1.

E-COMM

E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the
internet. It involves online transactions, electronic funds transfer, and digital communication to facilitate
business transactions. E-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and has become
increasingly popular due to its convenience and accessibility. Here's an overview of e-commerce, its
applications, types, advantages, and disadvantages:
Applications of E-commerce:

1. Online Retail: E-commerce allows businesses to sell products directly to consumers through online
platforms. Customers can browse product catalogues, make purchases, and have products
delivered to their doorstep.
2. Digital Services: E-commerce enables the sale of digital products and services such as software, e-
books, music, videos, online courses, and digital downloads.
3. B2B (Business-to-Business): E-commerce facilitates transactions between businesses, such as
wholesale purchases, supply chain management, and procurement.
4. Online Marketplaces: E-commerce platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba provide online
marketplaces where businesses and individuals can sell their products to a wide customer base.
5. Online Banking and Payment Systems: E-commerce is used for online banking, money transfers,
and electronic payment systems, such as credit card payments and digital wallets.

Types of E-commerce:

1. B2C (Business-to-Consumer): In B2C e-commerce, businesses sell products and services directly
to individual consumers.
2. B2B (Business-to-Business): B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses, where
one business sells products or services to another.
3. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer): C2C e-commerce enables consumers to sell products or services
directly to other consumers through online platforms.
4. C2B (Consumer-to-Business): C2B e-commerce occurs when consumers offer products or services
to businesses. For example, freelancers providing services to companies through online platforms.

Advantages of E-commerce:

1. Global Reach: E-commerce allows businesses to reach a global customer base, transcending
geographical limitations.
2. Convenience: Customers can shop anytime, anywhere, without the need to visit physical stores. E-
commerce offers 24/7 accessibility.
3. Cost Savings: E-commerce eliminates the need for physical storefronts, reducing overhead costs
associated with rent, utilities, and staffing.
4. Increased Sales and Revenue: E-commerce provides opportunities to reach a larger customer
base, leading to potential sales growth and increased revenue.
5. Personalization and Targeted Marketing: E-commerce platforms can gather customer data and
preferences to offer personalized recommendations and targeted marketing campaigns.

Disadvantages of E-commerce:
1. Lack of Physical Interaction: E-commerce lacks face-to-face interaction, which can affect customer
trust and the ability to physically examine products before purchase.
2. Security Concerns: E-commerce transactions involve sharing personal and financial information
online, which can be susceptible to security breaches and fraud.
3. Infrastructure and Technical Requirements: Businesses need to invest in reliable internet
connections, website development, and maintenance, which can be costly and time-consuming.
4. Dependency on Technology: E-commerce relies heavily on technology, and technical issues, such
as website downtime or server crashes, can disrupt business operations.
5. Increased Competition: The ease of setting up online businesses leads to increased competition,
requiring businesses to differentiate themselves and invest in marketing efforts.

E-commerce has transformed the way businesses operate and has become an integral part of the modern
economy. While it offers numerous advantages, businesses must also address the challenges and potential
drawbacks associated with online transactions.
E-commerce platforms and transactions are vulnerable to several threats that can impact the security,
privacy, and trust of online businesses and consumers. Here are some common threats associated with e-
commerce:

1. Unauthorized Access and Account Compromise: Hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access
to user accounts, steal login credentials, or hijack user sessions. This can result in identity theft,
financial fraud, or unauthorized transactions.
2. Payment Card Fraud: E-commerce platforms that process online payments are targets for credit
card and payment fraud. Fraudsters may use stolen credit card information or engage in card-not-
present fraud, resulting in financial losses for both businesses and consumers.
3. Phishing and Social Engineering: Phishing attacks involve tricking users into revealing sensitive
information, such as passwords or financial details, by impersonating legitimate websites or entities.
Social engineering techniques manipulate users into disclosing confidential information or
performing actions that compromise security.
4. Malware and Ransomware: E-commerce platforms may be targeted with malware or ransomware
attacks that can disrupt operations, compromise customer data, or demand ransom payments for
data decryption.
5. Data Breaches: E-commerce platforms are attractive targets for data breaches due to the large
volumes of personal and financial information they store. Breaches can lead to the exposure of
sensitive customer data, financial loss, legal implications, and reputational damage.
6. Fake or Fraudulent Websites: Cybercriminals may create fake e-commerce websites that mimic
legitimate ones to deceive users into making purchases or sharing sensitive information. These
websites may sell counterfeit goods, steal payment information, or engage in other fraudulent
activities.
7. Supply Chain Attacks: E-commerce businesses rely on a complex supply chain involving multiple
vendors and partners. Attackers may target weak points in the supply chain to gain unauthorized
access, compromise systems, or introduce malicious code or counterfeit products.
8. Insider Threats: Employees or individuals with authorized access to e-commerce systems may
abuse their privileges, steal customer data, or compromise system security.
9. Customer Privacy Concerns: E-commerce platforms collect and store significant amounts of
customer data. Privacy concerns arise when user data is mishandled, shared without consent, or
used for unethical purposes.
10. Regulatory and Compliance Risks: E-commerce businesses must comply with data protection
regulations, privacy laws, and industry standards. Failure to do so can result in legal consequences,
financial penalties, and reputational damage.

To mitigate these threats, e-commerce businesses should implement robust security measures, including
secure website development, encryption of sensitive data, secure payment gateways, multi-factor
authentication, regular security assessments and audits, employee training on security best practices, and
incident response plans. It is crucial for businesses to stay vigilant, educate their customers about potential
threats, and adopt proactive security measures to protect themselves and their customers in the e-
commerce ecosystem.

FRAMEWORK OF E-COMMERCE

The framework of e-commerce refers to the structural components and functional elements that make up
an e-commerce system. It outlines the key aspects and components necessary for the successful operation
of an e-commerce business. Here is an overview of the typical framework of e-commerce:
1. Website Interface: The website serves as the primary interface between the e-commerce business
and its customers. It should have an intuitive and user-friendly design, with features such as product
catalogs, search functionality, shopping carts, and secure payment gateways.
2. Product Catalog: The product catalog contains detailed information about the products or services
offered by the e-commerce business. It includes product descriptions, images, prices, and
availability. Effective catalog management ensures accurate and up-to-date product information.
3. Shopping Cart: The shopping cart enables customers to add products to their virtual cart, review
their selections, and proceed to the checkout process. It should provide a seamless and intuitive
user experience, including features like quantity adjustments, saving cart contents for later, and
applying promotional codes.
 4. Payment Gateway: The payment gateway facilitates secure and convenient online payment
processing. It securely handles credit card transactions, online banking transfers, and other
payment methods, ensuring the encryption and protection of sensitive financial information.
5. Order Processing: The order processing system handles the fulfillment of customer orders. It
involves order confirmation, inventory management, packaging, shipping, and order tracking.
Integration with shipping carriers and logistics services helps streamline the process.
6. Customer Accounts and Profiles: E-commerce systems often provide customers with the option to
create user accounts. These accounts store customer information, order history, preferences, and
other relevant data. Customer profiles help personalize the shopping experience and enable
targeted marketing efforts.
7. Customer Support: E-commerce businesses should have mechanisms to provide customer support,
such as online chat, email, or phone support. This helps address customer inquiries, resolve issues,
and provide assistance throughout the buying process.
8. Security and Trust: E-commerce frameworks include robust security measures to protect customer
data and ensure secure transactions. This may involve SSL encryption, secure authentication, fraud
prevention tools, and compliance with data protection regulations.
9. Analytics and Reporting: E-commerce frameworks often include analytics and reporting features to
track website performance, customer behavior, sales metrics, and other key performance indicators.
This data helps businesses gain insights, make informed decisions, and optimize their operations.
10. Marketing and Promotion: E-commerce frameworks provide features for marketing and promotion,
such as email marketing integration, discount code management, loyalty programs, and social
media integration. These tools help attract customers, drive sales, and build customer loyalty.
11. Integration with Back-End Systems: E-commerce systems often integrate with back-end systems,
such as inventory management, accounting, and customer relationship management (CRM)
software. Integration streamlines business processes, ensures data consistency, and improves
operational efficiency.
The specific components and features within an e-commerce framework can vary depending on the size
and complexity of the business. However, these elements form the foundation of an e-commerce system
and are essential for its successful operation and customer satisfaction.

2. B2b2c model

The B2B2C model, also known as business-to-business-to-consumer, is a hybrid business model that
involves collaboration between two businesses (B2B) to deliver products or services to end consumers
(B2C). It combines elements of both B2B and B2C models to create a value chain that spans multiple
entities. Here's an explanation of the B2B2C model:
In a B2B2C model, the first business entity (B2B) acts as a supplier or service provider, offering its products
or services to another business (B2B). The second business entity (B2B) serves as an intermediary or
distributor that integrates the products or services into their own offerings. Finally, the end consumer (B2C)
purchases the products or services from the intermediary business.
Here's a breakdown of the roles and interactions within the B2B2C model:
1. B2B Interaction: The first business entity (B2B) provides products or services to the intermediary
business (B2B). This can involve manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers, or service providers
offering their offerings to retailers, online marketplaces, or other businesses that have direct access
to end consumers.
2. Integration and Value Addition: The intermediary business (B2B) integrates the products or services
obtained from the first business (B2B) into its own offerings or platform. This integration can involve
bundling, customization, branding, or combining multiple products and services to create a
comprehensive solution for the end consumer.
3. B2C Interaction: The intermediary business (B2B) interacts directly with end consumers (B2C) to
offer the integrated products or services. This can occur through various channels, such as online
marketplaces, e-commerce platforms, retail stores, or direct sales.
4. Value Proposition: The B2B2C model aims to provide value to all entities involved. The first
business (B2B) benefits from expanded market reach and increased sales by leveraging the
distribution capabilities of the intermediary business. The intermediary business (B2B) gains access
to a wider range of products or services to offer its customers, enhancing its value proposition. The
end consumer (B2C) benefits from a comprehensive solution that meets their needs and
preferences.
The B2B2C model offers several advantages:
 1. Expanded Market Reach: By partnering with an intermediary business, the B2B entity can tap into a
larger customer base and access new markets that may have been difficult to reach independently.
2. Value Addition: The integration of products or services by the intermediary business allows for value
addition and customization, providing a more comprehensive solution to end consumers.
3. Enhanced Distribution: The B2B2C model leverages the distribution capabilities of the intermediary
business, allowing for wider product availability, faster delivery, and improved customer service.
4. Brand Exposure: The B2B entity can benefit from increased brand exposure and visibility through
the partnership with the intermediary business, leading to improved brand recognition and customer
trust.
However, there are also challenges associated with the B2B2C model:
1. Complex Relationships: Managing relationships between multiple entities can be challenging, as
coordination and cooperation among the B2B, intermediary, and end consumer are essential for
success.
2. Integration and Compatibility: Ensuring seamless integration of products or services into the
intermediary business's offerings requires compatibility and effective collaboration between the B2B
and intermediary.
3. Shared Risks and Rewards: Both the B2B and intermediary businesses share risks and rewards
associated with market demand, competition, and customer satisfaction, necessitating effective risk
management and revenue-sharing agreements.
4. Alignment of Objectives: Balancing the objectives and priorities of all entities involved in the value
chain can be complex, requiring clear communication, shared vision, and mutually beneficial goals.
The B2B2C model is commonly observed in industries such as e-commerce, where online marketplaces
act as intermediaries between manufacturers or wholesalers and end consumers. It allows businesses to
leverage each other's strengths and capabilities to create value and reach a broader customer base.

3. C2b2bc model
The C2B2BC model, which stands for consumer-to-business-to-business-to-consumer, is a business model
that involves the interaction and collaboration of consumers, businesses, and other businesses in a value
chain. It is a variation of the traditional B2B or B2C models and incorporates the participation of consumers
as active contributors to the value creation process. Here's an explanation of the C2B2BC model:
1. Consumer-to-Business (C2B): In the C2B aspect of the model, individual consumers or end-users
take on an active role in initiating the business relationship. They offer products, services, or
information to businesses, rather than solely acting as buyers. This can include activities such as
providing feedback, user-generated content, participating in crowdsourcing initiatives, or offering
specialized skills.
2. Business-to-Business (B2B): Following the C2B interaction, the collected consumer input is directed
towards other businesses in the value chain. The businesses involved can be suppliers,
manufacturers, service providers, or any other entities that play a role in delivering the final product
or service.
3. Business-to-Consumer (B2C): Once the input from consumers is integrated into the value chain by
businesses, the final products or services are offered to consumers in a traditional B2C manner.
Consumers can then purchase or access the finished goods or services from the businesses that
have incorporated their input.
The C2B2BC model is characterized by the following aspects:
1. Consumer Empowerment: Consumers have an active role in shaping the products or services
offered by businesses. They contribute their knowledge, ideas, feedback, and expertise to the value
chain, empowering them to influence business decisions.
2. Collaborative Value Creation: The model emphasizes collaboration between consumers and
businesses, as well as collaboration among businesses in the value chain. This collaboration aims
to create products or services that align closely with consumer needs and preferences.
3. Crowdsourcing and User-Generated Content: Consumers contribute through crowdsourcing
initiatives, where businesses solicit ideas, designs, feedback, or content from a large group of
participants. This enables businesses to tap into the collective intelligence and creativity of the
consumer base.
4. Customization and Personalization: The C2B2BC model enables businesses to offer customized or
personalized products or services based on the input and preferences of individual consumers. This
can result in tailored experiences that better match consumer demands.
Advantages of the C2B2BC model include:
 1. Enhanced Product/Service Relevance: By incorporating consumer input, businesses can develop
offerings that better meet consumer expectations and preferences, leading to improved customer
satisfaction.
2. Innovation and Creativity: Consumers can contribute innovative ideas and insights that businesses
may not have considered, fostering creativity and differentiation in the market.
3. Consumer Engagement and Loyalty: Involving consumers in the value creation process can
increase their engagement and loyalty, as they feel a sense of ownership and influence over the
final products or services.
However, the C2B2BC model also presents challenges:
1. Coordination and Management: Managing the flow of consumer input, integrating it into the value
chain, and ensuring effective communication among consumers, businesses, and other businesses
can be complex and require efficient coordination.
2. Quality Control: While consumer input can be valuable, ensuring the quality and reliability of the
contributed content or ideas can be challenging. Businesses need mechanisms to evaluate and
filter the input effectively.
3. Privacy and Security: Collecting consumer input raises privacy and security concerns. Businesses
must handle consumer data responsibly and protect it from unauthorized access or misuse.
The C2B2BC model is particularly relevant in industries that heavily rely on consumer feedback,
customization, or co-creation, such as open-source software development, user-driven innovation, or online
platforms that leverage user-generated content.
4. EDI
SSSETElectronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a

standard electronic format between two or more trading partners. It enables companies to exchange
information electronically in a structured format, eliminating the need for manual data entry and reducing
the cost and time associated with paper-based transactions.

