of any imputed missing values in our rankings of happiness and
its supporting factors. The only place where we make use of imputation is when
we try to decompose a country’s average ladder score into components explained by
six hypothesized underlying determinants (GDP per person, healthy life expectancy,
social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and perception of
corruption). A small number of countries have missing values in one or more of these
factors. The most prominent is about the perception of corruption in businesses and
governments. In several countries, the relevant questions were not asked in the Gallup
World Poll. For these countries we impute the missing values using the “control
of corruption” indicator from the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project.
Specifically, the imputed value is calculated as the predicted value using estimates
from a model that regresses Gallup World Poll’s perception of corruption on WGI’s
control of corruption. In all, less than 10 countries, listed in a later table, have the
measure of corruption perception imputed in this way.
Another prominent imputation is data on healthy life expectancy. The data, from
the WHO, is available up to the year 2019, before the pandemic hits. Some of our
regression analysis (again, not our headline ranking) must use data for years in 2020
to 2022. We follow our approach in previous rounds of WHR to extend the time
series to the end of our sample period. Our pooled-sample regression from 2005 to
2022 may be affected by the imputation. But the impact is likely small, because the
extrapolated movements in health life expectancy from 2019 to 2022 is small, and our
main regression specification always includes year fixed effects to remove world-wide
trends.
In a few cases, countries are missing one or more of the happiness factors in the
most recent years, but the information is available in earlier years; for example they
may have GDP statistics in 2017 but not in the period from 2018 to 2020. In this
case we use the information from the last available year. There is a limit of 3 years for
how far back we go in search of those missing values. A few territories/countries do
not have data on healthy life expectancy in the World Health Organization’s (WHO)
Global Health Observatory data repository. For Hong Kong, we calculate the health
life-to-life expectancy ratio using estimates reported in “Healthy life expectancy in
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,” by C.K. Law, & P.S.F. Yip,
published at the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81 (1). The same
ratio information for Swaziland in the period 2005-2010 can be found in “Healthy life
expectancy for 187 countries, 1990 - 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden
Disease Study 2010,” by Joshua A Salomon et al, The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9859.
We then multiply the ratios for Hong Kong and Swaziland, respectively, with their life

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expectancy time series in the WDI to get the health life expectancy. The time series
is then extrapolated to the end of our sample period just like for other countries. The
Lancet article also provides information for Taiwan and the Palestinian Territories.
But the WDI does not provide life expectancy data for these two regions. For these
two, we use their 2010 healthy life expectancy. For Kosovo, we adjust its time series
of life expectancy (available in the World Development Indicators) to a time series of
health life expectancy by assuming that its health life-to-life expectancy ratio equals
to the world average. We note again we do not use any of the imputed values to
generate country rankings. We use them only for our decomposition exercises, and
the ranking of countries do not depend on those exercises.

5
 Table 1: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 1
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

United States (1) 1001 1225 1004 1003 1005 1008 2094 1005 2048 1019 1032 1013 1004 1026 1007 1005 1003
Egypt (2) 999 1024 1105 2112 2053 5296 4186 1149 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2070 1002 1002 1001
Morocco (3) 1006 1001 3000 1007 2050 1008 1006 1001 1015 1006 1001 1015
Lebanon (4) 996 1000 1000 2010 2027 2007 2013 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1050 1000 1000
Saudi Arabia (5) 1004 1006 1150 2052 2038 2022 1077 2036 2035 1012 1000 1002 1003 1045 1043 1008 1023
Jordan (6) 1000 1016 1007 2016 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1012 1002 1001 1012 1000 1000
Syria (7) 1209 2100 2035 2041 2043 1022 1002
Turkiye (8) 995 1001 1004 999 1000 1001 2000 1000 2003 1002 1001 1000 1000 2059 1000 1000
Pakistan (9) 1001 1502 2484 3122 1030 1000 3012 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1091 1000 1000
Indonesia (10) 1180 1000 1050 1080 1080 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2192 1062 1063 1002
Bangladesh (11) 1048 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3072 1013 1000 1000
United Kingdom (12) 1037 1204 1001 1002 1000 9239 13408 750 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
France (13) 1002 1220 1006 1000 1004 1001 2005 751 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Germany (14) 1001 1221 3016 2010 1007 9105 13269 751 2014 1000 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1002

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Netherlands (15) 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 751 2002 1003 1000 1001 1002 1029 1006 1000 1006
Belgium (16) 1003 1022 1002 1003 1002 1001 1006 2004 1037 1000 1001 1011 1025 1005 1010 1000
Spain (17) 1000 1004 1009 1005 1000 1006 2003 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Italy (18) 1002 1008 1008 1005 1000 1005 2007 1004 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Poland (19) 1000 1000 1000 2000 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1010 1001 1000
Hungary (20) 1025 1010 1008 1008 1014 1004 1019 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1009
Czechia (21) 1001 1072 2082 1000 1005 1001 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1004 1008 1003
Romania (22) 1022 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 998 1001 1001 1001 1002 1080 1000 1009 1000
Sweden (23) 1000 1001 1000 1002 1002 1006 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1001 1025 1000 1010 1001
Greece (24) 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1006 1000
Denmark (25) 1004 1009 1001 1000 1000 1005 1001 753 2002 1005 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1010 1001
Iran (26) 1300 1004 1040 1003 3507 1000 2009 1001 1000 1000 1002 1058 1009 1011 1007
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China (27) 800 751 755 756 1028 1006 2017 1005 1007 1004 1005 1007
Singapore (28) 1095 1000 2551 1005 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1040 1000
Japan (29) 1000 1150 3000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1001 2006 1003 1003 1002 1003 1023 1016 1007 1005
China (30) 3730 3733 3712 3833 4151 4220 9413 4244 4696 4265 4373 4141 3649 3709 3503 3500
India (31) 2100 3186 2000 3010 6000 3518 10080 5540 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 6643 9453 3000 3000
Venezuela (32) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000
Brazil (33) 1029 1038 1032 1031 1043 1042 1002 2006 1007 1004 1001 1000 1000 3001 1002 1005 1000
 Table 2: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 2
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Mexico (34) 1007 999 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1017 1031 1000 1000 1034 1001 1010 1000 1000
Nigeria (35) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1004 1000
Kenya (36) 1000 1000 2200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1008 1000 1000
Tanzania (37) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000 1001
Israel (38) 1002 1001 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1095 1057 1001 1000
Palestinian Territories (39) 1000 1000 1000 2014 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1000
Ghana (40) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1010 1000 1000 1000
Uganda (41) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1016 1000
Benin (42) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1042 1000 1000
Madagascar (43) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Malawi (44) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
South Africa (45) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1019 1032
Canada (46) 1355 1010 1005 1011 1007 1013 2003 1021 2025 1011 1016 1005 1009 1031 1006 1008 1014
Australia (47) 1000 1205 1005 1000 1010 1002 1002 2002 1001 1004 1003 1001 1047 1003 1000 1000

7
Philippines (48) 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2090 1000 1000
Sri Lanka (49) 1033 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 2031 1030 1062 1062 1104 1109 1083 1000 1005
Vietnam (50) 1023 1015 1016 1008 1000 1000 2000 1017 1000 1000 1039 1002 1012 2000 1000 1020 1000
Thailand (51) 1410 1006 1038 1019 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1006 1000
Cambodia (52) 1000 1000 1024 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1600 1000 1000 1002 1000 1000
Laos (53) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2504 1070 1000 1000
Myanmar (54) 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1600 1000 1100 1000 1000
New Zealand (55) 1028 750 750 750 1000 1008 500 2001 1007 1004 1001 1001 1042 1002 1000 1000
Angola (56) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Botswana (57) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1002 1114 1003
Ethiopia (60) 1500 1000 1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 2222 1003 1000
Mali (61) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000 1000
Mauritania (62) 1000 1000 1984 2000 2000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000
Mozambique (63) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Niger (64) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Rwanda (65) 1504 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Senegal (66) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Zambia (67) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1026 1000
South Korea (68) 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 2000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1015 1016 1005 1001 1010
 Table 3: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 3
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Taiwan Province of China (69) 1002 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1030 1000 1000 1000
Afghanistan (70) 1010 2000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1127 1000 1000
Belarus (71) 1092 1114 1091 1077 1013 1007 1052 1032 1036 1034 1039 1053 1061 1128
Georgia (72) 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1001 1000
Kazakhstan (73) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000
Kyrgyzstan (74) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001 1000
Moldova (75) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000
Russia (76) 2011 2949 2019 2042 4000 2000 3000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 3003 2022 2001 2006
Ukraine (77) 1102 1066 1074 1081 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000
Burkina Faso (78) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1007 1000
Cameroon (79) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Sierra Leone (80) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1133 1000 1000
Zimbabwe (81) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1082 1004 1000 1000
Costa Rica (82) 1002 1002 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1000

