Personal Development - Father of Modern Philosophy

Johari Window Model

• A person's existence depends on his/her
perception. Rene Descartes stated that mind
is the seat of consciousness.

Self-concept theory has a lot of suppositions

regarding how people learn to judge
themselves. Among these sincero named 3
aspects such as:

Self-concept is learned
→ influenced by a person's environment and
can be a product of the person's socialization.

Self-concept
→is organized a person may hear other
people's point of view regarding his/her self
but will keep on believing that what he/she
Self-Development thinks of him/herself is always the right one:
- a process of discovering oneself by realizing
one’s potentials and capabilities that are Self-concept is dynamic
shaped over time either by studying in a → undergoes development as the person
formal school or through environmental goes through different experiences.
factors.
Sigmund Freud
- Along this realization, an individual • a well-known psychologist, neurologist, the
encounters gradual changes deep within creator of Psychoanalysis. Theory, and the
his/her that may help him/her overcome father of psychoanalysis:
unacceptable practices or traits which lead
him towards positive change for his growth or FREUD'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
self-fulfillment. It is. also called personal
development. The Id
• Man's personality is driven by pleasure
‘’An unexamined life is not worth living." principle:
- Socrates • "The nature of id is to satisfy man's desire
without thinking much of the situation. Being
"Read thyself." developed at a young age or present from
- Thomas Hobbes birth.
• When the Id wants it, the rest are no longer.
• This statement leads us to the realization important
that knowing oneself is the open door that • This instinct is controlled by ego and
leads us to knowing others better. superego as these aspects are developed in
man's life. later.
Self-concept
- is ones abstract and general idea about
him/herself particularly toward. his/her unique
personality and his/her own perception about
his/her set of values, povs, and behavior.

I think therefore I am." - Rene Descartes. The Ego

• second component of personality that is Thoughts, Feelings and Behaviors
developed at approximately the age of three.
• Operates according to reality which makes Adolescent
it. possible for the Id to work in more proper - transition age between childhood and
and satisfactory ways. adulthood
• It is the job of the ego to provide a man
some guidelines on how to behave
accordingly while he fulfills his pleasure.
• It is manifested whenever we try to satisfy
our cravings without compromising our self-
image to others.

The superego
• Begins to manifest at the age of 5.
• Last component of our personality which
holds moral judgments or concepts of wrong
and right:
Erik Erikson’s Stages of
• Superego directs a man's life for him to
Psychosocial Development
avoid hurting others.

Self-Efficacy
- not considered as a trait. It is your will to
produce an effect on a specific thing. It is your
self-belief to effectively achieve your most
important goal. the stronger. the belief, the
bigger the possibility to achieve a positive
result.

• Maddux and Kleiman (2000) define and

explain the five (5) different ways that
influenced self- efficacy beliefs from the ideas
of Albert Badura, a professor and a “Theory of Mind” = Cognitive Empathy
psychologist. - having high regards toward the perspective
of others and feeling concern for others
A. Performance Experiences
- if you are good at achieving your specific Thoughts and Emotions
goal, then you probably think that you will - Thoughts are impression activated by a
achieve it again. If you fail, you will often think stimulus in your mind that is evident from the
that you will fail again: environment that you are in. This conscious
thought occupies emotions that give life to
B. Vicarious Performances thoughts, and it expressed through feelings.
- if others achieve their goal or specific task,
then you will come to believe that you will also Feelings and Behaviors
achieve your goal: - Behaviors are bodily reaction made
based on our feelings that result to
C. Verbal Persuasion actions.
- when people tell you whether they believe or
not on what you can or cannot do. The effect
of your self-efficacy will depend on how that
person matters to you.

Developing the Whole Person Conflict Management Diagram

Personality Development

Our personality = from our parents

and from the influence of our
environment.

This environment = creates social

interactions and relationships.

This interaction = contributes to who

we are today and how we choose
and decide for ourselves.

Personality development is complex

administration of thoughts, feelings,
emotion, and behavior that influence
personal judgment.
 1. Biological
- changes that occur due to the release of the
sexual hormones that affect emotions.
- Mood changes can increase which can have
an impact on relationships.