EDI was first introduced in the 1960s as a way for companies to exchange business documents
electronically. Over time, the standardization of EDI formats and protocols has enabled businesses to
integrate their internal systems with those of their trading partners, improving efficiency and reducing
errors.

EDI transactions can include purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and other business documents.
The EDI standard defines the format and content of these documents, ensuring that they are easily
interpreted by both the sender and the receiver.
EDI has become an important part of many businesses, particularly those in the supply chain and
logistics industries. It allows for faster and more accurate processing of transactions, leading to improved
customer satisfaction and increased profits.
Electronic Data Exchange is the direct exchange of data and important business documents through the
Internet and in a very professional manner. Two different companies sitting at the extreme corners of the
world can very easily interchange information or documents (like sales orders, shipping notices, invoices,
etc) with the help of EDI.

Uses of EDI :
EDI is widely used in various industries for exchanging business documents electronically. Some of the
common uses of EDI are:
 Order Processing: EDI allows companies to exchange purchase orders and sales orders
electronically, eliminating the need for manual data entry and reducing errors.
 Invoicing: EDI can be used to exchange invoices electronically, reducing the time and cost
associated with paper-based invoicing.
 Shipping and Receiving: EDI can be used to exchange shipping notices and receiving
documents, enabling companies to track the movement of goods in real-time.
 Inventory Management: EDI can be used to exchange inventory information, enabling
companies to manage their inventory levels more effectively.
 Supply Chain Management: EDI is used extensively in the supply chain management
process, enabling companies to exchange information with their suppliers, distributors, and
customers.
  Healthcare: EDI is used in the healthcare industry to exchange patient data, claims, and other
healthcare-related information between healthcare providers, insurance companies, and
government agencies.
 Financial Transactions: EDI can be used to exchange financial transactions such as
payment advice and remittance advice, reducing the time and cost associated with manual
payment processing.

Advantages of EDI:
There are several advantages to Electronic Data Interchange:
 The paper usage reduced: The expense of storing, printing, recycling, reduces up to the
maximum amount due to the EDI.
 Improved quality of Data: The data entry errors are reduced due to EDI.
 Speed Increases: The best advantage is the increase in the speed of the data interchange.
With everything going online, the speed of the information transfer increases exponentially.
 Security: By following the Protocols and the standard rules, the security of all the important
documents is always secure and safe.
 Information accuracy: Since the information exchanged is based on standards agreed by the
sender and receiver both, the correct information is always transferred regardless of where
they belong to.
 Less Cost: With very less errors, fast response time, every thing becoming automated, and
no use of paper, the cost automatically reduces.
Disadvantages of EDI:
 The initial setup of the EDI is very Time-consuming.
 EDI standards keep on changing after some amount of time.
 A very systematic and proper back up is required as the entire data relies on EDI.
 The setup and maintenance of the EDI is very Expensive.

EDI architecture specifies 4 layers:-

1)Semantic (application layer)
2)Standard transaction layer
3)Packing (transport) layer
4)Physical n/w infrastructure layer.
1) Semantic layer:- It describes the business application that is driving EDI.
For a procurement application, this translates into requests for quotes, price quotes, purchase orders,
acknowledgements & involves.
The information seen at this layer must be translated from a company specific from to a more generic form
so that it can be sent to various trading partners, who could be using a variety of software applications at
this end.
When a trading partner sends a document, the EDI translation software converts the proprietary
format into a standard mutually agreed on by the processing system. When a company receivers the
document, their EDI translation software automatically changes the standard format into proprietary format
of their document processing software so that company can manipulate the information in whatever
way it chooses to.
2. EDI standards:- It specify business form structure and it also influence the content at application layer.
The most two important standards are:-
– EDIPACT
– ANSI X12
3. EDI transport layer:- it corresponds closely with the non-electronic activity of sending a business form
from one company A to company B.
The business form could be sent via regular postal service, registered mail, certified mail or private courier
such as united parcel service (UPS) or simply faxed between the companies.
EDI semantic layer application level services
EDI standard layer EDIFACT ANSI X12
EDI transport layer e- mail X 435
Point2point FTP www HTTP
4)Physical layer :- Dial up lines

5. Electronic payment method

Electronic payment methods, also known as digital payment methods, refer to the various ways in which
financial transactions are conducted electronically without the need for physical cash or checks. These
methods provide convenient and secure alternativesa to traditional payment methods. Here are some
common types of electronic payment methods, along with their advantages, disadvantages, and security
threats:
1. Credit and Debit Cards:
 Types: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, etc.
 Advantages: Widely accepted, convenient, enables online and offline transactions, offers
rewards and cashback programs.
 Disadvantages: Risk of fraud and unauthorized transactions, potential for high-interest rates
and debt accumulation.
 Security Threats: Card skimming, phishing attacks, card-not-present fraud, data breaches
leading to stolen card information.
2. Mobile Payments:
 Types: Mobile wallets (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay), mobile banking apps.
 Advantages: Convenient, enables contactless payments using smartphones, offers added
security features like biometric authentication.
 Disadvantages: Dependency on mobile devices and network connectivity, limited
acceptance in some regions or businesses.
 Security Threats: Malware or phishing attacks targeting mobile devices, unauthorized access
to mobile wallets, data breaches of payment apps.
3. Online Banking:
 Types: Internet banking, online fund transfers.
 Advantages: Allows real-time account management, fund transfers, and bill payments,
provides transaction history and account monitoring.
 Disadvantages: Vulnerability to online banking fraud, potential for unauthorized access to
accounts.
 Security Threats: Phishing attacks, malware targeting online banking platforms, identity theft,
password breaches.
4. E-Wallets:
 Types: PayPal, Venmo, Alipay, Paytm, etc.
 Advantages: Facilitates peer-to-peer payments, quick and convenient transactions,
integrates with various merchants and services.
 Disadvantages: Dependency on digital platforms and connectivity, potential for account
freezes or limitations.
 Security Threats: Unauthorized access to e-wallet accounts, phishing attacks, malware
targeting e-wallet apps, social engineering.
5. Cryptocurrencies:
 Types: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, etc.
 Advantages: Decentralized, offers anonymity, fast and low-cost transactions, potential for
investment and value appreciation.
 Disadvantages: Volatility and risk of value fluctuations, limited acceptance, complexity of use
for non-tech-savvy individuals.
 Security Threats: Cryptojacking, hacking of crypto wallets or exchanges, fraudulent initial
coin offerings (ICOs), phishing attacks.
Security Threats and Mitigation Measures:
 Data Breaches: Implement strong encryption, secure storage, and network security measures to
protect sensitive customer data.
 Phishing Attacks: Educate users about phishing techniques, employ multi-factor authentication, and
utilize email filters to detect and block phishing attempts.
 Malware Attacks: Use up-to-date antivirus and anti-malware software, exercise caution while
downloading files or clicking on suspicious links.
 Unauthorized Access: Utilize strong passwords, implement two-factor authentication, and monitor
accounts for unusual activity.
 Social Engineering: Train employees and users to identify and report social engineering attempts,
verify identities before providing sensitive information.
It's important for users and businesses to stay informed about the latest security practices, regularly update
software and systems, and exercise caution while conducting electronic transactions to mitigate the risks
associated with electronic payment methods.
 6. Ecom vs mcom
E-commerce and m-commerce are both forms of electronic commerce, but they differ in terms of the
devices used for transactions and the contexts in which they occur. Here's a differentiation between e-
commerce and m-commerce:
Definition:
E-commerce (Electronic Commerce): E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services
over the internet using traditional computing devices such as computers or laptops. It involves online
transactions conducted through websites, online marketplaces, and electronic payment systems.
M-commerce (Mobile Commerce): M-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services
using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. It involves transactions conducted through mobile
applications, mobile-optimized websites, or other wireless networks.
Device and Platform:
E-commerce: In e-commerce, transactions occur primarily through desktop computers or laptops, which
provide a larger screen and more comprehensive browsing experience. Websites are optimized for desktop
browsers, and users typically access them using web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari.
M-commerce: In m-commerce, transactions take place on mobile devices, including smartphones and
tablets. Mobile applications (apps) or mobile-optimized websites are used to facilitate transactions. M-
commerce leverages the capabilities of mobile devices, such as touchscreens, GPS, and push
notifications, to enhance the shopping experience.
User Experience:
E-commerce: In e-commerce, users typically browse products, compare prices, and make purchases using
a web browser. The user experience focuses on larger screens, multiple tabs, and mouse-based
interactions. Websites may offer a wide range of product categories and features to enhance the shopping
experience.
M-commerce: In m-commerce, the user experience is tailored for smaller screens and touch-based
interactions. Mobile apps or mobile-optimized websites provide a simplified interface, often with streamlined
navigation and fewer distractions. Mobile devices enable features like barcode scanning, location-based
services, and personalized notifications.
Context and Portability:
E-commerce: E-commerce transactions are not bound by a specific location or time. Users can access e-
commerce websites from any location with an internet connection. E-commerce provides the convenience
of shopping from home or office, with a wide range of products available.
M-commerce: M-commerce transactions are inherently mobile and take advantage of the portability of
smartphones and tablets. Users can make purchases on the go, anywhere and anytime. M-commerce
benefits from the context-awareness of mobile devices, such as offering localized deals or providing
recommendations based on the user's location.
Use Cases and Applications:
E-commerce: E-commerce is suitable for various types of online transactions, including retail shopping,
business-to-consumer (B2C) sales, business-to-business (B2B) sales, and online auctions. It encompasses
a wide range of industries, such as retail, travel, finance, and more.
M-commerce: M-commerce is particularly suited for on-the-go transactions and mobile-specific use cases.
It is commonly used for activities like mobile banking, mobile ticketing, mobile payment services, in-app
purchases, and mobile-based services like ride-sharing and food delivery.
It's important to note that e-commerce and m-commerce are not mutually exclusive, and many businesses
have both e-commerce and m-commerce components. They cater to different user preferences and
contexts, allowing businesses to reach a broader audience and provide a seamless shopping experience
across different devices.
7. SCM
Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, coordinating, and controlling the flow of
goods, services, information, and finances from the point of origin to the point of consumption. It involves
the integration and management of activities across various entities, including suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors, retailers, and customers, to ensure the efficient and effective movement of products or
services.
The primary objective of supply chain management is to optimize the overall performance of the supply
chain, including aspects such as cost, quality, delivery speed, flexibility, and customer satisfaction. It aims
to achieve a balance between the demand and supply sides of the supply chain, ensuring that the right
products or services are available in the right quantity, at the right place, and at the right time.
Key components and activities of supply chain management include:
Planning and Forecasting: This involves analyzing market demand, developing production plans, and
creating accurate demand forecasts to determine the quantity and timing of product or service
requirements.
Procurement and Sourcing: This involves identifying and selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts,
managing relationships, and ensuring the timely delivery of raw materials, components, or services needed
for production.
Production and Operations: This includes managing manufacturing processes, coordinating production
activities, optimizing resource allocation, and ensuring quality control to meet customer demand and
delivery requirements.
Inventory Management: This involves balancing inventory levels to meet customer demand while
minimizing holding costs, optimizing order quantities, and managing stockouts or excess inventory.
Logistics and Transportation: This includes managing the physical movement of goods, selecting
appropriate transportation modes, optimizing routes, and coordinating with carriers to ensure timely delivery
and minimize transportation costs.
Warehousing and Distribution: This involves managing storage facilities, coordinating product distribution,
optimizing warehouse operations, and ensuring efficient order fulfillment.
Information Systems and Technology: This includes leveraging technology and information systems to
enhance supply chain visibility, data analysis, demand forecasting, inventory management, and
communication across supply chain partners.
Collaboration and Relationship Management: Supply chain management involves fostering collaboration
and building strong relationships with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders to improve overall
supply chain performance, share information, and address challenges collectively.
Effective supply chain management leads to several benefits, including cost reduction, improved customer
service, enhanced operational efficiency, increased profitability, better risk management, and competitive
advantage.
Overall, supply chain management plays a critical role in managing the complex network of activities and
stakeholders involved in delivering products or services to end customers. It emphasizes coordination,
collaboration, and optimization to create a seamless flow of materials, information, and resources
throughout the supply chain.
Supply chain management (SCM) has significant impacts on businesses and their operations. Here are
some key impacts of effective supply chain management:
 Cost Reduction: SCM helps in optimizing costs throughout the supply chain by reducing
inefficiencies, minimizing inventory holding costs, optimizing transportation and logistics expenses,
and streamlining production and procurement processes. Effective cost management leads to
improved profitability and competitive pricing.
 Improved Customer Service: SCM enables businesses to meet customer demands more efficiently
and effectively. By ensuring the availability of products or services in the right quantity, at the right
time, and in the right location, SCM enhances customer satisfaction, increases order fulfillment
rates, reduces stockouts, and enables faster response to customer inquiries or complaints.
 Enhanced Operational Efficiency: Efficient supply chain management helps in streamlining
operations, eliminating bottlenecks, reducing lead times, and optimizing resource allocation. This
leads to improved productivity, reduced waste, increased throughput, and smoother coordination
among supply chain partners.
 Increased Agility and Responsiveness: SCM enables businesses to quickly respond to changing
market demands, customer preferences, or external factors such as supply disruptions or market
trends. With better visibility into the supply chain, businesses can make faster decisions, adjust
production or inventory levels, and adapt to market fluctuations more effectively.
 Supply Chain Collaboration: Effective SCM fosters collaboration and strong relationships among
supply chain partners, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. Collaborative
planning, coordination, and information sharing lead to improved communication, better demand
forecasting, reduced lead times, and optimized inventory levels.
 Risk Management and Resilience: SCM helps businesses identify, assess, and mitigate risks along
the supply chain. By implementing risk management strategies, such as dual sourcing, contingency
planning, or diversifying suppliers, businesses can minimize the impact of disruptions, ensure
business continuity, and enhance supply chain resilience.
 Innovation and Competitive Advantage: SCM provides opportunities for innovation and
differentiation. By leveraging emerging technologies, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, or
blockchain, businesses can gain insights, optimize processes, improve visibility, and offer unique
value propositions to customers, thereby gaining a competitive edge.
  Sustainability and Ethical Practices: SCM plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable and ethical
practices throughout the supply chain. By considering environmental impact, social responsibility,
and ethical sourcing, businesses can enhance their reputation, meet regulatory requirements, and
address evolving customer expectations.
It's important to note that the impact of SCM can vary depending on the industry, business model, and
specific supply chain characteristics. However, overall, effective supply chain management positively
influences business performance, customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, risk mitigation, and long-
term sustainability.
Supply chain management involves the coordination and management of activities involved in the flow of
goods, services, information, and finances from the source of raw materials to the end consumer. Various
risks and threats can impact the effectiveness and efficiency of supply chain management. Here are some
common risks and threats:
 Supply Disruption:
o Natural Disasters: Events like earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, or fires can disrupt
transportation routes, damage infrastructure, and disrupt the flow of goods.
o Political Unrest: Political instability, conflicts, or trade disputes can lead to border closures,
trade restrictions, or disruptions in the supply chain.
o Supplier Failure: Issues such as bankruptcy, quality problems, or production delays from
suppliers can impact the availability of materials or components.
 Demand Variability:
o Forecasting Errors: Inaccurate demand forecasting can lead to overstocking or
understocking of inventory, impacting the supply chain's responsiveness to customer
demands.
o Seasonality: Fluctuations in demand due to seasonal patterns can cause supply chain
imbalances, excess inventory, or stockouts.
 Quality and Compliance:
o Product Quality Issues: Poor quality or defective products can lead to customer
dissatisfaction, product recalls, and disruption in the supply chain.
o Regulatory Compliance: Failure to comply with regulatory requirements, such as safety
standards, environmental regulations, or labor laws, can result in penalties, legal issues, and
reputational damage.
 Cybersecurity:
o Data Breaches: Cyberattacks targeting supply chain systems can lead to unauthorized
access to sensitive information, including customer data, trade secrets, or financial
information.
o Malware and Ransomware: Infections with malware or ransomware can disrupt operations,
cause data loss, or demand ransom payments to restore access to critical systems.
 Financial Risks:
o Fluctuating Costs: Volatile commodity prices, exchange rate fluctuations, or inflation can
impact costs along the supply chain, affecting profitability and pricing strategies.
o Payment and Credit Risks: Issues with payment delays, defaults, or creditworthiness of
suppliers or customers can impact cash flow and financial stability.
 Geopolitical Factors:
o Trade Policies: Changes in trade policies, tariffs, or trade agreements can impact cross-
border transactions, import/export regulations, and supply chain dynamics.
o Regional Instability: Political conflicts, sanctions, or geopolitical tensions can disrupt supply
chain routes, transportation, or sourcing strategies.
 Environmental and Sustainability Risks:
o Climate Change and Environmental Impact: Environmental factors, such as extreme weather
events or increasing regulations related to carbon emissions and sustainability, can impact
supply chain operations, logistics, and sourcing decisions.
8. E procurement
E-procurement, also known as electronic procurement, is the process of using digital technology and
electronic systems to manage and streamline procurement activities. It involves the automation and
digitization of various procurement tasks, including requisitioning, sourcing, bidding, ordering, invoicing, and
payment processes. E-procurement aims to improve the efficiency, transparency, and effectiveness of the
procurement process while reducing costs and manual paperwork.
Key components and features of e-procurement include:
  Requisitioning: E-procurement allows users to create electronic requisitions for goods or services
needed by an organization. Requisitions can be generated, approved, and tracked digitally,
eliminating the need for paper-based forms and manual signatures.
 Supplier Management: E-procurement systems provide a centralized database of suppliers, their
information, and performance metrics. This helps in managing supplier relationships, conducting
supplier evaluations, and ensuring compliance with contractual requirements.
 Sourcing and Bidding: E-procurement platforms enable organizations to post requests for proposals
(RFPs) or invitations to bid electronically. Suppliers can submit their bids or proposals online,
allowing for a more efficient and transparent bidding process.
 Contract Management: E-procurement systems facilitate the creation, storage, and management of
contracts and purchase agreements. This includes tracking contract terms, renewal dates, pricing
agreements, and monitoring compliance with contract terms.
 Purchase Order Management: E-procurement enables the creation, approval, and transmission of
purchase orders electronically. This streamlines the ordering process, reduces manual errors, and
improves the speed and accuracy of order placement.
 Invoice Processing and Payment: E-procurement systems automate the processing of supplier
invoices, including verification, validation, and reconciliation with purchase orders and contracts.
Electronic invoicing and online payment options streamline the payment process, reducing
paperwork and improving cash flow management.
 Analytics and Reporting: E-procurement platforms provide data and analytics capabilities to track
and analyze procurement activities, supplier performance, spending patterns, and cost savings.
This helps in making data-driven decisions, identifying opportunities for cost reduction, and
improving procurement strategies.
Benefits of e-procurement include:
 Time and Cost Savings: E-procurement automates manual procurement tasks, reducing
administrative burden, eliminating paperwork, and saving time and costs associated with manual
processes.
 Improved Efficiency: Streamlining procurement processes and automating workflows improve
efficiency, reducing cycle times, and enhancing overall productivity.
 Enhanced Transparency and Compliance: E-procurement systems provide visibility into
procurement activities, ensuring transparency, audit trails, and compliance with procurement
policies and regulations.
 Supplier Collaboration: E-procurement fosters collaboration with suppliers, enabling better
communication, efficient bid management, and improved supplier performance management.
 Data-driven Decision Making: E-procurement platforms offer data analytics and reporting
capabilities, providing insights to optimize procurement strategies, negotiate better contracts, and
identify cost-saving opportunities.
Overall, e-procurement offers organizations a digital and streamlined approach to managing procurement
activities, resulting in improved efficiency, cost savings, transparency, and better supplier management.
E-procurement, like any other business process, comes with its own set of risks and impacts. Let's explore
some common risks associated with e-procurement and the potential impacts they can have:
Risks of E-procurement:
1. Security and Data Breaches: E-procurement systems involve the exchange of sensitive information
such as supplier data, purchase orders, and financial details. The risk of security breaches, hacking,
or unauthorized access to this data can lead to loss of sensitive information, financial fraud, or
reputational damage.
2. Supplier Reliability: Depending on e-procurement systems heavily relies on the reliability and
performance of suppliers. The risk of supplier non-compliance, failure to meet quality requirements,
or delayed delivery can disrupt supply chains, impact operations, and lead to customer
dissatisfaction.
3. Technology Infrastructure: E-procurement requires a robust and reliable technology infrastructure,
including hardware, software, and network connectivity. The risk of system failures, downtime, or
technical glitches can disrupt procurement processes, delay order placement, and impact
operational efficiency.
4. Compliance and Legal Issues: E-procurement must comply with various regulations, industry
standards, and legal requirements. The risk of non-compliance with regulations such as data
protection, privacy laws, or government procurement policies can result in penalties, legal disputes,
or damage to the organization's reputation.
5. Integration Challenges: Implementing e-procurement systems may require integration with existing
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems or other internal software. The risk of integration
 challenges, data inconsistencies, or compatibility issues between different systems can hamper the
smooth functioning of the procurement process.
Impacts of E-procurement:
1. Cost Savings: One of the primary benefits of e-procurement is cost savings. By automating manual
processes, reducing paperwork, and improving efficiency, organizations can achieve cost savings in
terms of reduced administrative costs, better contract management, and improved supplier
negotiations.
2. Improved Efficiency and Productivity: E-procurement streamlines the procurement process,
eliminates manual tasks, and enables faster decision-making. This leads to improved efficiency,
reduced cycle times, and increased productivity for procurement teams.
3. Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: E-procurement systems provide transparency into the
procurement process, making it easier to track and monitor activities. This leads to increased
accountability, better audit trails, and improved compliance with procurement policies and
regulations.
4. Supplier Relationship Management: E-procurement facilitates better supplier management and
collaboration. Organizations can easily evaluate supplier performance, track deliveries, and foster
stronger relationships with suppliers, leading to improved supplier quality, on-time delivery, and
better pricing.
5. Data Analytics and Reporting: E-procurement systems generate valuable data that can be analyzed
to gain insights into spending patterns, supplier performance, and cost-saving opportunities. This
enables data-driven decision-making, helps in identifying trends, and supports strategic
procurement planning.
6. Streamlined Procurement Process: E-procurement simplifies and standardizes the procurement
process, making it more efficient and consistent across the organization. This leads to better control
over procurement activities, reduced manual errors, and improved compliance with procurement
policies.
9. Internet
The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows for the transmission
and exchange of information. It enables individuals, organizations, and businesses to connect,
communicate, and access a vast range of resources and services. The internet has revolutionized various
aspects of society, including communication, information sharing, entertainment, and commerce.
Advantages of the Internet:
Global Connectivity: The internet provides global connectivity, allowing people from different parts of the
world to connect and communicate instantly. It enables businesses to reach a global audience, expanding
their market reach and customer base.
Information Access: The internet is a vast repository of information, providing easy access to a wide range
of resources, including websites, articles, research papers, and databases. It enables individuals and
businesses to gather information, conduct research, and stay updated on various topics.
Communication: The internet facilitates instant and cost-effective communication through various channels,
such as email, messaging apps, video conferencing, and social media platforms. It enables real-time
communication, collaboration, and interaction between individuals and businesses across geographical
boundaries.
E-commerce: The internet has played a significant role in the growth and development of e-commerce. It
provides a platform for businesses to showcase and sell their products or services online. E-commerce
platforms enable online transactions, order processing, and secure payment options, making it convenient
for customers to shop from anywhere at any time.
Convenience and Accessibility: The internet offers convenience and accessibility, allowing users to access
services, shop, and perform various tasks from the comfort of their homes or offices. It has eliminated
geographical barriers and time constraints, enabling 24/7 availability of information and services.
Cost Efficiency: The internet has significantly reduced the cost of communication and information sharing. It
enables businesses to advertise, market, and promote their products or services at a lower cost compared
to traditional advertising channels. It also reduces the cost of distribution and enables efficient supply chain
management.
Innovation and Collaboration: The internet has fostered innovation and collaboration by providing a platform
for sharing ideas, knowledge, and expertise. It has facilitated the growth of online communities, open-
source projects, and collaborative platforms that enable individuals and businesses to collaborate and work
together on various initiatives.
The internet and e-commerce are closely intertwined. E-commerce relies on the internet as its underlying
infrastructure to conduct online business activities. The internet enables businesses to establish an online
presence, showcase products or services, engage with customers, and facilitate online transactions. E-
commerce platforms and websites utilize the internet to reach customers, process orders, manage
inventory, and enable secure payment transactions. The internet has transformed the way businesses
operate and interact with customers, providing new opportunities for growth, efficiency, and global market
reach through e-commerce.