8
Albania (83) 981 1000 1000 1006 1029 1035 999 1000 999 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000
Algeria (84) 1000 2001 2027 1002 1001 1016 1000 1100 1016 1005
Argentina (87) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1060 1000 1000 1005
Armenia (88) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1003
Austria (89) 1004 1001 2000 1004 1001 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Azerbaijan (90) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080
Bahrain (92) 2128 2032 2010 1000 1002 1005 2004 1010 1064 1060 1009
Belize (94) 502 504
Bhutan (95) 1000 1020 1020
Bolivia (96) 1000 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1004 1000
Bosnia and Herzegovina (97) 2002 1002 1000 1009 1005 1010 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000
Bulgaria (99) 1003 2000 1006 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1080 1000 1005 1000
Burundi (100) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Central African Republic (102) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Chad (103) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1111 1000
Chile (104) 1007 1023 1108 1009 1007 1009 1003 1001 1032 1040 1008 1040 1000 1060 1000 1001 1000
Colombia (105) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Comoros (106) 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Congo (Kinshasa) (107) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
 Table 4: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 4
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Congo Brazzaville (108) 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1090 1002 1000 1000
Croatia (109) 1000 1009 1029 1029 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1002 1002
Cuba (110) 1000
Cyprus (111) 1000 502 1005
1005 500 500 2000 1029 1006 1008 1026 1043 1005 1019 1014
Djibouti (112) 1000 2000 1000
1000
Dominican Republic (114) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1078 1000 1001
1000
Ecuador (115) 1067 1061 1001 1000 1000
1003 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000
El Salvador (116) 1000 1001 1000 1006 1001
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1001
1000
Estonia (119) 1003 1001 601 608 1007 1004 1010 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1024
1004
Finland (121) 1010 1005 1000 1000 1000 750 2001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1005
1000
Gabon (122) 1000 1000 1008 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000
1000
Guatemala (124) 1021 1000 1000 1015 1014 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1100 1000
Guinea (125) 1000 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140 1005 1000 1000
Guyana (127) 501

9
Haiti (128) 505 500 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 504500
Honduras (129) 1000 1000 1000 1002 1000 1002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1005 1000
Iceland (130) 502 1002 502 596 529 500 504 501 500 500
Iraq (131) 990 2001 2000 2000 2000 1003 2010 1009 1011 1000
2097 1000 1002
Ireland (132) 1000 1001 500 1001 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Ivory Coast (134) 1000 1008 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1021 1000 1000
Jamaica (135) 543 506 504 504 504 501 502 505 500
Kuwait (137) 1000 2002 2004 2000 1000 1008 1013 2000 1000 1000 2023
Latvia (138) 1000 1017 513 515 1006 1001 1000 1002 1001 1019 1002
1021 1080 1001 1017 1014
Lesotho (139) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Liberia (140) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1001
Libya (141) 1002 1006 1001 1007
1004 1040
Lithuania (143) 1015 1007 506
500 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1080 1002 1009 1000
Luxembourg (144) 500 1002 1000 1001 500 2000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1025 1000
North Macedonia (145) 1042 1008 1000 1018 1025 1020 1000 1024 1024 1008
1008 1080 1003 1024 1000
Malaysia (146) 1012 1233 1000 1011 1000 1000 1000 1000 2008 1002 1000 1060 1000 1000
Maldives (147) 1000
Malta (148) 508 1008 1004 1004 500 2013 1002 1011 1004 1010 1027 1001 1001 1002
Mauritius (150) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1059 1000 1000 1000
 Table 5: Number of ladder (WP16) observations for WP5-years - Part 5
Country/territory (ID) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Mongolia (153) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1070 1000 1000 1000
Montenegro (154) 834 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1004
Namibia (155) 1000 1000 1000 1005 1002 1000 1001 1003
Nepal (157) 1002 1000 1003 1002 1000 1000 2000 1050 1050 1000 1000 1000 1000 2095 1000 1000 1000
Nicaragua (158) 1001 1000 1000 1012 1000 1003 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1010 1000
Norway (160) 1001 1000 1004 2000 1005 2000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1007 1002
Oman (161) 2016
Panama (163) 1005 1000 1004 1018 1000 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1003 1000
Paraguay (164) 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1079 1000 1001 1000
Peru (165) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1006 1000 1000
Portugal (166) 1007 1002 2002 1000 1001 1001 2020 1021 1008 1000 1003 1026 1002 1002 1002
Qatar (168) 2028 1000 1032 2000 1000
Serbia (173) 1556 1008 1000 1001 1023
1030 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1002 1000
Slovakia (175) 1018 1007 1012 1007
1004 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1003

10
Slovenia (176) 1009 500 1002 1001 1000
1001 2020 1002 1000 1000 1000 1025 1001 1001 1030
Somalia (178) 1000 1000 1191
Sudan (181) 1784 1808 2000 1000 1000
Suriname (182) 504
Eswatini (183) 1000 1000 1110
Switzerland (184) 1000 1003 1000 2010 501 1000 1000 1000 1025 1000 1000 1000
Tajikistan (185) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 1080 1000 1000
The Gambia (186) 1000 1000 1120 1000
Togo (187) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1130 1000 1000
Trinidad and Tobago (189) 508 502 504 504 504
Tunisia (190) 1006 2085 2034 2053 1053 1056 1000 1001 1001 1001 1000 1003 1000 1000
Turkmenistan (191) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1089
United Arab Emirates (193) 1013 2054 2066 2036 2016 1000 1002 2903 1855 1850 1857 1413 2928 1002 1030
Uruguay (194) 1004 1004 1005 1000 1000 1000 1009 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1001 1000 1000
Uzbekistan (195) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1080 1000 1000 1000
Yemen (197) 1000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1140
Kosovo (198) 1046 1047 1000 1017 1047 1024 1000 1001 1000 1000 1000 1000 1088 1000 1000 1000
Somaliland region (199) 2000 2000 2000 1000
South Sudan (205) 1000 1000 1000 1000
 Figure 1: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 1
Afghanistan Albania Algeria
5

6
4

4
0

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Angola Argentina Armenia

6

6
6
4

4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Australia Austria Azerbaijan

2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8

6
4
2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus

2 4 6 8

6
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Belgium Belize Benin

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina

6

6
6
4

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Botswana Brazil Bulgaria

6

2 4 6 8

6
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5
3
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Cameroon Canada Central African Republic

6

2 4 6 8

4
4

3
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Chad Chile China

2 3 4 5

6
6

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

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 Figure 2: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 2
Colombia Comoros Congo (Brazzaville)

2 3 4 5

6
6

4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Congo (Kinshasa) Costa Rica Croatia

2 3 4 5

2 4 6 8

6
4
2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Cuba Cyprus Czechia

6

2 4 6 8
6
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic

2 4 6 8

2 3 4 5

6
4
2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Ecuador Egypt El Salvador

6
6

6
4
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5
6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Finland France Gabon

2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8

2 3 4 5

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Gambia Georgia Germany

6

2 4 6 8
2 3 4 5

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Ghana Greece Guatemala

6

6
6
4

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Guinea Guyana Haiti

6

2 3 4 5
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

12
 Figure 3: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 3
Honduras Hong Kong S.A.R. of China Hungary

6
6

6
4
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Iceland India Indonesia

2 4 6 8

6
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Iran Iraq Ireland

6

2 4 6 8
2 3 4 5
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Israel Italy Ivory Coast

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Jamaica Japan Jordan

6
6

4
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo

2 3 4 5
6

6
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos

6
6
6

4
4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Latvia Lebanon Lesotho

6

2 3 4 5
6

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Liberia Libya Lithuania

6

2 4 6 8
2 3 4 5

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi

2 4 6 8

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

13
 Figure 4: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 4
Malaysia Maldives Mali

2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Malta Mauritania Mauritius

2 4 6 8

2 3 4 5

6
4
2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Mexico Moldova Mongolia

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Montenegro Morocco Mozambique

6

2 3 4 5
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Myanmar Namibia Nepal

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

6
4
2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua

2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8

6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Niger Nigeria North Macedonia

6

6
2 3 4 5

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Norway Oman Pakistan

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Panama Paraguay Peru

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Philippines Poland Portugal

6
6

4
4

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

14
 Figure 5: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 5
Qatar Romania Russia

6
6
6

4
4
4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal

2 4 6 8

6
4

4
3
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore

2 3 4 5

2 4 6 8
6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Slovakia Slovenia Somalia

6
6

4
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Somaliland region South Africa South Korea

6

2 4 6 8
2 3 4 5

4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka

2 4 6 8

2 3 4 5
4
3
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

State of Palestine Sudan Suriname

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Sweden Switzerland Syria

2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8

6
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Taiwan Province of China Tajikistan Tanzania

6
6

4
4
4

3
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago

2 4 6 8

6
4

4
3
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

15
 Figure 6: County-by-country trajectory plots - part 6
Tunisia Turkiye Turkmenistan
6

6
4

4
2

2
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates

2 3 4 5

2 4 6 8
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

United Kingdom United States Uruguay

2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8

6
4
2

200620082010201220142016201820202022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam

2 4 6 8

6
6

4
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 200620082010201220142016201820202022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5
4
2

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

16
Table 6: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Fullest sample
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.48 1.13 1.28 8.02 2199
Positive affect 0.65 0.11 0.18 0.88 2175
Negative affect 0.27 0.09 0.08 0.70 2183
Log GDP per capita 9.39 1.15 5.53 11.66 2179
Social support 0.81 0.12 0.23 0.99 2186
Healthy life expectancy at birth 63.29 6.9 6.72 74.47 2145
Freedom to make life choices 0.75 0.14 0.26 0.99 2166
Generosity 0 0.16 -0.34 0.70 2126
Perceptions of corruption 0.75 0.19 0.04 0.98 2083