2. Cognitive
- develop from “concrete operations” to
“formal operations”, so they can deal with
ideas, concepts, and abstract theories.
- Egocentric, mistake in judgement

3. Psychological
- More responsibilities will be placed on
him/her, so a certain standard of behavior is
now required to be maintained
- stressful and anxiety provoking

4. Health Issues
- Eating health disorder
* Anorexia Nervosa
* Bulimia Nervosa
- Mental Health Disorder
* Anxiety disorder
* Mood disorder
* Major depressive disorder
* Bipolar
* ADHD
* School Phobia
* Learning Disability

5. Social Issues
- Sexual abuse
- Substance abuse
- Influence of mass media
- Impact of social media
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS AND
CHALLENGES OF ADOLESCENCE Developmental Task of Adolescence

Adolescence - The most crucial stage a. Developing a sense of self

b. Becoming responsible for your own being
A. Most Common Challenges Adolescents c. Building a strong relationship with family
Experience and others

1. Biological
2. Cognitive
3. Psychological
4. Health
5. Social
 How to become capable and responsible
B. Significant People in Life person in preparation for adult life?

1. Parents • Know your priority

2. Siblings • Have focus
3. Friends • Be decisive
4. Teachers • Work diligently
5. Community Leaders • Don’t count at all
• Stay humble
• Love your duty
Becoming Capable and Responsible • Dedicate time
Adolescent Prepared for Adult Life

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Self-Development – Identify ways

that help one become capable
and responsible adolescent
prepared for adult life

RESPONSIBILITY

is any moral, legal or mental obligation or

duty that is directly or indirectly
entrusted to you by the people around
from which you are held accountable for
whatever consequences or circumstance that
may arrive in the future.

Why do you need to be a Capable and

Responsible Adolescent?

Because….
• harmonious way of living
• capable of facing the consequences of
our own actions
• good example to many
• good transformation of the society

Common Responsibilities of Adolescents

1. Show respect to elders.

2. Take care of the younger ones.
3. Study well.
4. Avoid engaging to bad vices.
5. Establish a good identity.
6. Earn the trust of the people around.
7. Distinguish good company from bad
influence.
8. Know yourself better.
 Our self-esteem may change from time to
Judgment and Decision Making time depending on the situation we encounter
As an individual, you are expected to act and in our daily life. Since it can be partly a trait
decide on your own. Most people tend to that someone can possess. It depends on
decide based on the intuitions and available how you perceive the things coming your way.
information that could be a hindrance in
making a wise decision. Self-efficacy
(d) Imaginal Performances
It can be a habit, when our decision is always – When you imagine yourself doing well, then
based on what is available or gathered data. it will happen.
There could be a “missing link”. (e) The Affective States & Physical
Sensations
For instance, you applied for different courses – if your mood or emotion (e.g. shame) and
in five (5) different universities and you were physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it
able to qualify in all. Now, how will you will affect your self efficacy. If a negative
decide? To help you, Bazerman and Moore mood connects with negative physical
(2013) suggested the Six Steps on How to sensation, the result will be negative. And if it
Make a Rational Decision: is positive, most likely the result will be
positive.
1. Define the Problem (select your most
desired course);

2. Identify the criteria necessary to judge the

multiple options (list things to be considered
like location, facilities, prestige, etc.);

3. Weight the criteria (rank the criteria based

on its importance to you); 16

4. Generate alternatives (the schools that

accepted you);

5. Rate each alternative on each criterion

(rate each school on the criteria you have
identified); and

6. Compute the optimal decision

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own

worth. It may be positive or negative. Positive
self-esteem is the valuation that is pleasing
and acceptable according to your standard
and that of others, while negative self-esteem
is the opposite which is feeling distraught or
down and unaccepted by others.

According to Tafarodi & Swann (1995),

there are many factors to identify the level of
self-esteem of an individual and some of the
major factors are:
- own appearance
- how satisfied you are in a relationship; and
- how you view your performance.
Causes and Effects and Coping with Approaches in coping with stress:
Stress
1. Avoidance Approach
Stress ➢ People tend to run away from stress by
➢ Stress is a simple reaction to an input denying the presence of stress and by
that disturbs our physical and mental distancing themselves from the causes
balance of stress or stressors.
➢ There are two types of stress,
“eustress”, which is a term for positive 2. Acceptance Approach
stress or good stress, and “dystress” ➢ you acknowledge and accept the fact
which refers to negative stress or bad that stress is real and that stress has
stress as cited by Dr. Lazarus. good and bad effects on a person