10. Security threats to e commerce

Security threats in e-commerce refer to the various risks and vulnerabilities that can compromise the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of online transactions and sensitive information. Here are some
common security threats in e-commerce:
 Data Breaches: Data breaches involve unauthorized access to sensitive customer information, such
as credit card details, personal identifiable information (PII), or login credentials. Hackers may
exploit vulnerabilities in e-commerce platforms, databases, or payment systems to gain access to
this information, leading to identity theft, fraud, or financial loss.
 Payment Card Fraud: E-commerce transactions often involve the use of credit or debit cards.
Payment card fraud occurs when attackers steal card information or use stolen card details to make
unauthorized purchases. This can happen through various methods, including phishing attacks,
skimming, or interception of card data during online transactions.
 Malware and Phishing Attacks: Malicious software (malware) and phishing attacks are prevalent in
e-commerce. Malware can infect e-commerce websites, compromise customer devices, or steal
sensitive information. Phishing attacks involve the use of deceptive emails or websites to trick users
into revealing their personal or financial information.
 Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks: DDoS attacks aim to overwhelm e-commerce
websites or servers with a flood of traffic, rendering them unavailable to legitimate users. This
disrupts online operations, causes loss of revenue, and impacts customer trust and satisfaction.
 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: In MitM attacks, attackers intercept and tamper with
communication between the customer and the e-commerce website. They can eavesdrop on
sensitive information, modify data, or redirect users to fraudulent websites. This can lead to
unauthorized transactions, data manipulation, or theft of sensitive information.
 Insider Threats: Insider threats involve individuals within an organization who misuse their access
privileges to steal or misuse customer information. This can include employees, contractors, or
partners who have authorized access to e-commerce systems or databases.
 Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Components: E-commerce websites often rely on third-party
components, such as content management systems, plugins, or payment gateways. If these
components have security vulnerabilities or are not regularly updated, they can become entry points
for attackers to exploit and gain unauthorized access.
 Social Engineering Attacks: Social engineering attacks involve manipulating individuals through
psychological tactics to reveal sensitive information or perform actions against their will. Attackers
may impersonate legitimate entities, use social media platforms, or employ other tactics to deceive
customers or employees.
 Supply Chain Attacks: E-commerce relies on a complex supply chain involving various vendors and
partners. Attackers may target vulnerabilities in the supply chain, such as compromised systems or
counterfeit products, to inject malicious code, steal data, or compromise the integrity of products or
services.
To mitigate these security threats, e-commerce businesses should implement robust security measures,
including:
 Secure website design and development practices
 Strong encryption and secure communication protocols
 Regular security assessments and vulnerability scanning
 Multi-factor authentication for user accounts
 Secure payment gateways and compliance with Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
(PCI DSS)
 Employee training and awareness programs on security best practices
 Regular monitoring and logging of system activities
 Prompt patching and updates of software and systems
 Implementation of firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and web application firewalls
 Periodic security audits and penetration testing.
By adopting these security measures, e-commerce businesses can enhance the protection of customer
data, ensure secure transactions, and build trust with their customers.
11. Cost of computer related crimes
The cost of computer-related crimes can be significant, both for individuals and organizations. These costs
can include financial losses, reputational damage, legal expenses, and the cost of implementing security
measures to prevent future incidents. Here are some key areas where costs can arise:
Financial Losses: Computer-related crimes, such as fraud, hacking, or data breaches, can result in direct
financial losses. This includes stolen funds, unauthorized transactions, or monetary damages resulting from
compromised systems or networks.
Legal and Regulatory Costs: Organizations may incur expenses related to legal actions, investigations, or
regulatory compliance. This can include hiring legal counsel, paying fines or penalties, or meeting legal
obligations following a security incident.
Remediation and Recovery: Recovering from a computer-related crime often requires investing in
remediation efforts, such as conducting forensic investigations, restoring compromised systems, and
implementing security enhancements. These costs can include hiring cybersecurity experts, purchasing
new hardware or software, or engaging external services.
Reputation and Brand Damage: Computer-related crimes can lead to reputational damage, loss of
customer trust, and negative public perception. Rebuilding a damaged reputation can be a long and costly
process, involving public relations efforts, marketing campaigns, and customer outreach initiatives.
Business Disruption: If a computer-related crime results in system or network downtime, organizations may
experience business disruption and lost productivity. This can impact revenue generation, customer
service, and overall operational efficiency.
Intellectual Property Theft: Theft of intellectual property, such as trade secrets, proprietary information, or
product designs, can result in significant financial losses. This includes the cost of lost competitive
advantage, research and development expenses, or the need to litigate against the perpetrators.
Data Breach Notification and Remediation: In the case of a data breach, organizations may incur costs
related to notifying affected individuals, providing credit monitoring services, or addressing potential legal
consequences. These expenses can add up, especially in cases where a large number of individuals are
impacted.
Employee Productivity Loss: Computer-related crimes can lead to a decrease in employee productivity as a
result of dealing with security incidents, implementing security measures, or attending security training
sessions. This productivity loss can have financial implications for organizations.
It's important to note that the cost of computer-related crimes can vary widely depending on the nature and
scale of the incident, the size and industry of the organization, and the specific circumstances involved. The
costs can range from thousands to millions of dollars, and in some cases, the impact may be immeasurable
due to intangible factors such as loss of customer trust or competitive advantage. It is crucial for
organizations to invest in robust cybersecurity measures and incident response plans to minimize the
potential costs associated with computer-related crimes.
12. Encryption in e commerce
Encryption is extensively used in e-commerce to secure sensitive data and ensure the confidentiality,
integrity, and authenticity of transactions. Here are some key areas where encryption is applied in e-
commerce:
Secure Communication: Encryption is used to establish secure communication channels between the client
(e.g., web browser) and the server hosting the e-commerce website. Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its
predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are commonly used protocols for encrypting data transmitted
over the internet. TLS/SSL encrypts the data exchanged between the client and the server, preventing
eavesdropping and unauthorized access to sensitive information.
Payment Card Transactions: Encryption is crucial in securing payment card transactions in e-commerce.
When a customer enters their payment card information during checkout, the card details are encrypted
before being transmitted to the payment processor or gateway. This encryption ensures that the card
details are protected during transmission and cannot be intercepted by attackers.
User Authentication: Encryption is employed to protect user authentication information, such as passwords,
during transmission. When a user enters their login credentials on an e-commerce website, the information
is encrypted before being transmitted to the server for verification. This prevents unauthorized individuals
from intercepting and obtaining sensitive user credentials.
Data Storage: Encryption is used to safeguard sensitive data stored in databases or on servers. E-
commerce platforms often encrypt customer information, such as personal details, addresses, and payment
card data, to prevent unauthorized access in the event of a data breach. Encryption ensures that even if an
attacker gains access to the stored data, they cannot decipher it without the decryption key.
Digital Signatures: Encryption is employed in the generation and verification of digital signatures. Digital
signatures use asymmetric encryption techniques, such as public-key cryptography, to provide data
integrity and authentication. A digital signature verifies the authenticity and integrity of digital documents,
ensuring that they have not been tampered with during transmission.
File and Document Encryption: Encryption is used to secure files and documents exchanged in e-
commerce transactions. This can include encrypting downloadable files, invoices, contracts, or any other
sensitive information shared between parties. Encryption protects the confidentiality of the files and ensures
that only authorized individuals can access them.
By incorporating encryption into various aspects of e-commerce, businesses can protect sensitive data,
mitigate the risks of data breaches and unauthorized access, and build trust with customers. It helps to
ensure that confidential information remains confidential and maintains the integrity and authenticity of
transactions, fostering a secure and reliable online shopping experience.
Encryption plays a crucial role in ensuring the confidentiality and security of data transmitted in e-
commerce transactions. It involves the use of cryptographic algorithms to convert plain text (unencrypted)
data into ciphertext (encrypted) form, making it unreadable to unauthorized parties. Here are some types of
encryption commonly used in e-commerce:
1. Symmetric Encryption: Symmetric encryption uses a single key to both encrypt and decrypt data.
The same secret key is shared between the sender and the recipient. This type of encryption is
efficient and fast, making it suitable for encrypting large amounts of data. However, it requires
secure key management and distribution methods.
2. Asymmetric Encryption: Asymmetric encryption, also known as public-key encryption, uses a pair of
keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key is freely available
and can be distributed widely, while the private key is kept secret by the recipient. Asymmetric
encryption provides secure communication without the need for secure key exchange. It is
commonly used for key distribution and digital signatures.
3. Hash Functions: Hash functions are used to ensure data integrity in e-commerce transactions. They
generate fixed-length hash values from input data, such as passwords or digital signatures. Hash
functions are one-way functions, meaning it is computationally infeasible to reverse-engineer the
original data from the hash value. They are used to verify data integrity and detect any tampering
during transmission.
4. Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): TLS and SSL are protocols that
provide secure communication over the internet. They use a combination of symmetric and
asymmetric encryption to establish a secure connection between the client and the server. TLS/SSL
ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data exchanged in e-commerce
transactions, protecting sensitive information such as credit card details.
5. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs create an encrypted tunnel between a user's device and a
remote server, providing a secure connection over an untrusted network. By encrypting data traffic,
VPNs protect e-commerce transactions and sensitive information from eavesdropping and
unauthorized access.
6. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): PKI is a system that manages the generation, distribution, and
revocation of digital certificates. Digital certificates are used to verify the authenticity and integrity of
communication between parties in e-commerce transactions. PKI relies on asymmetric encryption
and ensures the secure exchange of public keys.
The use of encryption in e-commerce provides several advantages, including:
 Confidentiality: Encryption ensures that sensitive data, such as credit card information, remains
confidential and unreadable to unauthorized individuals.
 Integrity: Encryption techniques, such as hash functions, help ensure the integrity of data by
detecting any unauthorized modifications or tampering during transmission.
 Authentication: Public-key encryption and digital certificates enable the verification of the identity
and authenticity of communication participants.
 Trust: The use of encryption technologies builds trust among customers, as it demonstrates a
commitment to protecting their sensitive information.
 Compliance: Encryption is often required to comply with data protection and privacy regulations,
such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
13. M commerce services and app classification
Mobile commerce, or m-commerce, refers to the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets,
to conduct commercial transactions. It has emerged as a significant component of e-commerce, enabling
users to engage in various services and activities conveniently through their mobile devices. Here are some
common m-commerce services:
Mobile Shopping: M-commerce enables users to browse and purchase products or services through mobile
applications or mobile-optimized websites. Users can shop for a wide range of items, compare prices, read
reviews, and make secure payments using mobile wallets or other payment methods.
Mobile Banking and Payments: Mobile banking services allow users to access their bank accounts, check
balances, transfer funds, pay bills, and perform other financial transactions directly from their mobile
devices. Mobile payment solutions, such as digital wallets, enable users to make secure and convenient
payments at physical stores, online merchants, or peer-to-peer transactions.
Mobile Ticketing: M-commerce facilitates ticket purchases for various events and transportation services.
Users can buy tickets for movies, concerts, sports events, and book flights, trains, or bus tickets directly
through mobile apps or mobile websites. Mobile tickets can be stored digitally on the device and easily
scanned or validated at the venue.
Mobile Coupons and Offers: M-commerce platforms often provide digital coupons, discounts, and
personalized offers based on user preferences and location. Users can receive and redeem these offers
through mobile apps or mobile websites, enhancing the convenience and cost savings in shopping.
Mobile Banking and Financial Services: M-commerce extends beyond basic banking services and includes
advanced financial services. This includes features like mobile money transfers, investment management,
loan applications, insurance services, and financial planning tools, all accessible through mobile apps.
Mobile Wallets: Mobile wallets allow users to store digital versions of credit cards, debit cards, loyalty cards,
and other payment methods securely on their mobile devices. These wallets facilitate seamless and secure
transactions, enabling users to make payments by simply tapping their devices or scanning QR codes.
Location-Based Services: M-commerce leverages location-based services to provide personalized and
contextually relevant information to users. This includes location-based advertising, proximity marketing,
location-based recommendations, and navigation services.
Mobile Food Ordering and Delivery: M-commerce services enable users to browse menus, place food
orders, and track deliveries through mobile apps. Users can conveniently order food from restaurants and
have it delivered to their preferred location.
Mobile Auctions and Marketplaces: M-commerce platforms provide mobile auction and marketplace
services, allowing users to buy and sell goods and services through mobile apps. Users can participate in
auctions, list products for sale, and engage in peer-to-peer transactions, expanding the reach of online
marketplaces.
Mobile Content and Entertainment: M-commerce includes the distribution and monetization of digital
content and entertainment services. This includes the purchase and download of mobile apps, games,
music, videos, e-books, and other digital media.
M-commerce services offer convenience, accessibility, and flexibility to users, enabling them to engage in
various commercial activities using their mobile devices anytime and anywhere. These services continue to
evolve and expand, driven by advancements in mobile technology and changing consumer preferences.
Mobile commerce (m-commerce) applications can be classified into various categories based on their
functionality and purpose. Here are some common classifications of m-commerce applications:
1. Mobile Shopping Applications: These applications allow users to browse, search, and purchase
products or services directly from their mobile devices. They provide a mobile-optimized interface,
product catalogs, secure payment options, and features such as personalized recommendations,
user reviews, and order tracking.
2. Mobile Payment Applications: These applications focus on facilitating mobile payments and financial
transactions. They provide secure and convenient methods for users to make payments, transfer
funds, pay bills, and manage their finances using mobile devices. Mobile payment applications may
utilize technologies like digital wallets, Near Field Communication (NFC), or Quick Response (QR)
codes.
3. Mobile Banking Applications: These applications enable users to access their bank accounts, check
balances, transfer funds, make payments, and perform other banking activities using their mobile
devices. They offer features such as account management, transaction history, ATM/branch
locators, and mobile check deposits.
4. Mobile Wallet Applications: These applications serve as digital wallets, allowing users to store their
payment card information, loyalty cards, coupons, and other credentials securely on their mobile
devices. Mobile wallet applications enable users to make contactless payments, redeem offers, and
access various financial services.
5. Mobile Ticketing Applications: These applications enable users to purchase, store, and manage
tickets for events, movies, concerts, transportation services (flights, trains, buses), and other
activities. Mobile ticketing applications often include features like QR code scanning, seat selection,
real-time updates, and digital ticket delivery.
6. Mobile Coupon and Discount Applications: These applications provide users with access to digital
coupons, discounts, and promotional offers from retailers, restaurants, and other businesses. Users
can redeem these offers directly from their mobile devices at participating merchants.
7. Mobile Auction and Marketplace Applications: These applications facilitate buying and selling
activities through mobile devices. Users can participate in auctions, list items for sale, communicate
with buyers/sellers, and complete transactions using mobile auction and marketplace applications.
 8. Mobile Food Delivery Applications: These applications allow users to order food from local
restaurants and have it delivered to their preferred location. Users can browse menus, place orders,
track deliveries, and make payments using mobile food delivery applications.
9. Mobile Travel and Booking Applications: These applications cater to the travel industry, enabling
users to book flights, hotels, rental cars, and other travel services. They provide features like
itinerary management, real-time flight updates, hotel reviews, and loyalty program integration.
10. Mobile Entertainment and Content Applications: These applications focus on delivering digital
entertainment content to users' mobile devices. They include mobile gaming apps, music and video
streaming services, e-book readers, and other forms of digital media consumption.