Table 7: Summary statistics for country-year observations with valid happiness scores
- Period from 2020 to 2022
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. N
Life Ladder 5.65 1.13 1.28 7.89 352
Positive affect 0.66 0.1 0.18 0.83 351
Negative affect 0.29 0.09 0.08 0.61 351
Log GDP per capita 9.59 1.08 7.01 11.66 342
Social support 0.81 0.13 0.23 0.98 352
Healthy life expectancy at birth 65.41 5.46 51.3 74.47 343
Freedom to make life choices 0.8 0.11 0.37 0.98 349
Generosity 0.02 0.15 -0.32 0.54 342
Perceptions of corruption 0.72 0.18 0.14 0.96 340

17
Table 8: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
with year fixed effects)

Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.359 -.015 -.001 0.392
(0.067)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007) (0.065)∗∗∗

Social support 2.526 0.318 -.337 1.865

(0.356)∗∗∗ (0.056)∗∗∗ (0.046)∗∗∗ (0.35)∗∗∗

Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.027 -.0005 0.003 0.028

(0.01)∗∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗

Freedom to make life choices 1.331 0.371 -.090 0.505

(0.297)∗∗∗ (0.041)∗∗∗ (0.039)∗∗ (0.278)∗

Generosity 0.537 0.088 0.027 0.33

(0.256)∗∗ (0.032)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.245)

Perceptions of corruption -.716 -.009 0.094 -.712

(0.262)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.022)∗∗∗ (0.249)∗∗∗

Positive affect 2.285

(0.331)∗∗∗

Negative affect 0.185

(0.388)

Year 2005 0.373 -.003 0.029 0.376

(0.084)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.078)∗∗∗

Year 2006 -.041 -.002 0.0007 -.028

(0.061) (0.01) (0.009) (0.061)

Year 2007 0.219 0.011 -.028 0.211

(0.061)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.061)∗∗∗

Year 2008 0.334 0.021 -.039 0.298

(0.059)∗∗∗ (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.063)∗∗∗

Year 2009 0.213 0.005 -.023 0.208

(0.057)∗∗∗ (0.008) (0.008)∗∗∗ (0.056)∗∗∗

Year 2010 0.132 -.003 -.025 0.147

(0.048)∗∗∗ (0.007) (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.05)∗∗∗

Year 2011 0.149 -.014 -.021 0.187

(0.049)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.05)∗∗∗

Year 2012 0.127 -.0005 -.015 0.134

(0.042)∗∗∗ (0.005) (0.006)∗∗ (0.043)∗∗∗

Year 2013 0.026 0.003 -.006 0.022

(0.041) (0.005) (0.006) (0.041)

Year 2015 0.006 -.00006 0.002 0.009

(0.039) (0.005) (0.004) (0.037)

Year 2016 -.029 -.007 0.017 -.013

(0.046) (0.005) (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.044)

Year 2017 0.044 -.018 0.022 0.082

(0.054) (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.051)

Year 2018 0.058 -.016 0.028 0.091

(0.061) (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.057)

Year 2019 0.05 -.018 0.025 0.088

(0.063) (0.007)∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.059)

Year 2020 0.062 -.017 0.039 0.096

(0.068) (0.007)∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.063)

Year 2021 0.022 -.018 0.019 0.062

(0.064) (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.059)

Year 2022 0.033 -.012 0.018 0.058

(0.067) (0.008) (0.008)∗∗ (0.064)

Obs. 1964 1959 1963 1958

e(N-clust) 156 156 156 156
e(r2-a) 0.757 0.439 0.334 0.782

Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
18
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
Table 9: Regressions to Explain Average Happiness across Countries (Pooled OLS
without year fixed effects)

Ladder PosAffect NegAffect LadderAgain

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Log GDP per capita 0.366 -.014 -.004 0.398
(0.066)∗∗∗ (0.009) (0.007) (0.064)∗∗∗

Social support 2.585 0.33 -.367 1.819

(0.351)∗∗∗ (0.054)∗∗∗ (0.046)∗∗∗ (0.341)∗∗∗

Healthy life expectancy at birth 0.026 -.0008 0.004 0.028

(0.01)∗∗ (0.001) (0.001)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗

Freedom to make life choices 1.178 0.347 -.036 0.378

(0.276)∗∗∗ (0.037)∗∗∗ (0.036) (0.258)

Generosity 0.571 0.096 0.013 0.35

(0.252)∗∗ (0.031)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.242)

Perceptions of corruption -.725 -.010 0.098 -.697

(0.256)∗∗∗ (0.027) (0.023)∗∗∗ (0.246)∗∗∗

Positive affect 2.313

(0.335)∗∗∗

Negative affect -.015

(0.364)

year-1

year-2

year-3

year-4

year-5

year-6

year-7

year-8

year-9

year-11

year-12

year-13

year-14

year-15

year-16

year-17

year-18

Obs. 1964 1959 1963 1958

e(N-clust) 156 156 156 156
e(r2-a) 0.752 0.434 0.28 0.779

Notes: 1). Standard errors in parentheses. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance
19
at 10 percent, 5 percent and 1 percent levels. All standard errors are cluster-adjusted at
the country level. The row “e(N-clust)” indicates the number of countries. 2). See section
“Data Sources and Variable Definitions” for more information.
Table 10: Countries/territories that are missing 2022 information, ie their ranking is based on 2020
and/or 2021 surveys
Country name 2020 samplesize 2021 samplesize 2022 samplesize
Algeria 1011 992
Bahrain 992
Bosnia and Herzegovina 992 988
Burkina Faso 990 970
China 3394 3486
Hong Kong S.A.R. of China 1005 1006
Iraq 989 1002
Laos 922 836
Malaysia 981 998
Montenegro 996
Myanmar 996 999
Nigeria 958 990
Pakistan 1000 1000
Philippines 998 1000
Serbia 991 995
Singapore 994
Slovakia 999 1003
South Africa 1018 1031
Sri Lanka 994 996
Tajikistan 988 994
Turkiye 990 993
Uganda 1000 993
Zambia 1021 971

20
Figure 7: Ranking of Happiness: 2020-2022 (Part 1); those with a * before ranking
do not have 2022 survey information

1. Finland(7.804)
2. Denmark(7.586)
3. Iceland(7.530)
4. Israel(7.473)
5. Netherlands(7.403)
6. Sweden(7.395)
7. Norway(7.315)
8. Switzerland(7.240)
9. Luxembourg(7.228)
10. New Zealand(7.123)
11. Austria(7.097)
12. Australia(7.095)
13. Canada(6.961)
14. Ireland(6.911)
15. United States(6.894)
16. Germany(6.892)
17. Belgium(6.859)
18. Czechia(6.845)
19. United Kingdom(6.796)
20. Lithuania(6.763)
21. France(6.661)
22. Slovenia(6.650)
23. Costa Rica(6.609)
24. Romania(6.589)
*25. Singapore(6.587)
26. United Arab Emirates(6.571)
27. Taiwan Province of China(6.535)
28. Uruguay(6.494)
*29. Slovakia(6.469)
30. Saudi Arabia(6.463)
31. Estonia(6.455)
32. Spain(6.436)
33. Italy(6.405)
34. Kosovo(6.368)
35. Chile(6.334)
36. Mexico(6.330)
37. Malta(6.300)
38. Panama(6.265)
39. Poland(6.260)
40. Nicaragua(6.259)
41. Latvia(6.213)
*42. Bahrain(6.173)
43. Guatemala(6.150)
44. Kazakhstan(6.144)
*45. Serbia(6.144)
46. Cyprus(6.130)
47. Japan(6.129)
48. Croatia(6.125)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support

Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption

Dystopia (1.78) + residual 95% confidence interval

21
Figure 8: Ranking of Happiness: 2020-2022 (Part 2); those with a * before ranking
do not have 2022 survey information

49. Brazil(6.125)
50. El Salvador(6.122)
51. Hungary(6.041)
52. Argentina(6.024)
53. Honduras(6.023)
54. Uzbekistan(6.014)
*55. Malaysia(6.012)
56. Portugal(5.968)
57. South Korea(5.951)
58. Greece(5.931)
59. Mauritius(5.902)
60. Thailand(5.843)
61. Mongolia(5.840)
62. Kyrgyzstan(5.825)
63. Moldova(5.819)
*64. China(5.818)
65. Vietnam(5.763)
66. Paraguay(5.738)
*67. Montenegro(5.722)
68. Jamaica(5.703)
69. Bolivia(5.684)
70. Russia(5.661)
*71. Bosnia and Herzegovina(5.633)
72. Colombia(5.630)
73. Dominican Republic(5.569)
74. Ecuador(5.559)
75. Peru(5.526)
*76. Philippines(5.523)
77. Bulgaria(5.466)
78. Nepal(5.360)
79. Armenia(5.342)
*80. Tajikistan(5.330)
*81. Algeria(5.329)
*82. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(5.308)
83. Albania(5.277)
84. Indonesia(5.277)
*85. South Africa(5.275)
86. Congo (Brazzaville)(5.267)
87. North Macedonia(5.254)
88. Venezuela(5.211)
*89. Laos(5.111)
90. Georgia(5.109)
91. Guinea(5.072)
92. Ukraine(5.071)
93. Ivory Coast(5.053)
94. Gabon(5.035)
*95. Nigeria(4.981)
96. Cameroon(4.973)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support

Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices
Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption
Dystopia (1.78) + residual 95% confidence interval

22
Figure 9: Ranking of Happiness: 2020-2022 (Part 3); those with a * before ranking
do not have 2022 survey information

97. Mozambique(4.954)
*98. Iraq(4.941)
99. State of Palestine(4.908)
100. Morocco(4.903)
101. Iran(4.876)
102. Senegal(4.855)
103. Mauritania(4.724)
*104. Burkina Faso(4.638)
105. Namibia(4.631)
*106. Turkiye(4.614)
107. Ghana(4.605)
*108. Pakistan(4.555)
109. Niger(4.501)
110. Tunisia(4.497)
111. Kenya(4.487)
*112. Sri Lanka(4.442)
*113. Uganda(4.432)
114. Chad(4.397)
115. Cambodia(4.393)
116. Benin(4.374)
*117. Myanmar(4.372)
118. Bangladesh(4.282)
119. Gambia(4.279)
120. Mali(4.198)
121. Egypt(4.170)
122. Togo(4.137)
123. Jordan(4.120)
124. Ethiopia(4.091)
125. Liberia(4.042)
126. India(4.036)
127. Madagascar(4.019)
*128. Zambia(3.982)
129. Tanzania(3.694)
130. Comoros(3.545)
131. Malawi(3.495)
132. Botswana(3.435)
133. Congo (Kinshasa)(3.207)
134. Zimbabwe(3.204)
135. Sierra Leone(3.138)
136. Lebanon(2.392)
137. Afghanistan(1.859)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explained by: GDP per capita Explained by: social support

Explained by: healthy life expectancy Explained by: freedom to make life choices

Explained by: generosity Explained by: perceptions of corruption

Dystopia (1.78) + residual 95% confidence interval

23
Table 11: Countries that used imputed corrupt based on WGI control of corruption
indicators
Country name Imputation indicator: corrupt is imputed based on WGI’s
control of corruption in
Saudi Arabia 1
China 1
Bahrain 1
United Arab Emirates 1

24
Figure 10: Changes in Happiness: from 2008-2012 to 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Bulgaria(1.485)
2. Romania(1.473)
3. Serbia(1.439)
4. Lithuania(1.315)
5. Togo(1.265)
6. Hungary(1.236)
7. Guinea(1.224)
8. Latvia(1.214)
9. Congo (Brazzaville)(1.149)
10. Mongolia(1.090)
11. Estonia(1.079)
12. Nepal(1.026)
13. Georgia(1.004)
14. Armenia(0.986)
15. Kosovo(0.955)
16. China(0.945)
17. Gabon(0.921)
18. Nicaragua(0.864)
19. Ivory Coast(0.856)
20. Kyrgyzstan(0.839)
21. Benin(0.801)
22. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.782)
23. Tajikistan(0.773)
24. Bahrain(0.746)
25. Portugal(0.743)
26. North Macedonia(0.716)
27. Senegal(0.677)
28. Honduras(0.647)
29. Slovenia(0.623)
30. Philippines(0.621)
31. Czechia(0.555)
32. Montenegro(0.548)
33. Dominican Republic(0.536)
34. Uzbekistan(0.525)
35. Croatia(0.517)
36. Cameroon(0.517)
37. Slovakia(0.499)
38. Kazakhstan(0.489)
39. Taiwan Province of China(0.482)
40. Burkina Faso(0.480)
41. Poland(0.448)
42. Mauritius(0.425)
43. Greece(0.345)
44. Finland(0.344)
45. Jamaica(0.328)
46. Malaysia(0.318)
47. Niger(0.310)
48. Chad(0.308)
49. State of Palestine(0.294)
50. Uruguay(0.290)

−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2

Changes from 2008−2012 to 2020−2022 95% confidence interval

25
 Figure 11: Changes in Happiness: from 2008-2012 to 2020-2022 (Part 2)

51. Malta(0.283)
52. Vietnam(0.279)
53. Kenya(0.242)
54. Germany(0.238)
55. Cambodia(0.238)
56. Laos(0.236)
57. Sri Lanka(0.234)
58. El Salvador(0.228)
59. Russia(0.219)
60. South Africa(0.206)
61. Italy(0.205)
62. Luxembourg(0.187)
63. Iceland(0.175)
64. Israel(0.169)
65. Iraq(0.158)
66. Japan(0.150)
67. Mozambique(0.142)
68. Iran(0.141)
69. Moldova(0.134)
70. Mauritania(0.092)
71. Singapore(0.070)
72. Paraguay(0.041)
73. Mali(0.031)
74. Morocco(0.029)
75. Saudi Arabia(0.019)
76. Guatemala(−0.003)
77. Indonesia(−0.013)
78. Spain(−0.026)
79. Ukraine(−0.032)
80. Sweden(−0.049)
81. Chile(−0.063)
82. France(−0.064)
83. South Korea(−0.066)
84. Myanmar(−0.066)
85. Uganda(−0.069)
86. Peru(−0.069)
87. United Kingdom(−0.092)
88. Bolivia(−0.106)
89. Tanzania(−0.124)
90. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(−0.125)
91. New Zealand(−0.132)
92. Algeria(−0.133)
93. Netherlands(−0.139)
94. Belgium(−0.145)
95. Nigeria(−0.153)
96. Denmark(−0.160)
97. Liberia(−0.166)
98. Madagascar(−0.171)
99. Comoros(−0.199)
100. Ecuador(−0.223)

−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2

Changes from 2008−2012 to 2020−2022 95% confidence interval

26
 Figure 12: Changes in Happiness: from 2008-2012 to 2020-2022 (Part 3)

101. Australia(−0.232)
102. United States(−0.233)
103. Austria(−0.234)
104. Egypt(−0.243)
105. Thailand(−0.251)
106. Albania(−0.256)
107. Ireland(−0.272)
108. Ghana(−0.284)
109. Norway(−0.340)
110. Tunisia(−0.357)
111. Argentina(−0.391)
112. Cyprus(−0.398)
113. Switzerland(−0.410)
114. Ethiopia(−0.471)
115. United Arab Emirates(−0.503)
116. Pakistan(−0.509)
117. Canada(−0.519)
118. Bangladesh(−0.598)
119. Costa Rica(−0.640)
120. Turkiye(−0.672)
121. Mexico(−0.694)
122. Colombia(−0.707)
123. Brazil(−0.723)
124. Sierra Leone(−0.740)
125. India(−0.754)
126. Panama(−0.814)
127. Botswana(−0.904)
128. Malawi(−0.963)
129. Zambia(−1.018)
130. Zimbabwe(−1.138)
131. Congo (Kinshasa)(−1.172)
132. Jordan(−1.371)
133. Venezuela(−1.702)
134. Afghanistan(−2.238)
135. Lebanon(−2.562)

−2 −1.5 −1 −.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2

Changes from 2008−2012 to 2020−2022 95% confidence interval

27
Ranking of the Six Factors Used to Explain Happiness Scores
The next set of figures are rankings of countries by the six underlying factors used to
explain international differences in happiness scores, namely GDP per person, healthy
life expectancy, social support, perceived freedom to make life choice, generosity and
perception of corruption. The ranking figures do not show imputed data. As we
explain when describing our imputation algorithm, we do not use the imputed values
in any of our headline results including the happiness rankings. The only place where
we use them is when we try to decompose a country’s average happiness score into
components explained by the six factors. The imputation involves only a small num-
ber of countries. Here, we avoid relying on the imputation to generate the rankings.
If a country is missing the information about corruption perceptions, for example,
they won’t show up in the corruption ranking, thus the ranking for corruption will
cover a smaller number of countries than the ranking of overall happiness. Finally,
we note that the healthy life expectancy time series from the WHO cover up to 2019,
before the pandemic. We rank countries based on the 2019 information without
extrapolation.