Good stress Understanding the Brain Parts, its

➢ Good stress is the type of stress you Processes, and its Functions
feel when you are excited. Your
hormones surge high and your pulse Brain
quickens. ➢ The brain is one of the most complex
organs in the human body, which is
Bad stress part of the central nervous system,
- It happens when you feel stressors that including the spinal cord.
burden you and put you in a seemingly
hopeless situation which hinders your Three main regions
problem-solving capability. ○ the forebrain
○ midbrain
Causes of Stress ○ hindbrain

Environmental factors Forebrain

➢ Environmental factors of stress occur ➢ It is located in the uppermost region of
when an event or stimulus requires us the brain. It includes the cerebrum,
to change in some way that makes a thalamus, hypothalamus, and the
change in the living environment a limbic system.
stressful experience.
Cerebrum
Academic factors ➢ It is the largest part of the brain
➢ Academic factors of stress are the covered by the cerebral cortex.
responsibilities related to work in Cerebrum regulates senses, memory,
school emotions, intellectual activities, and
body movement.
Physical factors
➢ Physical factors of stress deal with Cerebral Cortex
health issues. ➢ is responsible for processing
information that is divided into two
Emotional Factors hemispheres: the right cerebral
➢ Emotional Factors of stress involve hemisphere controls the left side of
emotional problems (depression, the body while the left cerebral
anxiety, anger, grief, guilt, low self hemisphere controls the right side of
esteem). the body.
➢ Each cerebral hemisphere contains
Coping with Stress four lobes that share complex
➢ Coping refers to mental and behavioral relationships together to function.
efforts that we use to deal with These are the Frontal Lobe, Parietal
problems relating to stress, including Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Occipital
its presumed cause and the unpleasant Lobe.
feelings and emotions it produces
Frontal Lobe Brainstem
- The Frontal Lobe is situated at the front - is located at the lower part of the brain
part of the brain which controls which leads to the spinal cord. The
memory, emotion, stress response, brainstem connects the cerebrum and
speech, decision making, and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
planning. - It composes nerve fibers that carry
signals to and from all parts of the
body.
Parietal lobe - Basically, its functions are for safety
- is situated near the back of the frontal and survival as it regulates breathing,
lobe which regulates sensory consciousness, heart rate, body
perception. temperature, blood pressure, digestion,
and wake and sleep cycles.
Temporal Lobe
- is located at the side of the head which This is a partial view of how the brain works
regulates memory, hearing, and for you. Again, the cerebrum and cortex
comprehension. have something to do with your ability to think.
The limbic system has something to do with
Occipital Lobe your feelings, while the brainstem has
- is situated at the back of the head something to do with you behaving safely to
which regulates sight. survive. These are all important for personal
- Thalamus is connected to the cerebral development
cortex that sends, receives, and
organizes information. Ways to Improve your Brain Function for
- Hypothalamus is located below the Personal Development
thalamus and above the brainstem
which links the nervous system with The brain is responsible for our way of
the endocrine system that regulates thinking, feeling, and behaving. Still, it is
digestive processes and is also important to observe and exercise ways to
responsible for growth and improve your brain functions as a maturing
development. adolescent.