14. Mobile financial and entertainment services

Mobile financial services and mobile entertainment services are two distinct categories of mobile
applications that cater to users' financial and entertainment needs. Here's an overview of each:
Mobile Financial Services: Mobile financial services encompass a range of applications and features that
enable users to manage their finances, make transactions, and access various financial services using their
mobile devices. Some common mobile financial services include:
1. Mobile Banking: Users can access their bank accounts, check balances, transfer funds, pay bills,
and perform other banking activities through mobile banking applications provided by their banks.
2. Mobile Payments: Users can make payments for goods and services using mobile payment
applications or mobile wallets. These applications often support various payment methods, including
credit cards, debit cards, mobile wallets, and even cryptocurrencies.
3. Money Transfers: Mobile applications allow users to transfer money to other individuals or
businesses conveniently. This is particularly useful for peer-to-peer transactions, splitting bills, or
sending money to family and friends.
4. Mobile Wallets: Mobile wallet applications enable users to store digital versions of their payment
cards, loyalty cards, and other credentials securely on their mobile devices. Users can make
payments by simply tapping their devices or scanning QR codes.
5. Mobile Investment and Trading: Users can access investment platforms and trading applications
through their mobile devices. They can monitor market trends, buy and sell stocks, manage
portfolios, and receive real-time market updates.
6. Mobile Insurance: Mobile insurance applications provide users with access to their insurance
policies, claims management, premium payments, and other insurance-related services. Users can
submit claims, track their status, and communicate with insurance providers.
Mobile Entertainment Services: Mobile entertainment services focus on delivering digital content and
entertainment experiences to users through their mobile devices. These services offer various forms of
entertainment and content consumption options. Some common mobile entertainment services include:
1. Mobile Gaming: Mobile gaming applications allow users to play a wide range of games, including
casual games, puzzle games, multiplayer games, and augmented reality (AR) games.
2. Music and Video Streaming: Users can access music streaming applications to listen to their
favorite songs and discover new music. Video streaming applications offer on-demand access to
movies, TV shows, web series, and other video content.
3. E-Books and Digital Reading: Mobile applications provide users with access to digital books and
reading materials. Users can download and read e-books, magazines, newspapers, and other
written content.
4. Podcasts and Audio Streaming: Mobile applications dedicated to podcasts and audio streaming
services allow users to explore and listen to podcasts, audiobooks, radio shows, and other audio
content.
5. Social Media and Content Sharing: Mobile applications provide users with access to social media
platforms for connecting with friends, sharing updates, and consuming user-generated content.
6. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Mobile applications offer immersive VR and AR
experiences, allowing users to engage with virtual worlds, games, and interactive content.
Mobile financial and entertainment services have become an integral part of users' daily lives, offering
convenience, accessibility, and personalized experiences. These services continue to evolve with
advancements in mobile technology, providing users with enhanced features and a seamless user
experience.
15. how wlan 3g or 4g affect m commerce
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), 3G, and 4G are all wireless technologies that play a significant role
in facilitating mobile commerce (m-commerce) by providing connectivity to mobile devices. Here's how
each of these technologies affects m-commerce:
WLAN (Wi-Fi): WLAN allows mobile devices to connect to the internet wirelessly within the coverage area
of a Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi provides high-speed data transfer and is commonly used in public places, homes,
and businesses. WLAN enhances m-commerce by offering fast and reliable internet access, which is
crucial for activities such as mobile shopping, mobile banking, and accessing mobile applications. Users
can connect to Wi-Fi networks to browse product catalogs, make online purchases, conduct financial
transactions, and stream content without relying solely on cellular data networks.
3G (Third Generation): 3G is a mobile communication technology that provides internet connectivity to
mobile devices. It offers faster data transfer rates compared to older technologies like 2G and enables
reliable mobile internet access. 3G plays a vital role in m-commerce by providing users with access to
online shopping platforms, mobile banking services, and other m-commerce applications. Users can
browse product listings, perform financial transactions, and access mobile services while on the go using
3G connectivity.
4G (Fourth Generation): 4G is an advanced mobile communication technology that offers even higher data
transfer speeds and improved network capacity compared to 3G. 4G networks, also known as LTE (Long-
Term Evolution), provide faster and more reliable connectivity, enabling seamless access to m-commerce
services. With 4G, users can enjoy smoother browsing, faster downloads, and improved performance when
using mobile shopping applications, mobile banking services, and other m-commerce platforms. The
enhanced network capabilities of 4G contribute to a more responsive and satisfying m-commerce
experience.
16. how is mobile entertainment related to m commerce
Mobile entertainment and mobile commerce (m-commerce) are related in the sense that both are part of
the broader ecosystem of mobile applications and services that cater to users' needs and preferences on
their mobile devices. While they serve different purposes, there are connections and overlaps between the
two. Here's how mobile entertainment is related to m-commerce:
Revenue Generation: Mobile entertainment, such as gaming applications or music/video streaming
services, often relies on monetization strategies to generate revenue. This can involve various forms of m-
commerce, such as in-app purchases, subscriptions, or advertising. Users may be able to purchase virtual
goods, unlock premium content, or access additional features within mobile entertainment applications
through m-commerce transactions.
Cross-Promotion: Mobile entertainment and m-commerce services can engage in cross-promotion activities
to expand their user base and increase user engagement. For example, a music streaming service might
partner with an e-commerce platform to offer exclusive discounts or promotional offers on merchandise
related to the artists or songs being streamed. This collaboration benefits both the entertainment service
and the e-commerce platform by driving user traffic and sales.
In-App Advertising: Mobile entertainment applications often incorporate advertising as a means of
generating revenue. This can include ads displayed within games, video ads played before or during
content streaming, or sponsored content within entertainment apps. Advertisers may use m-commerce data
and targeting strategies to deliver relevant and personalized advertisements to mobile entertainment users.
Content Discovery and Recommendations: Mobile entertainment platforms can leverage m-commerce data
and algorithms to provide personalized content recommendations and discovery features. By analyzing
user preferences, viewing habits, and purchasing behavior, mobile entertainment services can suggest
relevant content, products, or services that align with users' interests. This personalized recommendation
approach can lead to increased engagement and potentially drive m-commerce transactions.
Integrated Shopping Experiences: Some mobile entertainment applications may integrate shopping
experiences directly within the app. For example, a music streaming app might provide links or
recommendations to purchase concert tickets, merchandise, or albums from within the app itself. This
integration allows users to seamlessly transition from entertainment to making purchases, creating a unified
and convenient experience.
It's important to note that while there are connections between mobile entertainment and m-commerce, not
all mobile entertainment services directly involve m-commerce transactions. Some mobile entertainment
applications may rely solely on advertising revenue or other monetization models rather than facilitating
direct transactions. Nonetheless, the integration of mobile entertainment and m-commerce elements can
enhance user experiences, provide additional revenue streams, and create new opportunities for
businesses operating in these domains.
17. What is ssl and how it is used for transact
SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, which is a cryptographic protocol used to establish secure and
encrypted communication between a client and a server over a network. SSL has been succeeded by the
newer Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, but the term SSL is still commonly used to refer to the
security protocols used in website encryption.
SSL/TLS protocols ensure secure communication by encrypting the data exchanged between a client (such
as a web browser) and a server (such as a website). This encryption helps protect sensitive information
from being intercepted and accessed by unauthorized parties.
Here's a brief overview of how SSL works:
1. Handshake: The SSL handshake is the initial process where the client and server establish a
secure connection. During the handshake, the client and server agree on a mutually supported
SSL/TLS version and cryptographic algorithms. They also exchange digital certificates for
authentication.
2. Authentication: SSL/TLS uses digital certificates to verify the authenticity of the server and,
optionally, the client. The server presents its digital certificate, which is issued by a trusted
Certificate Authority (CA). The client verifies the certificate to ensure it is valid and issued by a
trusted CA. This authentication step helps establish trust between the client and the server.
3. Encryption: After the handshake and authentication, SSL/TLS establishes an encrypted connection
between the client and server. All data exchanged between the client and server is encrypted using
symmetric encryption algorithms. This ensures that even if the data is intercepted, it cannot be read
without the decryption key.
4. Data Transfer: Once the SSL/TLS connection is established, the client and server can securely
exchange data. All data, including sensitive information like login credentials, credit card numbers,
or personal data, is encrypted and protected from eavesdropping or tampering during transmission.
The use of SSL/TLS provides several advantages in terms of security and privacy for online transactions:
1. Data Confidentiality: SSL/TLS encryption ensures that the data exchanged between the client and
server remains confidential and cannot be deciphered by unauthorized parties.
2. Data Integrity: SSL/TLS verifies the integrity of data during transmission, preventing any tampering
or modification of data by third parties.
3. Authentication and Trust: SSL/TLS employs digital certificates to authenticate the server's identity,
providing assurance to the client that they are communicating with the intended and legitimate
server.
4. Trustworthiness: Websites that use SSL/TLS and display a valid SSL/TLS certificate create a sense
of trust and credibility among users, as they can verify the security of the connection.
The SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol, which has been succeeded by the TLS (Transport Layer
Security) protocol, is commonly used to secure transactions over the internet. Here's how SSL/TLS is used
for transactions:
Establishing a Secure Connection: When a client (such as a web browser) initiates a transaction with a
server (such as a website), SSL/TLS is used to establish a secure connection between them. The client
sends a request to the server to initiate the SSL/TLS handshake process.
Server Authentication: During the SSL/TLS handshake, the server presents its digital certificate to the
client. The certificate is issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA) and contains information such as the
server's public key, the server's domain name, and the CA's digital signature. The client verifies the
certificate to ensure it is valid and trusted. This step provides authentication and assures the client that it is
communicating with the legitimate server.
Client Authentication (Optional): In some cases, the server may request client authentication. This means
that the client needs to present its own digital certificate to the server, proving its identity. Client
authentication is often used in scenarios where the server requires additional security measures, such as
accessing sensitive information or performing high-value transactions.
Encryption of Data: Once the client and server have completed the SSL/TLS handshake and mutually
agreed upon a shared encryption algorithm, they begin encrypting the data exchanged during the
transaction. All data transmitted between the client and server is encrypted, ensuring its confidentiality and
protecting it from eavesdropping.
Data Integrity and Tamper Protection: SSL/TLS also ensures data integrity, meaning that the data
exchanged during the transaction cannot be modified or tampered with without detection. Each transmitted
message is protected by a message authentication code (MAC) that verifies its integrity upon receipt.
Secure Transaction: With the SSL/TLS connection established and the data encrypted and authenticated,
the client and server can proceed with the transaction securely. This can involve various activities, such as
submitting personal information, making online purchases, transferring funds, or accessing secure services.
By using SSL/TLS for transactions, the sensitive information exchanged between the client and server is
protected from interception, unauthorized access, and tampering. SSL/TLS provides a secure
communication channel, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the transaction data. This
is essential for maintaining trust and security in online transactions, particularly in e-commerce, online
banking, and other applications that involve the exchange of sensitive information.
18. Ways to protect online web operations from hacker
Protecting online web operations from hackers requires a multi-layered approach that includes various
security measures. Here are some effective ways to enhance the security of online web operations:
Strong Authentication: Implement strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication
(MFA) or biometric authentication, to ensure that only authorized individuals can access sensitive areas of
the website or perform critical operations.
Regular Software Updates: Keep all software, including the operating system, web server, content
management system (CMS), and plugins, up to date with the latest security patches. Regularly apply
software updates to address known vulnerabilities and reduce the risk of exploitation by hackers.
Secure Password Practices: Enforce strong password policies for user accounts, including requirements for
complex passwords, regular password changes, and preventing the reuse of passwords. Encourage the
use of password managers to promote secure password management.
Web Application Firewalls (WAF): Implement a web application firewall to protect against common web
application attacks, such as cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, and cross-site request forgery
(CSRF). A WAF can monitor and filter incoming web traffic, blocking malicious requests and protecting
against known attack patterns.
Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS): Use SSL/TLS certificates to enable secure
encrypted communication between the web server and clients. SSL/TLS helps prevent data interception
and tampering during transmission, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information.
Regular Security Audits and Penetration Testing: Conduct regular security audits and penetration tests to
identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the web application and infrastructure. Address any identified
issues promptly to minimize the risk of exploitation by hackers.
User Input Validation: Implement strict input validation and sanitization techniques to prevent common
attacks like code injection, SQL injection, and cross-site scripting. Validate and sanitize all user-supplied
data to ensure it does not contain malicious code or commands.
Access Control and Authorization: Implement proper access control mechanisms to restrict access to
sensitive areas of the website or critical operations. Regularly review and update access privileges to
ensure that only authorized individuals have appropriate permissions.
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Deploy IDS/IPS solutions to monitor network traffic,
detect suspicious activities, and block potential attacks in real-time. These systems can help identify and
respond to attacks promptly, minimizing the damage caused by hackers.
Employee Training and Awareness: Educate employees about safe computing practices, the risks of
phishing attacks, social engineering, and other common tactics used by hackers. Regularly conduct
security awareness training to keep employees informed about the latest threats and best practices for
maintaining security.
It's important to note that security is an ongoing process, and it requires continuous monitoring, updating,
and adaptation to address new threats and vulnerabilities. By implementing a combination of these security
measures and staying vigilant, you can significantly enhance the protection of online web operations from
hackers.
19. Implementation challenges in m commerce
Implementing m-commerce (mobile commerce) can present several challenges that need to be addressed
to ensure a successful deployment. Some of the common implementation challenges in m-commerce
include:
Device Fragmentation: The wide range of mobile devices with different screen sizes, operating systems,
and capabilities creates challenges in developing mobile applications that are compatible with various
devices. Developers need to consider these differences and optimize the user experience across different
devices and platforms.
User Experience Design: Designing a user-friendly and intuitive mobile interface poses challenges due to
the limited screen size and input methods of mobile devices. Creating a seamless and engaging user
experience on small screens while accommodating the specific needs of mobile users is crucial for m-
commerce success.
Network Connectivity and Speed: M-commerce relies on mobile networks for communication, and the
quality and availability of network connectivity can vary. Poor network coverage, slow data speeds, or
network congestion can impact the performance of mobile applications and the overall user experience.
Ensuring smooth and reliable connectivity is essential.
Security and Privacy: Mobile devices are susceptible to various security threats, such as data breaches,
unauthorized access, malware, and phishing attacks. Implementing robust security measures, including
encryption, secure authentication, and data protection, is critical to protect sensitive user information and
build trust in m-commerce transactions.
Payment Integration: Enabling secure and convenient mobile payment options is essential for m-
commerce. Integrating different payment gateways, ensuring payment security, and providing a seamless
checkout process across various mobile platforms and devices can be complex.
Infrastructure and Backend Systems: M-commerce requires a robust backend infrastructure to handle
mobile traffic, process transactions, and manage inventory. Scalability, performance, and reliability are
crucial considerations when implementing the necessary backend systems to support m-commerce
operations.
Regulatory Compliance: M-commerce operations need to comply with applicable laws and regulations
related to data protection, privacy, consumer rights, and financial transactions. Compliance with these
regulations adds complexity and requires ongoing monitoring and adherence.
Marketing and User Acquisition: Promoting mobile applications, acquiring and retaining users, and standing
out in a competitive mobile market can be challenging. Effective marketing strategies, user acquisition
techniques, and customer engagement approaches are crucial for the success of m-commerce ventures.