28
Figure 13: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2020-2022; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 1)

1. Luxembourg(115,838)
2. Singapore(106,032)
3. Ireland(101,454)
4. Switzerland( 70,546)
5. United Arab Emirates( 69,229)
6. Norway( 65,364)
7. United States( 62,834)
8. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China( 57,898)
9. Denmark( 57,651)
10. Netherlands( 56,516)
11. Austria( 54,117)
12. Iceland( 53,935)
13. Sweden( 53,254)
14. Germany( 53,030)
15. Belgium( 51,205)
16. Australia( 50,064)
17. Finland( 48,631)
18. Bahrain( 47,848)
19. Canada( 47,699)
20. Saudi Arabia( 45,047)
21. United Kingdom( 44,545)
22. France( 44,388)
23. South Korea( 44,032)
24. New Zealand( 42,696)
25. Malta( 42,654)
26. Israel( 41,719)
27. Italy( 41,525)
28. Japan( 40,768)
29. Cyprus( 40,587)
30. Czechia( 40,580)
31. Slovenia( 39,668)
32. Lithuania( 38,865)
33. Estonia( 37,848)
34. Spain( 37,809)
35. Poland( 34,646)
36. Portugal( 33,815)
37. Hungary( 33,479)
38. Latvia( 31,899)
39. Slovakia( 31,365)
40. Croatia( 30,969)
41. Romania( 30,917)
42. Turkiye( 29,936)
43. Panama( 29,883)
44. Greece( 29,383)
45. Russia( 27,167)
46. Malaysia( 26,084)
47. Kazakhstan( 26,006)
48. Chile( 24,686)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita

29
Figure 14: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2020-2022; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 2)

49. Bulgaria( 24,021)

50. Uruguay( 22,846)
51. Argentina( 21,137)
52. Mauritius( 21,104)
53. Costa Rica( 20,985)
54. Serbia( 19,034)
55. Mexico( 18,951)
56. Montenegro( 18,262)
57. Dominican Republic( 18,226)
58. Thailand( 17,180)
59. China( 16,951)
60. North Macedonia( 16,369)
61. Georgia( 15,464)
62. Botswana( 15,204)
63. Bosnia and Herzegovina( 14,999)
64. Armenia( 14,984)
65. Iran( 14,918)
66. Colombia( 14,537)
67. Brazil( 14,504)
68. Albania( 14,292)
69. Gabon( 13,870)
70. Paraguay( 13,490)
71. Moldova( 13,343)
72. Sri Lanka( 13,240)
73. Lebanon( 13,065)
74. South Africa( 13,063)
75. Peru( 12,107)
76. Indonesia( 11,910)
77. Mongolia( 11,760)
78. Egypt( 11,694)
79. Kosovo( 11,604)
80. Ukraine( 11,089)
81. Algeria( 10,940)
82. Vietnam( 10,796)
83. Ecuador( 10,617)
84. Tunisia( 10,338)
85. Jamaica( 9,553)
86. Jordan( 9,232)
87. Namibia( 9,143)
88. Guatemala( 9,097)
89. Iraq( 8,941)
90. El Salvador( 8,858)
91. Bolivia( 7,979)
92. Philippines( 7,933)
93. Morocco( 7,888)
94. Laos( 7,804)
95. Uzbekistan( 7,696)
96. India( 6,368)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita

30
Figure 15: Ranking of Natural Log of Per-Capita GDP: 2020-2022; bars show natural
logs, dollar values are shown on the Y axis after country names (Part 3)

97. Bangladesh( 5,913)

98. Honduras( 5,626)
99. Nicaragua( 5,529)
100. Ghana( 5,409)
101. Mauritania( 5,383)
102. Ivory Coast( 5,305)
103. Pakistan( 5,117)
104. Nigeria( 4,894)
105. Kyrgyzstan( 4,846)
106. Kenya( 4,714)
107. Myanmar( 4,465)
108. Cambodia( 4,380)
109. Nepal( 3,851)
110. Tajikistan( 3,776)
111. Cameroon( 3,702)
112. Senegal( 3,482)
113. Benin( 3,305)
114. Congo (Brazzaville)( 3,279)
115. Comoros( 3,212)
116. Zambia( 3,209)
117. Guinea( 2,645)
118. Tanzania( 2,585)
119. Ethiopia( 2,296)
120. Uganda( 2,243)
121. Togo( 2,150)
122. Burkina Faso( 2,136)
123. Mali( 2,112)
124. Gambia( 2,096)
125. Zimbabwe( 2,082)
126. Sierra Leone( 1,626)
127. Afghanistan( 1,516)
128. Malawi( 1,483)
129. Madagascar( 1,466)
130. Liberia( 1,446)
131. Chad( 1,424)
132. Mozambique( 1,232)
133. Niger( 1,201)
134. Congo (Kinshasa)( 1,104)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural log of GDP per capita

31
 Figure 16: Ranking of Social Support: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Iceland(0.983)
2. Finland(0.969)
3. Denmark(0.954)
4. Czechia(0.953)
5. Slovakia(0.953)
6. New Zealand(0.952)
7. Slovenia(0.951)
8. Estonia(0.946)
9. Norway(0.943)
10. Israel(0.943)
11. Hungary(0.943)
12. Lithuania(0.939)
13. Sweden(0.939)
14. Latvia(0.937)
15. Australia(0.934)
16. Mongolia(0.933)
17. Spain(0.932)
18. Kazakhstan(0.931)
19. Netherlands(0.930)
20. Canada(0.929)
21. Poland(0.925)
22. Malta(0.923)
23. Switzerland(0.920)
24. United States(0.919)
25. Bulgaria(0.918)
26. Croatia(0.917)
27. Belgium(0.915)
28. Uruguay(0.913)
29. Kyrgyzstan(0.911)
30. France(0.909)
31. South Africa(0.907)
32. Paraguay(0.906)
33. Ireland(0.905)
34. Panama(0.896)
35. Germany(0.896)
36. Japan(0.894)
37. Argentina(0.891)
38. Montenegro(0.890)
39. Chile(0.889)
40. Russia(0.889)
41. Austria(0.888)
42. Mauritius(0.888)
43. Taiwan Province of China(0.884)
44. Saudi Arabia(0.884)
45. United Kingdom(0.882)
46. Italy(0.882)
47. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.880)
48. Luxembourg(0.879)

0 1

Social support
95% confidence interval

32
 Figure 17: Ranking of Social Support: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Portugal(0.878)
50. Singapore(0.878)
51. Ukraine(0.878)
52. Uzbekistan(0.875)
53. Thailand(0.874)
54. Serbia(0.873)
55. Costa Rica(0.872)
56. Jamaica(0.867)
57. State of Palestine(0.859)
58. Moldova(0.857)
59. Algeria(0.855)
60. Nicaragua(0.853)
61. Romania(0.848)
62. Bahrain(0.844)
63. Kosovo(0.844)
64. Venezuela(0.839)
65. Brazil(0.836)
66. China(0.836)
67. Tajikistan(0.836)
68. Greece(0.835)
69. Dominican Republic(0.827)
70. Cyprus(0.826)
71. Sri Lanka(0.826)
72. United Arab Emirates(0.826)
73. Colombia(0.822)
74. Vietnam(0.821)
75. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.817)
76. Guatemala(0.812)
77. South Korea(0.812)
78. Bolivia(0.811)
79. Ecuador(0.806)
80. North Macedonia(0.805)
81. Mexico(0.804)
82. Indonesia(0.804)
83. Malaysia(0.799)
84. Peru(0.798)
85. Turkiye(0.796)
86. Uganda(0.794)
87. Armenia(0.790)
88. Namibia(0.787)
89. Myanmar(0.787)
90. Ethiopia(0.782)
91. Philippines(0.780)
92. Iran(0.778)
93. Honduras(0.766)
94. El Salvador(0.755)
95. Botswana(0.753)
96. Nepal(0.748)

0 1

Social support
95% confidence interval

33
 Figure 18: Ranking of Social Support: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. Cambodia(0.747)
98. Gabon(0.746)
99. Nigeria(0.740)
100. Tunisia(0.730)
101. Jordan(0.729)
102. Egypt(0.726)
103. Chad(0.722)
104. Iraq(0.718)
105. Albania(0.718)
106. Georgia(0.716)
107. Zambia(0.694)
108. Mozambique(0.692)
109. Kenya(0.690)
110. Zimbabwe(0.690)
111. Cameroon(0.686)
112. Laos(0.679)
113. Burkina Faso(0.663)
114. Tanzania(0.653)
115. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.652)
116. Madagascar(0.650)
117. Guinea(0.649)
118. Mauritania(0.644)
119. Ghana(0.641)
120. Senegal(0.629)
121. India(0.608)
122. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.605)
123. Pakistan(0.601)
124. Liberia(0.596)
125. Togo(0.595)
126. Mali(0.593)
127. Niger(0.590)
128. Gambia(0.584)
129. Ivory Coast(0.572)
130. Sierra Leone(0.555)
131. Morocco(0.553)
132. Bangladesh(0.544)
133. Malawi(0.531)
134. Lebanon(0.530)
135. Comoros(0.471)
136. Benin(0.437)
137. Afghanistan(0.341)

0 1

Social support
95% confidence interval

34
 Figure 19: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 1)

1. Japan(74.100)
2. Singapore(73.600)
3. South Korea(73.100)
4. Switzerland(72.500)
5. Cyprus(72.400)
6. Israel(72.400)
7. Spain(72.100)
8. France(72.100)
9. Iceland(72.000)
10. Sweden(71.900)
11. Italy(71.900)
12. Luxembourg(71.600)
13. Malta(71.500)
14. Norway(71.400)
15. Netherlands(71.400)
16. Canada(71.300)
17. Ireland(71.100)
18. Portugal(71.000)
19. Denmark(71.000)
20. Finland(71.000)
21. Austria(70.900)
22. Australia(70.900)
23. Greece(70.900)
24. Germany(70.900)
25. Slovenia(70.700)
26. Belgium(70.600)
27. New Zealand(70.200)
28. United Kingdom(70.100)
29. Chile(70.000)
30. Costa Rica(70.000)
31. Peru(69.500)
32. Estonia(69.200)
33. Albania(69.100)
34. Colombia(69.000)
35. Czechia(68.800)
36. Poland(68.700)
37. Panama(68.700)
38. Croatia(68.600)
39. China(68.500)
40. Slovakia(68.500)
41. Ecuador(68.500)
42. Turkiye(68.400)
43. Thailand(68.300)
44. Jordan(67.600)
45. Uruguay(67.500)
46. Bosnia and Herzegovina(67.200)
47. Hungary(67.200)
48. Argentina(67.100)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (201