Limbic System Tips to improve your brain power that will help
- composes parts of the cerebral cortex you activate your brain functions for personal
and hypothalamus which regulates development:
various types of emotions that affect 1. Exercise
blood temperature and blood pressure - benefits your brain health and cognition,
facilitated by the hypothalamus. improves your memory and even protects
your brain from degeneration. Aerobic
Midbrain exercise is particularly good for the brain.
- is located between the forebrain and Activities that keep your blood pumping are
hindbrain It is responsible for motor good for your heart and great for your brain.
movements particularly the visual and
auditory processing. 2. Meditate
- taking 10-15 minutes of meditation a day
Hindbrain could help to extend your cognitive longevity.
- is situated at the back of the head
which includes Cerebellum that 3. Sleep
receives information from the sensory – enough sleep is required to consolidate
system and the spinal cord to regulate memory learning. If you do not get enough
balance, postures, and coordinate sleep, you will have a less healthy brain.
movement.
- The midbrain and hindbrain form the
brainstem.
 2. Eliminate distractions
4. Food Intake - request to be left alone and set aside a
- Just as the body needs fuel, so does the specific time and place, seek out a calm or
brain. Eat a brain boosting diet such as food quiet place where you can work undisturbed.
rich in omega-3, antioxidants, amino acids, The library, a private room in your house, or
and vitamin E. even a quiet coffee shop might all be good
- Eat more vegetables, limit calorie and spots to try.
saturated fat intake.
- Drink green tea and wine, or grape juice in 3. Limit focus
moderation. - Part of improving your mental focus is all
about making the most of the resources you
5. Sunlight have available.
- sunlight and exercise can sometimes go - Stop multitasking and instead give your full
hand in hand. Getting too little sunlight is not attention to one thing at a time.
good for your brain. Higher levels of vitamin D
in your system allow you to perform better 4. Live in the moment
and can even slow down the aging of your - It is hard to stay mentally focused when you
brain. are ruminating about the past, worrying about
the future, or tuned out of the present moment
6. Good Relationship for some other reason.
- make time for friends. Building a strong - It may take some time but work on learning
support system around you will enable you to to truly live in the moment.
stay healthy mentally and psychologically - You cannot change the past and the future
over the long term. has not happened yet, but what you do today
- This is called the ultimate brain booster. can help you avoid repeating past mistakes
and pave a path for a more successful future.
7. Do not smoke
- smoking can cause a brain disorder called 5. Practice mindfulness
dementia. - Practicing mindfulness can involve learning
Those people who smoked more than two how to meditate, but it can also be as simple
packs of cigarettes a day had twice the rate of as trying a quick and easy deep breathing
dementia when they were older. exercise.

8. Be creative 6. Take a short break

- when something is broken, find creative - Shift your attention to something unrelated
repair solutions using common objects. to the task at hand, even if it is only for a few
moments. These short moments might mean
9. Classical music that you are able to keep your mental focus
- listening to calm music can improve brain sharp and your performance high when you
functions. really need it.

10. Drink coffee 7. Build your mental focus

- drinking coffee in moderation increases your - it is not something that will happen
brain performance and speed and will even overnight. It requires plenty of time and
boost your intelligence, including your practice to strengthen concentration skills.
reaction time and reasoning. - By building your mental focus, you will find
that you are able to accomplish more and
How to Improve your mental focus? concentrate on the things in life that truly bring
you success, joy, and satisfaction.
1. Assessment
- begin by assessing just how strong your
mental focus is at the present moment before
you start working.
8. Brainstorm figure – your mind map will be much more
- A mind map is an easy way to brainstorm effective that way.
thoughts organically without worrying about • Vary text size, color, and alignment. Vary the
order and structure. thickness and length of the lines. Provide as
- It allows you to visually represent the many visual cues as you can to emphasize
structure of your ideas to help with analysis important points. Every little bit helps engage
and recall. your brain.

What is Mind Mapping? Mind Maps are useful for:

- The mind map is the external mirror of your • Brainstorming – individually and as a group •
own radiant or natural thinking facilitated by a Summarizing information
powerful graphic process, which provides the • Taking notes.
universal key to unlock the dynamic potential • Consolidating information from different
of the brain. sources.
- The great thing about mind mapping is that • Thinking through complex problems.
you can put your ideas down in any order as • Presenting information clearly.
soon as they pop into your head. You are not • Studying and memorizing information
constrained by thinking in order. Simply, throw
out all ideas, then worry about reorganizing
them later. Emotional Intelligence
- Mind Maps were popularized by author and Emotions
consultant, Tony Buzan. They use a two - Emotion is a subjective state of mind
dimensional structure, instead of the list triggered by certain stimuli or events
format conventionally used to take notes. which occur in the environment. It is a
- This makes information easier to remember, reaction to a certain event that
as it's held in a format that our minds find happens.
easy to recall and quick to review. - Emotions can be observed through
body language and facial expressions,
How to Draw a Mind Map? which explains how you feel or how are
Step 1: you doing at that moment
Main topic: Write the title of the subject or - Through analyzing and reading facial
project that you're exploring in the center of a expressions you may be able to
page and draw a circle around it. understand what a person is feeling
Step 2:
Sub-topics: Draw lines out from this circle as Universal Emotions
you think of subheadings of the topic or - Charles Darwin’s book The Expression
important facts or tasks that relate to your of Emotions in Man and Animals
subject. Label these lines with your (1872) suggested seven universal
subheadings. emotions associated with facial
Step 3: expressions.
Elements Dive deeper into the subject to - These emotions are surprise, sadness,
uncover the next level of information related disgust, happiness, fright, anger, and
sub-topics, tasks, or facts, for example). contempt
Then, link these to the relevant subheadings.
Some more strategies and recommendations Basic Emotions
used in brain mapping: 1. Joy
• Use colors, drawings, and symbols 2. Sadness
copiously. Be as visual as you can, and your 3. Anger
brain will thank you. 4. Fear
• Keep the topics labels as short as possible, 5. Trust
keeping them to a single word – or, better yet, 6. Disgust
to only a picture. Especially in your first mind 7. Surprise
maps, the temptation to write a complete 8. Anticipation
phrase is enormous, but always look for
opportunities to shorten it to a single word or Intensity of Emotions
 ➢ Emotional intensity refers to variations ➢ It is responsible for the perception of
in the magnitude of emotional emotions such as anger, fear, and
responses, an extreme degree of sadness, as well as the controlling of
feeling. aggression.
➢ Therefore, the intensity of emotion ➢ It stores value judgments we make and
identifies the action an individual will memories of behaviors that produce
have. Intensity ranges from mild, positive and negative experiences.
moderate to strong
➢ According to Psychologist Robert
Plutchik, there are 8 basic types of
emotions which were grouped into four
pairs of opposites: such as
joy-sadness, anger-fear,
trust-disgust, and
surprise-anticipation.