Legacy Systems Integration: Integrating m-commerce with existing backend systems, such as inventory
management, order processing, and customer relationship management, can be complex. Ensuring
compatibility and seamless data exchange between new mobile systems and legacy infrastructure is a
significant implementation challenge.
Cultural and Behavioral Shifts: M-commerce may require a shift in consumer behavior and cultural
acceptance of mobile transactions. Educating and convincing consumers about the benefits, security, and
convenience of m-commerce can be a challenge, particularly in regions or demographics with limited
exposure to mobile technologies.
Overcoming these implementation challenges requires careful planning, collaboration between
stakeholders, and leveraging the expertise of mobile technology providers. A thorough understanding of
user needs, market dynamics, and technological considerations is essential to address these challenges
effectively and create a successful m-commerce ecosystem.
20. eCRM
eCRM stands for Electronic Customer Relationship Management. It refers to the use of electronic channels
and technologies to manage and enhance customer relationships. eCRM involves the application of CRM
principles and strategies in the digital realm, leveraging various digital tools and platforms to interact with
customers, collect and analyze customer data, and personalize customer experiences. eCRM
encompasses the use of email marketing, social media, websites, mobile applications, and other digital
channels to engage with customers and provide personalized and timely communication.
Key elements of eCRM include:
1. Customer Data Management: eCRM involves the collection, storage, and management of customer
data, including contact information, purchase history, preferences, and behavior. This data is
typically stored in a centralized customer database, allowing businesses to have a holistic view of
their customers.
2. Customer Interaction and Engagement: eCRM facilitates customer interaction through various
digital channels, such as email, chat, social media, and mobile applications. These channels allow
businesses to communicate with customers, provide support, and gather feedback.
3. Personalization and Customization: eCRM enables businesses to personalize their interactions with
customers based on their preferences and past behavior. This can include personalized
recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and tailored offers.
4. Customer Analytics: eCRM involves the use of data analytics to gain insights into customer
behavior, trends, and preferences. By analyzing customer data, businesses can identify patterns,
segment their customer base, and make informed decisions to improve marketing strategies and
customer experiences.
5. Automation and Workflow Management: eCRM systems often incorporate automation features to
streamline processes and improve efficiency. This can include automated email campaigns,
customer service workflows, and lead management.
Benefits of eCRM:
 Improved customer satisfaction: eCRM allows businesses to better understand their customers'
needs and preferences, enabling personalized interactions and improved customer service.
 Enhanced customer loyalty and retention: By building stronger relationships with customers and
providing personalized experiences, businesses can increase customer loyalty and retention rates.
 Increased sales and revenue: With better customer insights and targeted marketing campaigns,
eCRM can lead to increased sales and revenue generation.
 Improved efficiency: eCRM automates and streamlines processes, reducing manual effort and
improving overall efficiency in managing customer relationships.
  Data-driven decision making: eCRM provides businesses with valuable customer data and
analytics, enabling data-driven decision making and strategic planning.
Challenges of eCRM:
 Data security and privacy: Managing and securing customer data is a significant concern in eCRM,
requiring robust security measures to protect customer information.
 Integration and compatibility: Integrating eCRM systems with existing technologies and legacy
systems can be challenging, requiring compatibility and seamless data exchange.
 Skills and expertise: Implementing and managing eCRM systems requires skilled personnel who
understand the technology and can leverage it effectively.
 Information overload: With vast amounts of customer data available, there is a risk of information
overload. Businesses need to focus on relevant data and use analytics to derive meaningful
insights.
Overall, eCRM provides businesses with valuable tools and strategies to enhance customer relationships
and drive business growth in the digital age.
21. Television based shopping
Television-based shopping, also known as TV shopping or teleshopping, is a form of retail where products
are demonstrated, promoted, and sold directly to viewers through television broadcasts. It is a type of
electronic retailing (e-commerce) that combines the visual appeal of television advertising with the
convenience of home shopping. TV shopping typically involves dedicated channels or specific time slots on
existing channels, where products are showcased and offered for purchase.
Here's how television-based shopping works:
1. Product Demonstration: During a TV shopping program, a host or presenter showcases and
demonstrates various products to the viewers. The presenter highlights the features, benefits, and
usage of each product, creating an interactive shopping experience.
2. Live Broadcasts: In many cases, TV shopping programs are broadcasted live, allowing viewers to
call in or place orders in real-time as they watch the show. This creates a sense of urgency and
interactivity, encouraging viewers to make immediate purchases.
3. Toll-Free Numbers and Websites: TV shopping channels provide toll-free phone numbers or
website URLs for viewers to place orders. Customers can call the provided number or visit the
website to purchase the products they are interested in.
4. Special Deals and Promotions: TV shopping often includes special deals, discounts, and time-
limited offers to entice viewers to make a purchase during the broadcast. This marketing tactic is
known as "call to action" advertising.
5. Multiple Payment Options: Customers can choose from various payment methods, including
credit/debit cards, online payment gateways, and cash-on-delivery (COD) in some regions.
6. Product Delivery: After customers place their orders, the purchased products are shipped to their
provided address. Delivery times may vary depending on the location and the company's shipping
policies.
Advantages of Television-based Shopping:
1. Product Demonstration: TV shopping allows customers to see the products in action and
understand their features and benefits before making a purchase.
2. Convenience: Viewers can shop from the comfort of their homes without the need to visit physical
stores.
3. Real-time Interaction: Live TV shopping programs enable viewers to ask questions and receive
immediate responses from the hosts, enhancing the shopping experience.
4. Informative: TV shopping programs provide detailed information about products, helping customers
make informed purchase decisions.
Disadvantages of Television-based Shopping:
1. Limited Interactivity: Although viewers can interact with hosts during live broadcasts, TV shopping
lacks the interactive elements and user experience of online shopping.
2. Impulse Purchases: The sense of urgency and special deals may lead to impulse buying, where
customers make quick purchasing decisions without thorough consideration.
3. Shipping and Delivery Time: Customers may need to wait for the products to be delivered, which
can take some time depending on the location.
4. Limited Variety: TV shopping channels may have a limited selection of products compared to online
stores.
22. Information superhighway
The term "Information Superhighway" refers to a concept that emerged in the 1990s to describe a global
network infrastructure that facilitates the rapid exchange and dissemination of information. It is often used
as a metaphorical term to describe the digital communication and information systems that enable the fast
and widespread distribution of data, communication, and services.
The concept of the Information Superhighway encompasses various technologies and networks, including
the internet, telecommunications networks, fiber-optic cables, satellite systems, and other digital
infrastructure. It represents the interconnectedness of these networks, allowing for the efficient flow of
information across different geographical locations.
Here are some key characteristics and aspects associated with the Information Superhighway:
Internet Connectivity: The internet plays a central role in the Information Superhighway. It provides the
foundation for global connectivity, enabling individuals, organizations, and governments to access and
share information and services.
High-Speed Data Transmission: The Information Superhighway emphasizes fast and efficient data
transmission capabilities. It leverages advanced technologies like fiber-optic cables and broadband
connections to ensure quick and reliable data transfer.
Multimedia Capabilities: The Information Superhighway supports the transmission of various forms of
media, including text, images, audio, and video content. It enables the seamless delivery of multimedia-rich
applications, such as streaming services, online gaming, and video conferencing.
Global Connectivity: The Information Superhighway connects users and systems from around the world. It
transcends geographical boundaries, allowing for international collaboration, communication, and access to
global information resources.
Accessible Information: The Information Superhighway aims to make information and resources readily
available to users. It enables quick and easy access to vast amounts of information, including online
databases, digital libraries, websites, and other online resources.
E-Commerce and Online Services: The Information Superhighway has revolutionized commerce and
service delivery. It has paved the way for e-commerce platforms, online banking, digital payment systems,
and various online services, making transactions and interactions more convenient and efficient.
Social Connectivity: The Information Superhighway has transformed social interactions and
communication. Social media platforms, messaging apps, and online communities have become integral
parts of the digital landscape, connecting people across the globe.
The concept of the Information Superhighway has greatly influenced the development of modern
communication and information technologies. It has shaped the way we access and share information,
conduct business, communicate, and engage with the digital world. It continues to evolve as new
technologies and advancements emerge, expanding the possibilities for information exchange and
connectivity.
23. Cyber cash model
The Cyber Cash model, also known as the electronic cash model, is a concept that refers to the use of
digital currencies or electronic payment systems for online transactions. It involves the transfer of funds
from a buyer to a seller over computer networks, enabling secure and convenient online payments. The
Cyber Cash model aims to replicate the functionality of physical cash in the digital realm.
Here's how the Cyber Cash model works:
1. Digital Currency Issuance: In the Cyber Cash model, a digital currency or electronic cash is issued
by a trusted authority, such as a financial institution or a central bank. This digital currency
represents a certain value and can be used for online transactions.
2. Digital Wallets: Users who wish to make online payments create digital wallets, which are software
applications or platforms that store their digital currency. Digital wallets typically contain information
such as the user's digital currency balance and encryption keys for secure transactions.
3. Payment Authorization: When a user wants to make a purchase, their digital wallet authorizes the
payment by digitally signing the transaction using cryptographic techniques. This ensures the
integrity and security of the transaction.
4. Payment Transmission: The authorized payment is transmitted over a computer network, such as
the internet, to the recipient or the seller. The payment includes the necessary information, such as
the amount and the sender's digital signature.
5. Payment Verification: The recipient's system verifies the digital signature and the authenticity of the
payment. This step ensures that the payment has not been tampered with and comes from the
legitimate sender.
6. Payment Settlement: Once the payment is verified, the recipient's system completes the transaction
by crediting the seller's account with the received digital currency. This settlement process may
involve updating account balances and transaction records.
Advantages of the Cyber Cash model:
1. Convenience: The Cyber Cash model allows for quick and convenient online payments without the
need for physical cash or traditional payment methods.
 2. Security: Digital currencies in the Cyber Cash model employ encryption and authentication
techniques to ensure secure and tamper-resistant transactions.
3. Global Accessibility: The use of digital currencies enables online payments to be conducted
globally, overcoming geographical boundaries and enabling cross-border transactions.
4. Reduced Transaction Costs: Digital payments in the Cyber Cash model can eliminate the need for
physical cash handling, reducing transaction costs associated with cash handling and
transportation.
Disadvantages and Challenges of the Cyber Cash model:
1. Adoption and Acceptance: The widespread adoption and acceptance of digital currencies and the
Cyber Cash model by merchants, financial institutions, and consumers may present challenges due
to concerns about security, trust, and regulatory issues.
2. Privacy and Anonymity: While digital currencies offer some degree of privacy, there can be
concerns about potential misuse, such as money laundering or illegal activities.
3. Infrastructure and Technical Requirements: The Cyber Cash model requires the development and
maintenance of secure digital payment infrastructure, including digital wallets, secure networks, and
encryption mechanisms.
4. System Vulnerabilities: The use of digital currencies and online transactions exposes users to the
risk of cyber threats, such as hacking, fraud, or theft of digital currency.
Overall, the Cyber Cash model represents a digital alternative to traditional cash transactions, enabling
secure and efficient online payments. While it offers several advantages, the widespread adoption and
acceptance of digital currencies require addressing technical, security, and regulatory challenges.
24. Edi vs internet
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and the Internet are both technologies used for electronic communication
and data exchange, but they have some key differences. Here's a comparison between EDI and the
Internet:
Purpose:
EDI: EDI is primarily designed for structured and standardized business-to-business (B2B) data exchange.
It focuses on the automated exchange of structured business documents, such as purchase orders,
invoices, and shipping notices, between trading partners.
Internet: The Internet is a global network that facilitates various types of communication, information
exchange, and services. It is a broader platform that enables not only B2B transactions but also a wide
range of activities, including communication, entertainment, social networking, and e-commerce.
Communication Protocol:
EDI: EDI typically uses proprietary communication protocols and formats that are specific to EDI systems.
These protocols ensure secure and reliable transmission of structured business data between trading
partners.
Internet: The Internet uses open standards and protocols, such as TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP, which
allow for communication across different platforms and devices. It enables the exchange of various types of
data, including text, images, audio, and video, using standardized protocols.
Data Format:
EDI: EDI uses structured and standardized formats, such as ANSI X12, EDIFACT, or XML, for representing
business documents. These formats define specific data elements, segments, and transaction sets that
follow a predefined syntax and structure.
Internet: The Internet supports various data formats, including plain text, HTML, XML, JSON, and
multimedia formats. It allows for more flexible data representation and supports a wide range of
applications and services.
Trading Partner Relationships:
EDI: EDI is typically used in established B2B relationships where trading partners have predefined
agreements and formats for data exchange. It requires prior setup and coordination between partners to
establish communication channels and data mapping.
Internet: The Internet enables communication and data exchange between a wide range of entities,
including individuals, businesses, organizations, and machines. It allows for both established relationships
and ad-hoc interactions.
Security:
EDI: EDI systems often incorporate security measures such as encryption, authentication, and audit trails
to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation of data exchanged between trading partners.
Internet: The Internet provides various security mechanisms, including encryption, secure protocols
(HTTPS, SFTP), firewalls, and authentication mechanisms, to protect data and communications. However,
security measures may vary depending on the specific applications and services used.
Accessibility:
EDI: EDI systems typically require dedicated software and infrastructure, and they are commonly used
within closed networks or private value chains. Access to EDI systems is limited to authorized trading
partners.
Internet: The Internet is a public network accessible to anyone with an internet connection. It allows for
global connectivity and access to a vast range of online resources, services, and information.
In summary, EDI and the Internet have different focuses and characteristics. EDI is primarily designed for
structured B2B data exchange, while the Internet is a broader platform that enables various forms of
communication, services, and information exchange. EDI has specific protocols and formats for
standardized data exchange between trading partners, while the Internet uses open standards and
supports multiple data formats. Both technologies have their specific use cases and advantages depending
on the requirements of the business or communication needs.
25. Online buying process
The online buying process, also known as the e-commerce buying process, refers to the series of steps
that a consumer typically goes through when making a purchase online. It involves browsing and selecting
products or services, adding them to the virtual shopping cart, proceeding to checkout, and completing the
transaction. Here's a breakdown of the online buying process:
Product Research and Selection:
Step 1: Identify Need or Desire: The process begins when the consumer identifies a need or desire for a
particular product or service.
Step 2: Research and Comparison: The consumer conducts online research to gather information about
different products, brands, features, prices, and customer reviews. They compare options to make an
informed decision.
Adding to Cart:
Step 3: Select Product: The consumer selects the desired product or service and clicks on the "Add to Cart"
button. The selected item is then added to their virtual shopping cart.
Checkout Process:
Step 4: View Cart: The consumer reviews the items in their shopping cart, checks the quantity and prices,
and can make changes if necessary.
Step 5: Proceed to Checkout: The consumer clicks on the "Checkout" button to proceed to the checkout
process.
Step 6: Account Creation/ Login: The consumer may be required to create an account or log in to an
existing account to provide shipping information and payment details.
Step 7: Shipping Address: The consumer provides the shipping address for the delivery of the purchased
product or service.
Step 8: Payment Method: The consumer selects a preferred payment method, such as credit card, debit
card, PayPal, or other online payment options.
Step 9: Review Order: The consumer has an opportunity to review the order details, including the items,
quantities, shipping information, and total cost.
Step 10: Place Order: The consumer confirms the order by clicking on the "Place Order" button, indicating
their willingness to proceed with the purchase.
Order Fulfillment:
Step 11: Order Confirmation: The consumer receives an order confirmation that includes a summary of the
purchase, an order number, and estimated delivery or pickup details.
Step 12: Payment Authorization: The payment is processed and authorized by the chosen payment
method.