35
 Figure 20: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 2)

49. Armenia(67.100)
50. Sri Lanka(67.000)
51. Montenegro(67.000)
52. Tunisia(66.900)
53. Serbia(66.900)
54. Romania(66.800)
55. Lithuania(66.700)
56. Jamaica(66.600)
57. Algeria(66.400)
58. Iran(66.300)
59. Bulgaria(66.300)
60. Latvia(66.200)
61. United States(66.100)
62. North Macedonia(66.100)
63. United Arab Emirates(66.000)
64. Lebanon(66.000)
65. Bahrain(65.900)
66. Mexico(65.800)
67. Kyrgyzstan(65.800)
68. Paraguay(65.800)
69. Malaysia(65.700)
70. Nicaragua(65.500)
71. Brazil(65.400)
72. Vietnam(65.300)
73. Kazakhstan(65.000)
74. El Salvador(64.900)
75. Uzbekistan(64.700)
76. Georgia(64.700)
77. Moldova(64.500)
78. Venezuela(64.400)
79. Ukraine(64.300)
80. Bangladesh(64.300)
81. Russia(64.200)
82. Dominican Republic(64.000)
83. Saudi Arabia(64.000)
84. Mauritius(63.900)
85. Morocco(63.700)
86. Bolivia(63.300)
87. Honduras(63.000)
88. Egypt(63.000)
89. Indonesia(62.800)
90. Iraq(62.700)
91. Guatemala(62.300)
92. Tajikistan(62.000)
93. Philippines(62.000)
94. Cambodia(61.500)
95. Nepal(61.300)
96. Myanmar(60.900)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (2019

36
 Figure 21: Ranking of Healthy Life Expectancy: 2019 (Part 3)

97. Laos(60.500)
98. India(60.300)
99. Mongolia(60.300)
100. Ethiopia(59.900)
101. Mauritania(59.800)
102. Senegal(59.400)
103. Comoros(58.900)
104. Tanzania(58.500)
105. Uganda(58.200)
106. Ghana(58.000)
107. Kenya(57.700)
108. Gabon(57.600)
109. Madagascar(57.300)
110. Malawi(57.100)
111. Gambia(57.000)
112. Pakistan(56.900)
113. Togo(56.200)
114. South Africa(56.200)
115. Congo (Brazzaville)(56.200)
116. Namibia(56.100)
117. Benin(55.500)
118. Niger(55.500)
119. Liberia(54.900)
120. Burkina Faso(54.900)
121. Ivory Coast(54.800)
122. Mali(54.600)
123. Cameroon(54.500)
124. Nigeria(54.400)
125. Zambia(54.400)
126. Congo (Kinshasa)(54.100)
127. Afghanistan(53.900)
128. Botswana(53.900)
129. Guinea(53.300)
130. Zimbabwe(53.100)
131. Sierra Leone(52.900)
132. Chad(52.000)
133. Mozambique(50.400)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Healthy Life Expectancy, Most Recent Year Available at WHO (2019

37
Figure 22: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Finland(0.961)
2. Cambodia(0.958)
3. Sweden(0.948)
4. Norway(0.947)
5. Bahrain(0.944)
6. United Arab Emirates(0.942)
7. Vietnam(0.939)
8. Uzbekistan(0.938)
9. Iceland(0.936)
10. Kyrgyzstan(0.934)
11. Denmark(0.934)
12. Estonia(0.929)
13. Laos(0.919)
14. Philippines(0.919)
15. El Salvador(0.918)
16. Luxembourg(0.915)
17. Slovenia(0.913)
18. Czechia(0.903)
19. Portugal(0.902)
20. India(0.897)
21. Uruguay(0.895)
22. Costa Rica(0.895)
23. Saudi Arabia(0.894)
24. Switzerland(0.891)
25. Paraguay(0.891)
26. Australia(0.890)
27. Netherlands(0.887)
28. New Zealand(0.887)
29. Malta(0.886)
30. China(0.882)
31. Indonesia(0.880)
32. Singapore(0.878)
33. Nicaragua(0.877)
34. Malaysia(0.877)
35. Canada(0.874)
36. Ireland(0.874)
37. Bolivia(0.868)
38. Kosovo(0.861)
39. Mexico(0.856)
40. Guatemala(0.856)
41. Romania(0.856)
42. Panama(0.855)
43. Austria(0.855)
44. Kazakhstan(0.853)
45. United Kingdom(0.852)
46. Mozambique(0.851)
47. Thailand(0.850)
48. Dominican Republic(0.850)

0 1

Freedom to make life choices

95% confidence interval

38
Figure 23: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Germany(0.846)
50. Serbia(0.845)
51. Bangladesh(0.845)
52. Honduras(0.843)
53. Moldova(0.840)
54. Tanzania(0.838)
55. Belgium(0.825)
56. Argentina(0.823)
57. Jamaica(0.822)
58. France(0.819)
59. Latvia(0.818)
60. Mauritius(0.813)
61. Israel(0.809)
62. Nepal(0.808)
63. Montenegro(0.805)
64. Colombia(0.804)
65. Taiwan Province of China(0.804)
66. Ecuador(0.802)
67. Brazil(0.801)
68. Bulgaria(0.801)
69. United States(0.800)
70. Japan(0.799)
71. Armenia(0.796)
72. Ukraine(0.795)
73. Peru(0.794)
74. Albania(0.794)
75. Chile(0.792)
76. Zambia(0.791)
77. Niger(0.788)
78. Morocco(0.787)
79. Sri Lanka(0.787)
80. Georgia(0.786)
81. Spain(0.782)
82. Ghana(0.777)
83. Senegal(0.772)
84. Jordan(0.770)
85. North Macedonia(0.769)
86. Pakistan(0.766)
87. Poland(0.765)
88. Hungary(0.758)
89. Croatia(0.757)
90. Slovakia(0.753)
91. Malawi(0.750)
92. Lithuania(0.748)
93. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.746)
94. Benin(0.743)
95. Botswana(0.742)
96. Liberia(0.735)

0 1

Freedom to make life choices

95% confidence interval

39
Figure 24: Ranking of Freedom to Make Life Choices: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. Ivory Coast(0.733)

98. Egypt(0.732)
99. South Africa(0.730)
100. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.730)
101. Myanmar(0.727)
102. Cyprus(0.724)
103. Ethiopia(0.720)
104. Russia(0.719)
105. Nigeria(0.718)
106. South Korea(0.717)
107. Mali(0.713)
108. Italy(0.711)
109. Uganda(0.701)
110. Mongolia(0.701)
111. Burkina Faso(0.696)
112. Kenya(0.696)
113. State of Palestine(0.694)
114. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.687)
115. Cameroon(0.686)
116. Chad(0.677)
117. Namibia(0.669)
118. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.664)
119. Sierra Leone(0.660)
120. Guinea(0.659)
121. Venezuela(0.659)
122. Togo(0.657)
123. Zimbabwe(0.654)
124. Iraq(0.646)
125. Gabon(0.642)
126. Mauritania(0.622)
127. Gambia(0.596)
128. Iran(0.593)
129. Tunisia(0.576)
130. Algeria(0.571)
131. Greece(0.568)
132. Madagascar(0.522)
133. Turkiye(0.475)
134. Lebanon(0.474)
135. Comoros(0.470)
136. Afghanistan(0.382)

0 1

Freedom to make life choices

95% confidence interval

40
Figure 25: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Indonesia(0.832)
2. Myanmar(0.721)
3. United Kingdom(0.650)
4. Netherlands(0.626)
5. Iceland(0.623)
6. Thailand(0.619)
7. Australia(0.603)
8. Sweden(0.574)
9. New Zealand(0.569)
10. Norway(0.565)
11. Kosovo(0.558)
12. United States(0.558)
13. Malta(0.558)
14. Canada(0.554)
15. Denmark(0.550)
16. Ireland(0.547)
17. Gambia(0.538)
18. Serbia(0.538)
19. Ukraine(0.538)
20. United Arab Emirates(0.527)
21. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.526)
22. Bahrain(0.524)
23. Singapore(0.523)
24. Kenya(0.522)
25. Malaysia(0.519)
26. Austria(0.513)
27. Uzbekistan(0.497)
28. Mongolia(0.492)
29. Luxembourg(0.490)
30. Iran(0.490)
31. North Macedonia(0.458)
32. Switzerland(0.456)
33. Ethiopia(0.456)
34. Germany(0.439)
35. Czechia(0.431)
36. Kyrgyzstan(0.418)
37. Estonia(0.417)
38. Belgium(0.411)
39. Slovenia(0.403)
40. Montenegro(0.397)
41. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.390)
42. Finland(0.384)
43. Ghana(0.378)
44. Taiwan Province of China(0.377)
45. Tanzania(0.374)
46. Chad(0.371)
47. Laos(0.370)
48. Israel(0.369)