➢ Plutchik also authored the "wheel of

emotions" which was illustrated like the
color wheel. According to Plutchik,
emotions can be combined to form
Emotional Intelligence
different feelings. For instance, a
- Emotional intelligence is defined as the
combination of joy and trust creates
capacity to be aware of, control, and
love, contempt is a blend of anger and
express one's emotions, and to handle
disgust
interpersonal relationships judiciously
and empathetically. Therefore, it is the
Plutchik describes the inner circle as the
key to both personal and professional
strongest emotions, the next circle are the
success
basic emotions which have moderate
The term Emotional Intelligence (EI) was
intensity, and the outer circle are the emotions
created by two researchers – Peter Salovey
with the mildest intensity. Another emotion
and John Mayer but was popularized by
was created as a result of a combination of
Daniel Goleman in his 1995 book Emotional
two basic emotions
Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ.
For Goleman EI is the ability to:
1) Recognize, understand, and manage our
own emotions;
2) Recognize, understand and influence the
emotions of others.

Five Essential elements of Emotional

Intelligence
Self-awareness
- knowing what one is feeling at any given
Is there any biological explanation of the time and understanding the impact those
emotions? moods have on others.
Limbic System
The limbic system controls emotion, Self-regulation
memories, and arousal. - controlling or redirecting one’s emotions;
anticipating consequences before acting on
Amygdala impulse.
➢ The almond-shaped section of nervous
tissue called amygdala is the center of Motivation
emotional processing.
- utilizing emotional factors to achieve goals,
enjoy the learning process and persevere in Positive and negative emotions both have
the face of obstacles. different impacts in the brain.

Empathy As vital as it is for us to learn how to boost our

- sensing the emotions of others. positive emotions and take advantage of the
opportunities they bring, it is just as vital to
Social skills learn how to adapt from negative emotions
- managing relationships, inspiring others and and cope with them effectively.
inducing desired responses from them.
When we accept, embrace, and act on both
Positive and Negative Emotions our positive and our negative emotions, we
Positive emotions give ourselves the best chance to live a
- Positive emotions are emotions that we balanced, meaningful life.
typically find pleasurable to experience.

- The Oxford Handbook of Positive

Psychology defines them as “pleasant or
desirable situational responses… distinct from
pleasurable sensation and undifferentiated
positive affect” (Cohn & Fredrickson, 2009).

Positive Emotions
• Love
• Joy
• Satisfaction
• Contentment
• Interest
• Amusement
• Happiness
• Serenity • Awe

Negative Emotions
- Negative emotions are those that we
typically do not find pleasurable to
experience.
- Negative emotions can be defined as “as an
unpleasant or unhappy emotion which is
evoked in individuals to express a negative
effect towards an event or person” (Pam,
2013).

Negative Emotions
• Fear
• Anger
• Disgust
• Sadness
• Rage
• Loneliness
• Melancholy
• Annoyance