Step 13: Order Processing: The online retailer processes the order, prepares the product for shipping, or
initiates any necessary services.
Step 14: Shipping and Delivery: The product is shipped or the service is provided to the specified shipping
address. The consumer may receive shipment tracking information for monitoring the delivery status.
Step 15: Receipt and Feedback: The consumer receives the purchased product or service. They may
provide feedback or reviews on the shopping experience or the product itself.
It's important to note that the specific steps and details may vary depending on the e-commerce platform,
the retailer's website, and the nature of the product or service being purchased. The process outlined
above provides a general framework for the online buying process.
26. Ssl vs http vs https
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) are both protocols used in web
communication, while HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a combination of both. Here's a
comparison between SSL, HTTP, and HTTPS:
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
 HTTP is the protocol used for transmitting and receiving information on the World Wide Web.
  It is the foundation of data communication for websites, allowing browsers to retrieve web pages
from web servers.
 HTTP operates over plain text, meaning the data exchanged between the client (web browser) and
the server is not encrypted.
 It lacks security measures, making it vulnerable to interception and tampering by attackers.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer):
 SSL is a cryptographic protocol designed to secure the communication between web servers and
web browsers.
 It provides encryption and authentication mechanisms to ensure secure transmission of data over
the internet.
 SSL uses public-key encryption to establish a secure connection between the client and the server.
 It encrypts the data transmitted between the client and the server, protecting it from unauthorized
access and tampering.
 SSL operates at the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):
 HTTPS is a combination of HTTP and SSL (or its successor TLS, Transport Layer Security).
 It uses SSL/TLS protocols to encrypt the communication between the client and the server,
providing a secure version of HTTP.
 HTTPS uses an SSL/TLS certificate installed on the server to establish a secure connection and
verify the authenticity of the server.
 It encrypts the data exchanged between the client and the server, protecting it from eavesdropping,
tampering, and data theft.
 Websites using HTTPS are indicated by a padlock icon in the browser's address bar.
In summary, HTTP is the standard protocol for web communication but lacks security features. SSL is a
cryptographic protocol that provides encryption and authentication to secure the communication. HTTPS is
a secure version of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS protocols to encrypt the data exchanged between the client
and the server. HTTPS ensures that sensitive information, such as login credentials, payment details, and
personal data, is transmitted securely over the internet.
27. Vpn securing transaction
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) can fulfill the corporate need for secure transactions by providing a secure
and encrypted connection between remote users or offices and the corporate network. Here's how a VPN
achieves secure transactions:
Encryption: VPNs use encryption algorithms to secure the data transmitted between the user's device and
the corporate network. This encryption ensures that even if the data is intercepted, it is unreadable and
unusable to unauthorized individuals. Common encryption protocols used in VPNs include SSL/TLS, IPsec,
and OpenVPN.
Tunneling: VPNs create a secure tunnel through which data is transmitted between the user's device and
the corporate network. This tunnel encapsulates the data in a secure packet, protecting it from interception
or tampering. The encrypted data is decrypted at the corporate network, ensuring that it remains secure
during transit.
Authentication: VPNs employ various authentication methods to verify the identity of users and ensure that
only authorized individuals can access the corporate network. This can include username/password
authentication, digital certificates, two-factor authentication, or other secure authentication mechanisms.
Authentication prevents unauthorized access to the network and safeguards against potential attacks.
Secure Remote Access: VPNs enable remote users or branch offices to securely access the corporate
network over the internet. Employees can connect to the VPN using their devices (laptops, smartphones,
tablets) from anywhere, providing a secure channel for accessing corporate resources, files, applications,
and databases. This eliminates the need for employees to rely on insecure public networks when accessing
sensitive corporate information.
Data Privacy: VPNs ensure data privacy by keeping all communication within the encrypted tunnel. This
protects sensitive corporate data from being exposed to external entities or potential eavesdropping. With a
VPN, data transmitted between remote users and the corporate network remains confidential and private.
Firewall Bypass: VPNs can also help bypass restrictive firewalls or network restrictions imposed by ISPs
(Internet Service Providers) or public Wi-Fi networks. By encrypting the data and encapsulating it within the
VPN tunnel, VPNs allow users to access the internet and corporate resources even in locations with strict
network policies.
By implementing a VPN, corporate organizations can establish a secure and private network environment
for their employees, ensuring that transactions, communications, and data exchanges are protected from
unauthorized access, interception, and tampering. It provides a reliable solution for secure remote access,
ensuring that sensitive corporate information remains secure even when accessed from external networks
or remote locations.
28. Digital currency
Digital currency, also known as cryptocurrency or virtual currency, is a form of currency that exists only in
digital or electronic form. It is not physical like traditional coins or banknotes. Digital currencies are created
and stored electronically and typically rely on cryptographic techniques to secure transactions and control
the creation of new units.
Key characteristics of digital currencies include:
Decentralization: Digital currencies are often decentralized, meaning they are not controlled by any central
authority, such as a government or central bank. Instead, they rely on distributed ledger technology, such
as blockchain, to record transactions and maintain a transparent and secure system.
Cryptography: Digital currencies use cryptographic techniques to secure transactions and control the
creation of new units. This ensures the integrity and security of the currency, making it difficult to counterfeit
or manipulate.
Limited Supply: Many digital currencies have a limited supply, meaning there is a maximum number of units
that can ever be created. This scarcity can contribute to their value and potential for investment.
Pseudonymity: Transactions with digital currencies are often pseudonymous, meaning they are associated
with unique identifiers rather than real-world identities. While transactions are recorded on a public ledger,
the identities of the parties involved are often obscured.
Examples of digital currencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and many others. These
currencies have gained popularity for various reasons, including the potential for financial independence,
lower transaction fees, faster cross-border transactions, and the ability to bypass traditional financial
intermediaries.
29. Inter vs intra vs extra net
Internet, intranet, and extranet are all forms of computer networks, but they differ in their scope,
accessibility, and usage. Here's a comparison between internet, intranet, and extranet:
Internet:
 The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and networks that spans the entire
globe.
 It allows for the exchange of information, communication, and access to various resources across
the world.
 The internet is publicly accessible and open to anyone with an internet connection.
 It is used for accessing websites, sending and receiving emails, social media, online shopping,
research, and many other activities.
 The internet operates on a standard set of protocols, such as TCP/IP, and is not owned or
controlled by any single entity.
Intranet:
 An intranet is a private network that is restricted to a specific organization or group of individuals.
 It is used for internal communication, collaboration, and sharing of information within the
organization.
 The intranet is accessible only to authorized users who are within the organization's network or
have secure remote access.
 It often includes tools and applications for document sharing, employee directories, internal
messaging, project management, and other internal operations.
 The intranet is protected by security measures such as firewalls and access controls to ensure
confidentiality and privacy.
Extranet:
 An extranet is an extension of the intranet that allows controlled access to authorized external
users, such as clients, partners, or suppliers.
 It provides a secure and controlled way for external entities to access specific information or
collaborate with the organization.
 The extranet is typically used for sharing documents, conducting business transactions, managing
supply chains, and collaborating on joint projects with external parties.
 Access to the extranet is restricted and requires authentication and authorization to ensure that only
authorized external users can access the permitted resources.
 The extranet helps facilitate collaboration and information exchange with external stakeholders
while maintaining security and control.
In summary, the internet is a global network accessible to the public, while an intranet is a private network
restricted to an organization's internal users. An extranet extends the intranet to allow controlled access for
authorized external users. Each network serves different purposes and has varying levels of accessibility
and security.
30. Issues in key distribution
Key distribution is a crucial aspect of cryptographic systems, particularly in symmetric cryptography where
the same key is used for encryption and decryption. Here are some common issues and challenges
associated with key distribution:
Key Management: The secure generation, storage, and distribution of encryption keys require robust key
management practices. Organizations need to establish secure procedures for generating keys, securely
storing them, and distributing them to authorized users. Key management becomes more complex as the
number of users and devices increases.
Key Exchange: When two parties need to communicate securely, they must exchange the encryption key
securely. The challenge lies in establishing a secure channel for key exchange to prevent interception or
tampering by unauthorized entities. Man-in-the-middle attacks can compromise the security of the key
exchange process if not properly protected.
Key Size and Complexity: The size and complexity of encryption keys play a significant role in their
security. Longer key lengths generally provide stronger encryption, but they also increase computational
overhead and storage requirements. Balancing key size with computational efficiency is crucial.
Key Revocation and Expiration: In dynamic environments, such as corporate networks or systems with user
turnover, key revocation and expiration are essential. Revoking and replacing keys when users leave an
organization or when a key is compromised helps maintain the security of the system. Efficient
mechanisms for revocation and key expiration must be in place.
Trust and Authentication: Establishing trust and verifying the authenticity of the encryption keys is crucial.
Parties involved in key distribution need to ensure they are exchanging keys with the intended recipients
and not malicious entities. Public key infrastructure (PKI) systems and digital certificates are often used for
key authentication.
Secure Channels: Key distribution requires a secure communication channel to prevent eavesdropping or
tampering. The challenge lies in establishing such secure channels, especially when communicating over
insecure networks, such as the internet. Secure protocols and encryption techniques, such as Transport
Layer Security (TLS), can be used to establish secure channels.
Scalability: As the number of users and devices increases, the complexity and scalability of key distribution
become more challenging. Efficient and scalable mechanisms are required to securely distribute keys to a
large number of users or devices.
Key Recovery: In situations where encryption keys are lost or compromised, key recovery mechanisms are
needed to regain access to encrypted data. However, key recovery introduces additional security risks and
must be implemented carefully to prevent unauthorized access.
Addressing these issues requires careful planning, robust key management practices, and the use of
secure protocols and technologies. It is crucial to strike a balance between security, usability, and
scalability when designing key distribution mechanisms to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of
encrypted data.
31. Digicash vs ecash vs digital wallet
DigiCash, e-cash, and digital wallets are all related to electronic payments, but they differ in terms of their
functionality and underlying technologies. Here's a comparison between DigiCash, e-cash, and digital
wallets:
DigiCash:
 DigiCash was an early digital payment system developed by David Chaum in the 1990s.
 It aimed to provide anonymous and secure electronic transactions over the internet.
 DigiCash used cryptographic techniques to ensure the privacy and integrity of transactions.
 It involved the creation of digital tokens that represented the value of real money.
 DigiCash required the use of a central authority to issue and manage the digital tokens.
 DigiCash faced challenges in adoption and scalability and eventually ceased operations.
E-cash:
 E-cash, short for electronic cash, refers to digital money that can be used for electronic
transactions.
 E-cash is a broad term that encompasses various electronic payment methods, including those
provided by financial institutions.
 It typically involves the use of digital tokens or electronic representations of money.
 E-cash can be stored on a physical device, such as a smart card or a mobile phone, or in a virtual
account.
 The underlying technology and implementation of e-cash can vary depending on the specific system
or platform used.
Digital Wallet:
 A digital wallet, also known as an e-wallet or mobile wallet, is a software application that securely
stores digital payment information.
 It allows users to store their payment card details, bank account information, and other relevant data
for convenient and secure transactions.
 Digital wallets can be used to make payments online, in physical stores using mobile devices, or for
peer-to-peer transfers.
 They typically provide features such as encryption, password protection, and tokenization to ensure
the security of payment information.
 Digital wallets may also support other features like loyalty card storage, ticketing, and digital identity
verification.
In summary, DigiCash was an early digital payment system that aimed to provide anonymous and secure
transactions. E-cash refers to various electronic payment methods, including those provided by financial
institutions. Digital wallets are software applications that securely store payment information and enable
convenient and secure transactions. While DigiCash is a specific system that has ceased operations, e-
cash and digital wallets are broader concepts related to electronic payments that encompass various
technologies and implementations.
credit vs debit vs smart
Smart Card:
 A smart card is a physical card that contains an embedded microchip or integrated circuit.
 The microchip on the smart card stores and processes data securely.
 Smart cards can store and manage various types of information, such as personal identification,
authentication credentials, and financial data.
 They are commonly used for secure authentication, access control, and electronic payment
applications.
 Smart cards often require a card reader or terminal to interact with the embedded chip.
Debit Card:
 A debit card is a payment card issued by a financial institution, typically linked to a checking or
savings account.
 When a debit card is used for a transaction, the funds are directly deducted from the cardholder's
bank account.
 Debit cards can be used to make purchases at point-of-sale (POS) terminals, withdraw cash from
ATMs, and perform online transactions.
 Debit cards often require a personal identification number (PIN) to authorize transactions and
provide security.
Credit Card:
 A credit card is a payment card that allows cardholders to borrow funds from a financial institution,
up to a predetermined credit limit.
 When a credit card is used for a transaction, the cardholder is essentially borrowing money from the
card issuer.
 The cardholder is billed for the borrowed amount and must repay it within a specified period, usually
with interest.
 Credit cards can be used for purchases at POS terminals, online transactions, and cash advances
from ATMs.
 Credit cards often provide additional benefits such as reward programs, insurance coverage, and
purchase protection.
In summary, a smart card is a physical card with an embedded microchip that can store various types of
data. A debit card is linked to a bank account and allows direct deduction of funds from the account. A
credit card allows cardholders to borrow money up to a credit limit and repay it later. While smart cards and
debit/credit cards can both be used for electronic payments, smart cards have additional capabilities
beyond traditional payment functions, and debit/credit cards are specifically tied to bank accounts or credit
lines.
32. Netscape comm services vs Microsoft internet explorer
Netscape Communications Services and Microsoft Internet Explorer were two popular web browsers that
competed during the early days of the internet. Here's a comparison between the two:
Netscape Communications Services:
 Netscape Communications Services, commonly known as Netscape Navigator, was developed by
Netscape Communications Corporation.
 It was one of the first web browsers to gain widespread popularity and played a significant role in
popularizing the World Wide Web.
  Netscape Navigator offered a user-friendly interface with features like tabbed browsing, bookmarks,
and integrated email.
 It supported emerging web technologies of the time, including JavaScript and plug-ins like Adobe
Flash.
 Netscape Navigator dominated the web browser market in the mid-1990s but faced stiff competition
from Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Microsoft Internet Explorer:
 Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) was developed by Microsoft Corporation and became the primary
web browser bundled with the Windows operating system.
 Internet Explorer was known for its deep integration with the Windows platform and seamless user
experience within the Microsoft ecosystem.
 It introduced features like ActiveX controls, which allowed interactive content and applications to be
embedded in webpages.
 Internet Explorer gained popularity as it evolved and improved its compatibility with web standards
and supported technologies.
 It had a dominant market share during the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Key Differences:
1. Market Competition: Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer were the main competitors in the
browser market, with each vying for dominance and market share.
2. Features and Integration: Netscape Navigator emphasized user-friendly features and cross-platform
compatibility, while Internet Explorer focused on integration with the Windows operating system and
Microsoft's product suite.
3. Web Standards: Internet Explorer faced criticism for its early lack of compliance with web standards,
which led to compatibility issues with certain websites.
4. Browser Wars: The competition between Netscape and Microsoft resulted in the infamous "browser
wars" as both companies tried to outdo each other with new features and market strategies.
Ultimately, Microsoft Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market and became the most
widely used browser for a significant period. However, the landscape has since changed, and modern
browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari have gained prominence, while Netscape
Navigator and Internet Explorer have been largely phased out.
33. Online sell and shop