0 1

Generosity, not adjusted

95% confidence interval

41
Figure 26: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Nepal(0.365)
50. Kazakhstan(0.358)
51. Cyprus(0.355)
52. Slovakia(0.354)
53. South Korea(0.351)
54. Honduras(0.347)
55. Poland(0.347)
56. Chile(0.342)
57. Russia(0.332)
58. Paraguay(0.331)
59. India(0.331)
60. Spain(0.319)
61. Guinea(0.319)
62. Italy(0.318)
63. Hungary(0.316)
64. Saudi Arabia(0.316)
65. Latvia(0.315)
66. Mauritius(0.314)
67. Nigeria(0.310)
68. Albania(0.309)
69. Cambodia(0.308)
70. Brazil(0.307)
71. Zambia(0.306)
72. Liberia(0.303)
73. Bulgaria(0.297)
74. France(0.296)
75. Uganda(0.295)
76. Turkiye(0.292)
77. Vietnam(0.291)
78. China(0.289)
79. Uruguay(0.284)
80. Croatia(0.279)
81. Burkina Faso(0.276)
82. Sri Lanka(0.276)
83. Iraq(0.275)
84. Costa Rica(0.273)
85. Nicaragua(0.266)
86. Sierra Leone(0.263)
87. Bangladesh(0.258)
88. Argentina(0.253)
89. Pakistan(0.248)
90. Ivory Coast(0.243)
91. Lithuania(0.243)
92. Mexico(0.242)
93. Panama(0.234)
94. Cameroon(0.234)
95. Dominican Republic(0.233)
96. Mauritania(0.232)

0 1

Generosity, not adjusted

95% confidence interval

42
Figure 27: Ranking of Generosity – % Who Donated to Charity in the Past Month –
Without Adjusting for Per-Capita Income: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. Moldova(0.230)
98. Senegal(0.222)
99. South Africa(0.222)
100. Madagascar(0.219)
101. Guatemala(0.217)
102. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.216)
103. Philippines(0.211)
104. Colombia(0.211)
105. Bolivia(0.210)
106. Togo(0.205)
107. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.204)
108. Romania(0.201)
109. Comoros(0.195)
110. Mozambique(0.186)
111. Peru(0.184)
112. Ecuador(0.183)
113. Portugal(0.181)
114. Algeria(0.181)
115. Jamaica(0.180)
116. Niger(0.172)
117. Venezuela(0.169)
118. El Salvador(0.169)
119. Benin(0.168)
120. Lebanon(0.167)
121. Armenia(0.164)
122. Tajikistan(0.159)
123. Namibia(0.158)
124. Malawi(0.157)
125. Japan(0.153)
126. Mali(0.149)
127. Jordan(0.133)
128. Zimbabwe(0.129)
129. Greece(0.127)
130. Gabon(0.126)
131. Egypt(0.116)
132. State of Palestine(0.115)
133. Botswana(0.105)
134. Tunisia(0.078)
135. Afghanistan(0.070)
136. Georgia(0.066)
137. Morocco(0.042)

0 1

Generosity, not adjusted

95% confidence interval

43
 Figure 28: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Romania(0.929)
2. Croatia(0.925)
3. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.918)
4. Nigeria(0.911)
5. Bulgaria(0.911)
6. Thailand(0.910)
7. Ukraine(0.907)
8. Tunisia(0.907)
9. Kyrgyzstan(0.904)
10. South Africa(0.902)
11. North Macedonia(0.902)
12. Moldova(0.901)
13. Slovakia(0.898)
14. Peru(0.892)
15. Lebanon(0.891)
16. Gambia(0.883)
17. Ghana(0.881)
18. Panama(0.878)
19. Albania(0.878)
20. Portugal(0.878)
21. Iraq(0.876)
22. Indonesia(0.876)
23. Jamaica(0.875)
24. Kosovo(0.866)
25. Cyprus(0.860)
26. Czechia(0.859)
27. Sierra Leone(0.858)
28. Uganda(0.857)
29. Cambodia(0.857)
30. Kenya(0.852)
31. Mongolia(0.849)
32. Afghanistan(0.847)
33. Cameroon(0.846)
34. Mali(0.846)
35. Senegal(0.846)
36. Bolivia(0.846)
37. Montenegro(0.844)
38. Honduras(0.843)
39. Paraguay(0.843)
40. Italy(0.842)
41. Hungary(0.839)
42. Guatemala(0.837)
43. State of Palestine(0.836)
44. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.834)
45. Colombia(0.834)
46. Ecuador(0.833)
47. Botswana(0.830)
48. Namibia(0.830)

0 1

Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval

44
 Figure 29: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Latvia(0.830)
50. Liberia(0.830)
51. Chile(0.823)
52. Zambia(0.818)
53. Serbia(0.816)
54. Argentina(0.814)
55. Venezuela(0.811)
56. Morocco(0.811)
57. Sri Lanka(0.808)
58. Chad(0.807)
59. Lithuania(0.805)
60. Russia(0.801)
61. Turkiye(0.795)
62. Greece(0.793)
63. Ethiopia(0.789)
64. Guinea(0.787)
65. Pakistan(0.787)
66. Gabon(0.786)
67. Nepal(0.783)
68. Mauritius(0.775)
69. India(0.774)
70. Burkina Faso(0.771)
71. Slovenia(0.771)
72. Mexico(0.768)
73. Costa Rica(0.768)
74. Zimbabwe(0.766)
75. Vietnam(0.759)
76. Malaysia(0.758)
77. Malawi(0.749)
78. Iran(0.747)
79. Ivory Coast(0.746)
80. Madagascar(0.742)
81. Togo(0.740)
82. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.739)
83. Brazil(0.738)
84. Poland(0.736)
85. Niger(0.734)
86. Philippines(0.732)
87. Malta(0.729)
88. Comoros(0.727)
89. Kazakhstan(0.721)
90. Algeria(0.717)
91. Spain(0.711)
92. Israel(0.708)
93. Armenia(0.705)
94. Laos(0.703)
95. South Korea(0.701)
96. Bangladesh(0.698)

0 1

Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval

45
 Figure 30: Ranking of Perceptions of Corruption: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. United States(0.689)

98. Jordan(0.687)
99. Taiwan Province of China(0.681)
100. Iceland(0.668)
101. Mozambique(0.660)
102. Myanmar(0.658)
103. Mauritania(0.657)
104. Dominican Republic(0.657)
105. Georgia(0.649)
106. Japan(0.640)
107. Uzbekistan(0.638)
108. Nicaragua(0.625)
109. El Salvador(0.620)
110. Egypt(0.580)
111. Benin(0.576)
112. Uruguay(0.575)
113. Tanzania(0.554)
114. France(0.553)
115. Belgium(0.549)
116. Tajikistan(0.522)
117. Austria(0.497)
118. Australia(0.496)
119. United Kingdom(0.454)
120. Canada(0.420)
121. Germany(0.420)
122. Estonia(0.409)
123. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.385)
124. Netherlands(0.379)
125. Ireland(0.358)
126. Luxembourg(0.345)
127. Norway(0.283)
128. New Zealand(0.271)
129. Switzerland(0.266)
130. Sweden(0.202)
131. Denmark(0.196)
132. Finland(0.182)
133. Singapore(0.146)

0 1

Perceptions of corruption
95% confidence interval

46
 Figure 31: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Guatemala(0.840)
2. Panama(0.828)
3. El Salvador(0.822)
4. Senegal(0.812)
5. Paraguay(0.798)
6. Iceland(0.795)
7. Honduras(0.793)
8. Philippines(0.791)
9. Nicaragua(0.789)
10. Indonesia(0.786)
11. Niger(0.783)
12. Denmark(0.777)
13. Costa Rica(0.775)
14. South Africa(0.772)
15. Mexico(0.771)
16. Norway(0.768)
17. Cambodia(0.766)
18. Estonia(0.763)
19. Peru(0.759)
20. Colombia(0.758)
21. Ecuador(0.758)
22. Thailand(0.756)
23. Chile(0.754)
24. New Zealand(0.750)
25. Uruguay(0.748)
26. Finland(0.747)
27. Sri Lanka(0.745)
28. Sweden(0.743)
29. Ireland(0.741)
30. Canada(0.740)
31. Kenya(0.736)
32. Czechia(0.736)
33. Bolivia(0.732)
34. Bahrain(0.730)
35. Dominican Republic(0.729)
36. Switzerland(0.729)
37. Laos(0.728)
38. Australia(0.726)
39. United States(0.725)
40. Gambia(0.725)
41. Malaysia(0.723)
42. Austria(0.719)
43. Luxembourg(0.719)
44. Venezuela(0.714)
45. United Arab Emirates(0.712)
46. Vietnam(0.709)
47. Taiwan Province of China(0.709)
48. United Kingdom(0.708)