Def: Online shopping and selling techniques refer to the strategies and methods used by
businesses and individuals to promote and facilitate the process of buying and selling products or
services online.

Here are some common techniques used in online shopping and selling:

E-commerce Platforms: Utilizing e-commerce platforms such as Shopify, WooCommerce, or Magento to

set up online stores. These platforms provide pre-designed templates, payment gateways, inventory
management, and order tracking systems.

Responsive Website Design: Creating user-friendly and visually appealing websites that are optimized for
different devices, including desktops, smartphones, and tablets. Responsive design ensures a seamless
shopping experience across various screen sizes.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Optimizing product descriptions, titles, and website content to improve
visibility in search engine results. This involves using relevant keywords, meta tags, and optimizing website
speed and structure.

Social Media Marketing: Leveraging social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and
Pinterest to reach and engage with potential customers. This includes posting product updates, running
targeted ad campaigns, and interacting with followers.

Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers or bloggers who have a significant online following and
can promote products or services to their audience through reviews, sponsored posts, or affiliate marketing.

Content Marketing: Creating high-quality and valuable content such as blog articles, videos, and guides
related to the products or services offered. This helps to establish authority, engage customers, and drive
organic traffic to the website.
Personalization and Recommendations: Implementing personalized shopping experiences by
recommending products based on user preferences, purchase history, and browsing behaviouMr. This can
enhance customer engagement and increase the likelihood of conversion.

Customer Reviews and Ratings: Encouraging customers to leave reviews and ratings for products or
services. Positive reviews can build trust and credibility, while negative feedback can help identify areas for
improvement.

Secure Payment Processing: Ensuring secure payment options for customers by integrating trusted
payment gateways that offer encryption and fraud protection. This helps build trust and confidence in the
online shopping process.

Retargeting and Remarketing: Implementing strategies to re-engage with customers who have shown
interest in products or services but have not completed the purchase. This can involve displaying targeted
ads or sending personalized emails to remind them about the products they viewed.

These techniques aim to attract and engage customers, optimize the online shopping experience, and drive
conversions. It's important for businesses to adapt and evolve their strategies based on changing consumer
behaviours, technological advancements, and market trends.