0 1

Positive affect
95% confidence interval

47
 Figure 32: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Uzbekistan(0.707)
50. Jamaica(0.705)
51. Netherlands(0.705)
52. Uganda(0.703)
53. Saudi Arabia(0.703)
54. Nigeria(0.701)
55. Singapore(0.698)
56. Mauritius(0.697)
57. Argentina(0.696)
58. Slovakia(0.693)
59. Guinea(0.691)
60. Germany(0.691)
61. France(0.689)
62. Madagascar(0.688)
63. China(0.684)
64. Japan(0.675)
65. Tanzania(0.675)
66. Belgium(0.675)
67. Latvia(0.673)
68. Zambia(0.669)
69. Myanmar(0.668)
70. Brazil(0.665)
71. Kyrgyzstan(0.661)
72. Poland(0.660)
73. Cyprus(0.659)
74. Namibia(0.657)
75. Romania(0.657)
76. Tajikistan(0.654)
77. Hungary(0.653)
78. Spain(0.649)
79. Mali(0.648)
80. Kazakhstan(0.647)
81. Ivory Coast(0.638)
82. Zimbabwe(0.637)
83. Liberia(0.637)
84. Mauritania(0.634)
85. Croatia(0.634)
86. Portugal(0.628)
87. Malta(0.627)
88. Moldova(0.627)
89. Botswana(0.625)
90. Bulgaria(0.625)
91. Italy(0.624)
92. Ghana(0.624)
93. Gabon(0.618)
94. Greece(0.614)
95. Slovenia(0.614)
96. Togo(0.614)

0 1

Positive affect
95% confidence interval

48
 Figure 33: Ranking of Positive Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. Burkina Faso(0.614)

98. Cameroon(0.609)
99. Russia(0.609)
100. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.606)
101. Mozambique(0.605)
102. Comoros(0.600)
103. India(0.595)
104. Lithuania(0.594)
105. Ethiopia(0.590)
106. Chad(0.590)
107. State of Palestine(0.584)
108. Iraq(0.581)
109. Ukraine(0.578)
110. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.576)
111. Benin(0.576)
112. Kosovo(0.573)
113. Serbia(0.573)
114. Israel(0.569)
115. South Korea(0.568)
116. Montenegro(0.566)
117. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.564)
118. Morocco(0.563)
119. Mongolia(0.563)
120. Albania(0.556)
121. North Macedonia(0.555)
122. Armenia(0.550)
123. Malawi(0.543)
124. Georgia(0.530)
125. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.528)
126. Sierra Leone(0.517)
127. Iran(0.515)
128. Algeria(0.512)
129. Jordan(0.500)
130. Pakistan(0.494)
131. Tunisia(0.478)
132. Egypt(0.471)
133. Bangladesh(0.463)
134. Nepal(0.458)
135. Turkiye(0.314)
136. Lebanon(0.304)
137. Afghanistan(0.193)

0 1

Positive affect
95% confidence interval

49
 Figure 34: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 1)

1. Afghanistan(0.591)
2. Armenia(0.513)
3. Chad(0.504)
4. Iraq(0.500)
5. Lebanon(0.494)
6. Sierra Leone(0.476)
7. Congo (Kinshasa)(0.458)
8. Turkiye(0.455)
9. Iran(0.454)
10. Congo (Brazzaville)(0.445)
11. Liberia(0.438)
12. Gambia(0.437)
13. Jordan(0.432)
14. Guinea(0.431)
15. Mali(0.427)
16. Togo(0.418)
17. Peru(0.408)
18. Montenegro(0.408)
19. Bangladesh(0.408)
20. India(0.399)
21. Bolivia(0.399)
22. Gabon(0.398)
23. Uganda(0.392)
24. Mauritania(0.391)
25. Benin(0.390)
26. Ecuador(0.390)
27. Cambodia(0.389)
28. Malta(0.386)
29. Brazil(0.380)
30. Burkina Faso(0.375)
31. Niger(0.365)
32. Cameroon(0.365)
33. State of Palestine(0.362)
34. Mozambique(0.361)
35. Ivory Coast(0.359)
36. Venezuela(0.358)
37. Tunisia(0.358)
38. Comoros(0.357)
39. Egypt(0.356)
40. Zambia(0.348)
41. Madagascar(0.344)
42. Nepal(0.342)
43. Pakistan(0.341)
44. Serbia(0.334)
45. Colombia(0.331)
46. Morocco(0.329)
47. Portugal(0.328)
48. Malawi(0.327)

0 1

Negative affect
95% confidence interval

50
 Figure 35: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 2)

49. Philippines(0.325)
50. Argentina(0.324)
51. Laos(0.321)
52. Spain(0.320)
53. Bosnia and Herzegovina(0.315)
54. North Macedonia(0.314)
55. Nicaragua(0.314)
56. Costa Rica(0.314)
57. Italy(0.309)
58. Ukraine(0.307)
59. El Salvador(0.305)
60. Bahrain(0.301)
61. Dominican Republic(0.300)
62. Sri Lanka(0.296)
63. Indonesia(0.296)
64. Ethiopia(0.292)
65. Tajikistan(0.291)
66. Canada(0.290)
67. Algeria(0.286)
68. Botswana(0.286)
69. Cyprus(0.286)
70. Ghana(0.283)
71. Jamaica(0.282)
72. United States(0.280)
73. Myanmar(0.280)
74. Honduras(0.280)
75. Thailand(0.280)
76. Kenya(0.277)
77. Croatia(0.275)
78. Senegal(0.274)
79. Greece(0.272)
80. Slovenia(0.272)
81. Moldova(0.271)
82. Chile(0.270)
83. Mexico(0.267)
84. Uruguay(0.265)
85. Guatemala(0.261)
86. Zimbabwe(0.260)
87. Czechia(0.258)
88. Slovakia(0.257)
89. Albania(0.257)
90. Georgia(0.256)
91. Romania(0.255)
92. Nigeria(0.254)
93. United Kingdom(0.253)
94. United Arab Emirates(0.253)
95. Paraguay(0.252)
96. Belgium(0.252)

0 1

Negative affect
95% confidence interval

51
 Figure 36: Ranking of Negative Affect: 2020-2022 (Part 3)

97. Poland(0.250)
98. France(0.249)
99. Namibia(0.247)
100. Uzbekistan(0.245)
101. Ireland(0.242)
102. China(0.241)
103. Tanzania(0.238)
104. Panama(0.237)
105. Malaysia(0.235)
106. South Korea(0.234)
107. South Africa(0.234)
108. Austria(0.230)
109. Kyrgyzstan(0.229)
110. Saudi Arabia(0.228)
111. Hungary(0.228)
112. Australia(0.228)
113. Mongolia(0.224)
114. Vietnam(0.222)
115. Germany(0.219)
116. Luxembourg(0.218)
117. Hong Kong S.A.R. of China(0.217)
118. Netherlands(0.215)
119. Israel(0.215)
120. Bulgaria(0.213)
121. Denmark(0.213)
122. Norway(0.211)
123. New Zealand(0.208)
124. Russia(0.197)
125. Sweden(0.192)
126. Finland(0.187)
127. Switzerland(0.185)
128. Estonia(0.184)
129. Latvia(0.183)
130. Japan(0.180)
131. Lithuania(0.177)
132. Iceland(0.170)
133. Singapore(0.160)
134. Kosovo(0.153)
135. Mauritius(0.148)
136. Kazakhstan(0.135)
137. Taiwan Province of China(0.100)

0 1

Negative affect
95% confidence interval

52
Table 12: Decomposing the happiness difference between a hypothetical average coun-
try and Dystopia
Average Dystopia Explained Share of
country excess explained
happiness excess
over happiness
Dystopia over
due to Dystopia
due to
Happiness 5.54 1.78
Logged GDP per capita 9.46 5.53 1.41 .37
Social support .8 .34 1.16 .31
Healthy life expectancy 64.97 51.53 .37 .1
Freedom to make life choices .79 .38 .54 .14
Generosity .02 -.25 .15 .04
Perceptions of corruption .72 .93 .15 .04
Sum of explained excess over Dystopia 3.77 1

Table 13: Decomposing the happiness difference between the group of top 10 coun-
tries/territories and the group of bottom 10 countries/territories in the ranking of
happiness scores
Top 10 Bottom Difference Share of
10 in explained
happiness difference
due to due to
Happiness 7.41 3.2
Logged GDP per capita 10.97 7.98 1.07 .35
Social support .94 .59 .9 .29
Healthy life expectancy 71.73 57.22 .4 .13
Freedom to make life choices .91 .64 .36 .12
Generosity .1 0 .06 .02
Perceptions of corruption .35 .79 .31 .1
Total explained difference in happiness 3.09 1
Total difference in happiness 4.21

53
 Figure 37: Predicted happiness and actual happiness in 2020-2022

Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States

8
6
4
2
Actual happiness, average 2020−2022

Southeast Asia South Asia East Asia

8
6
4
2

Latin America and Caribbean North America and ANZ Middle East and North Africa
8
6
4
2

3 4 5 6 7

Sub−Saharan Africa Total

8
6
4
2

3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7

Predicted happiness from Table 2.1, average 2020−2022

45 degree line

Note: These average actual (predicted) happiness scores by country/territory for the
2020-2022 period are weighted averages of the yearly averages by county/territory used in
(predicted by) column (1)’s regression in Table 8. The yearly weights are the sums of
Gallup-assigned individual weights by country/territory in that year.

54