34. Crm architecture

CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It refers to the strategies, practices, and technologies
that businesses use to manage and analyze customer interactions and data throughout the customer
lifecycle. The goal of CRM is to improve customer satisfaction, enhance customer loyalty, and drive
business growth. CRM involves various processes, including customer acquisition, customer service,
marketing, and sales.
The architecture of CRM typically includes the following components:
Data Sources: The CRM system gathers customer data from various sources, including customer
interactions, transactions, social media, website visits, and marketing campaigns. These data sources
provide valuable information about customer behavior, preferences, and engagement.
Data Storage: Customer data is stored in a centralized database or CRM system. This database organizes
and maintains the customer information, allowing easy access and retrieval when needed. The data
storage component ensures that customer data is securely stored and available for analysis and use by the
CRM system.
Data Integration: CRM systems often integrate with other systems and applications, such as sales systems,
marketing automation platforms, and customer support tools. Data integration enables seamless data flow
between different departments and systems, ensuring a unified view of customer interactions and
information.
Data Analysis and Reporting: CRM systems employ analytics and reporting tools to analyze customer data
and generate insights. These tools can help businesses identify trends, customer preferences, and patterns
of behavior, enabling targeted marketing campaigns, personalized customer experiences, and data-driven
decision-making.
Customer Engagement Tools: CRM systems provide tools and functionalities to manage customer
interactions and engagement. This includes contact management, lead management, email marketing,
customer service ticketing, and social media integration. These tools enable businesses to effectively
communicate and engage with customers across different channels.
Automation and Workflows: CRM systems often incorporate automation and workflows to streamline
business processes and enhance efficiency. This includes automated lead nurturing, email drip campaigns,
task management, and workflow automation for sales and customer service processes. Automation
reduces manual effort and improves productivity.
Reporting and Dashboards: CRM systems offer reporting and dashboard capabilities to monitor key
performance indicators (KPIs), track sales activities, and measure customer satisfaction. Customizable
reports and dashboards provide real-time insights into business performance, enabling effective decision-
making and performance monitoring.
Security and Access Control: CRM systems implement security measures to protect customer data and
ensure data privacy. Access controls and permissions restrict access to customer data based on user roles
and responsibilities. Data encryption, secure authentication, and regular data backups are employed to
safeguard customer information.
The architecture of CRM systems can vary depending on the specific CRM platform and organizational
needs. However, the key components mentioned above form the foundation of a typical CRM architecture,
enabling businesses to effectively manage and nurture customer relationships.
CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and eCRM (Electronic Customer Relationship Management)
are related concepts that focus on managing customer relationships, but they differ in scope and approach.
Here's a comparison between CRM and eCRM:
1. Scope: CRM typically refers to the broader strategies and practices of managing customer
relationships across various channels and touchpoints, including offline and online interactions. It
encompasses all customer interactions, both digital and non-digital. On the other hand, eCRM
specifically focuses on managing customer relationships through digital channels, such as websites,
email, social media, and mobile applications.
2. Channels: CRM covers all customer touchpoints, including in-person interactions, phone calls, mail,
and other offline channels, in addition to digital channels. In contrast, eCRM is primarily concerned
with managing customer relationships through online and digital channels.
3. Technology Focus: CRM systems may include a wide range of technologies, including both digital
and non-digital tools. They can incorporate offline customer data, such as sales records and
customer service logs, along with online data. eCRM, on the other hand, emphasizes the use of
digital technologies and platforms, such as email marketing tools, social media monitoring, web
analytics, and customer engagement through websites and mobile apps.
4. Communication and Engagement: CRM aims to manage customer relationships holistically,
encompassing both online and offline communication channels. It focuses on providing consistent
and personalized experiences across various touchpoints. eCRM, on the other hand, places
particular emphasis on digital communication channels and leveraging digital tools to engage
customers through targeted marketing campaigns, personalized emails, social media interactions,
and online customer support.
5. Data Integration: CRM systems often integrate data from multiple sources, including online and
offline sources, to provide a comprehensive view of customer interactions and behaviors. They may
include customer data from sales systems, marketing databases, customer support systems, and
other sources. eCRM typically relies heavily on digital data sources and focuses on integrating and
analyzing data from online channels, such as website visits, email responses, social media
interactions, and online transactions.
6. Targeting and Personalization: Both CRM and eCRM aim to deliver personalized experiences to
customers. CRM leverages a broader range of customer data, including offline interactions, to
inform targeting and personalization efforts. eCRM, with its focus on digital channels, relies more on
digital data and online behavioral tracking to personalize customer interactions, such as
recommending relevant products, sending targeted email offers, or displaying personalized website
content.
In summary, CRM encompasses a broader range of customer relationship management practices, both
online and offline, while eCRM specifically focuses on managing customer relationships through digital
channels. eCRM utilizes digital tools and technologies to engage customers through targeted marketing,
personalized communication, and digital customer support.
35. E business
E-business, short for electronic business, refers to conducting business activities and transactions using
electronic means, particularly the internet. It involves the use of digital technologies to support various
business functions such as marketing, sales, customer service, supply chain management, and
collaboration with business partners. E-business encompasses a wide range of activities, including online
retailing, online banking, online advertising, and online marketplaces.
Design issues in e-business refer to the challenges and considerations involved in designing and
implementing an effective and successful e-business model. Here are some key design issues in e-
business:
User Experience (UX) Design: E-business platforms need to prioritize a user-friendly and intuitive interface
to ensure a positive user experience. This includes designing clear navigation, easy-to-use search
functionality, streamlined checkout processes, and responsive design for mobile devices.
Security and Trust: E-business must address security concerns and establish trust with customers.
Designing robust security measures, such as SSL encryption, secure payment gateways, and data
protection protocols, is crucial to safeguard customer information and ensure secure transactions.
Website Performance and Scalability: E-business websites should be designed for optimal performance,
fast loading times, and scalability to handle increasing traffic and user demands. This involves optimizing
code, utilizing caching techniques, and leveraging scalable infrastructure to handle spikes in website
visitors and transactions.
Mobile Optimization: With the increasing use of smartphones and tablets, e-business platforms need to be
designed and optimized for mobile devices. This includes responsive design, mobile-friendly layouts, and
mobile app development to provide a seamless user experience across different devices.
Integration with Backend Systems: E-business design should consider integration with existing backend
systems, such as inventory management, order processing, and customer relationship management (CRM)
systems. Seamless integration ensures accurate inventory information, real-time order updates, and
efficient customer service.
Multi-Channel Integration: E-business often involves multiple channels, such as websites, mobile apps,
social media platforms, and marketplaces. Designing a cohesive and integrated experience across these
channels ensures consistent branding, messaging, and customer experience.
Personalization and Customization: E-business design should incorporate personalization and
customization features to deliver tailored experiences to individual customers. This may include
personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized user interfaces
based on user preferences and behavior.
Data Analytics and Insights: E-business design should consider data collection and analysis capabilities to
gain insights into customer behavior, preferences, and trends. This involves integrating analytics tools,
tracking user interactions, and leveraging data to make informed business decisions and improve customer
experiences.
Regulatory Compliance: E-business platforms need to comply with relevant laws and regulations, such as
data privacy laws, consumer protection regulations, and payment card industry standards. Designing
systems with appropriate privacy controls, consent mechanisms, and compliance measures is essential.
Ongoing Maintenance and Updates: E-business platforms require regular maintenance, updates, and bug
fixes. Designing for ease of maintenance and scalability ensures smooth operations, quick bug resolution,
and the ability to adapt to evolving technologies and customer needs.
Effective design in e-business addresses these issues to create a user-friendly, secure, and scalable
platform that meets the needs of customers and enables successful online business operations.
To improve the performance of an e-business platform, you can consider implementing the following
methods:
1. Website Optimization: Optimize your website's performance by minimizing file sizes, leveraging
browser caching, and compressing images. Ensure that the code is clean and efficient, and use
content delivery networks (CDNs) to distribute content and reduce latency.
2. Load Balancing: Implement load balancing techniques to distribute traffic evenly across multiple
servers. This helps prevent overloading on a single server and ensures better performance and
availability during peak times.
3. Caching: Implement caching mechanisms to store frequently accessed data, such as product
information and static content, in memory. This reduces the load on your database and speeds up
response times.
4. Content Delivery Network (CDN): Use a CDN to cache and deliver static content, such as images,
CSS files, and JavaScript files, from servers located closer to the user's geographical location. This
reduces the latency and improves the loading speed of your website.
5. Database Optimization: Optimize your database performance by indexing frequently accessed data,
optimizing query execution plans, and regularly cleaning up unnecessary data. Consider
implementing database sharding or partitioning techniques for distributing data across multiple
servers.
6. Server Scaling: Monitor your server performance and scale your infrastructure accordingly to handle
increasing traffic. This can involve adding more servers, increasing server resources (CPU,
memory), or utilizing cloud-based infrastructure that allows for easy scalability.
7. Content and Resource Minification: Minify your CSS and JavaScript files by removing unnecessary
whitespace, comments, and redundant code. Compress your resources to reduce file sizes and
improve loading times.
8. Mobile Optimization: Ensure that your e-business platform is optimized for mobile devices by using
responsive design techniques, optimizing images for mobile, and minimizing the amount of data
transferred to mobile devices.
9. A/B Testing and Performance Monitoring: Conduct A/B testing to identify performance bottlenecks
and test different optimization strategies. Regularly monitor your website's performance using tools
such as performance monitoring software and web analytics to identify areas for improvement.
10. Content Management System (CMS) Optimization: If you're using a CMS, optimize its configuration
and plugins to improve performance. Remove unnecessary plugins and optimize database queries
generated by the CMS.
 11. Content Caching and Preloading: Implement content caching and preloading techniques to load
essential resources in advance, reducing the perceived load time for users. This can involve
preloading popular products, pre-rendering pages, or utilizing browser caching.
12. Content Delivery Optimization: Optimize the delivery of dynamic content by implementing
techniques such as HTTP/2, server-side caching, and efficient API usage. Minimize unnecessary
API calls and optimize data transfer to improve performance.
36. M commerce
M-commerce, short for mobile commerce, refers to the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and
tablets, to conduct commercial transactions and access online services. It involves activities such as mobile
banking, mobile payments, mobile shopping, and mobile advertising. M-commerce leverages the mobility
and convenience of mobile devices to enable users to engage in commerce anytime and anywhere.

M-commerce Lifecycle: The lifecycle of m-commerce typically involves the following stages:
1. Awareness: Users become aware of mobile commerce services and their availability through
various channels such as advertisements, mobile apps, and word-of-mouth.
2. Consideration: Users evaluate the benefits and features of mobile commerce services and consider
their relevance to their needs. They may compare different service providers and offerings.
3. Adoption: Users decide to adopt a specific mobile commerce service and download the necessary
mobile apps or register for the service. They set up accounts, enter payment information, and
configure preferences.
4. Usage: Users actively engage with the mobile commerce service, performing activities such as
browsing products, making purchases, conducting financial transactions, and accessing
personalized content.
5. Retention: Users continue to use the mobile commerce service over time, developing loyalty and
repeat engagement. Service providers may offer incentives, discounts, or rewards to encourage
ongoing usage.

M-commerce Applications: M-commerce has a wide range of applications across various industries. Some
common examples include:
1. Mobile Payments: Users can make payments using mobile wallet apps, mobile banking apps, or
through payment gateways integrated into mobile apps or websites.
2. Mobile Shopping: Users can browse and purchase products or services directly from mobile apps or
mobile-optimized websites. This includes mobile retail shopping, ticket booking, food delivery, and
more.
3. Mobile Banking and Financial Services: Users can access their bank accounts, perform
transactions, transfer funds, pay bills, and manage investments using mobile banking apps.
4. Mobile Ticketing: Users can purchase and store tickets for various events, including movies,
concerts, sports events, and transportation, directly on their mobile devices.
5. Mobile Advertising: Marketers can leverage mobile devices to deliver targeted and personalized
advertisements to users through mobile apps, mobile websites, and SMS marketing.
6. Location-Based Services: Mobile commerce can utilize location data to provide location-specific
information, offers, and services. Examples include location-based marketing, navigation, and
personalized recommendations based on the user's current location.

M-commerce Issues: While m-commerce offers numerous benefits, it also presents certain challenges and
issues, including:
1. Security and Privacy: M-commerce transactions involve the exchange of sensitive information, such
as payment details and personal data. Ensuring robust security measures, encryption, and secure
authentication methods are crucial to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.
2. Mobile Device Fragmentation: The wide range of mobile devices with different operating systems,
screen sizes, and capabilities can pose challenges for app developers and user experience
consistency.
3. Network Connectivity: M-commerce relies on mobile networks or internet connectivity, which can
vary in availability and quality. Poor network coverage or slow internet speeds can affect the user
experience and transaction reliability.
4. Device Limitations: Mobile devices have limited processing power, storage capacity, and battery life.
Designing mobile commerce apps that are optimized for performance, storage efficiency, and
energy consumption is essential.
 5. User Experience: Designing intuitive and user-friendly mobile commerce interfaces is critical for
attracting and retaining users. Ensuring seamless navigation, quick loading times, and optimized
user flows contribute to a positive user experience.
6. Payment and Transaction Issues: Ensuring smooth and secure payment processes, handling
refunds or disputes, and managing transactional errors are important considerations in mobile
commerce.
7. Regulatory and Legal Compliance: Adhering to applicable laws and regulations regarding mobile
commerce, including consumer protection, data privacy, and financial regulations, is essential for
businesses operating in this space.

Addressing these issues through robust security measures, user-centric design, network infrastructure
improvements, and adherence to legal and regulatory frameworks is crucial for the success and
widespread adoption of mobile commerce.
Set
SET stands for Secure Electronic Transaction. It is a protocol and framework developed by credit card
companies, including Visa and Mastercard, to provide secure online payment transactions. The SET
protocol ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of payment information during online
transactions.
Here's how SET makes transactions secure:
Encryption: SET uses strong encryption algorithms to secure the transmission of sensitive information,
such as credit card details, between the customer, merchant, and payment gateway. Encryption ensures
that the information cannot be intercepted or read by unauthorized parties.
Digital Certificates: SET relies on digital certificates to authenticate the identity of the parties involved in a
transaction. Digital certificates are issued by trusted third-party certification authorities and contain public
key information. These certificates validate that the parties are who they claim to be, enhancing the trust
and security of the transaction.
Dual-key Cryptography: SET uses dual-key or asymmetric cryptography, which involves a public key and a
private key. The public key is used to encrypt information, while the private key is used to decrypt it. This
ensures that only the intended recipient, who possesses the private key, can decrypt and access the
information.
Payment Gateway: SET utilizes a payment gateway, which acts as a secure intermediary between the
customer, merchant, and financial institutions. The payment gateway handles the encryption and
decryption of sensitive information, ensuring that it remains secure throughout the transaction process.
Transaction Integrity: SET ensures the integrity of the transaction data through digital signatures. Digital
signatures are created using the private key of the sender and can be verified using the corresponding
public key. They provide a mechanism to detect any unauthorized modification of the transaction data.
Non-Repudiation: SET provides non-repudiation, which means that once a transaction is authorized and
completed, neither the customer nor the merchant can deny their involvement in the transaction. Digital
signatures and the involvement of trusted third parties provide evidence of the transaction and prevent
disputes.
Secure Authorization: SET incorporates strong authorization mechanisms to verify the authenticity and
validity of the payment transaction. This involves verifying the available credit limit, verifying the digital
certificates, and performing additional risk assessments to prevent fraudulent transactions.
By combining encryption, digital certificates, dual-key cryptography, secure payment gateways, transaction
integrity, non-repudiation, and secure authorization mechanisms, SET provides a robust framework for
secure online transactions. It protects sensitive information, verifies the authenticity of the parties involved,
and ensures that transactions cannot be tampered with or repudiated.