OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming method based on the
concept of "objects", which can contain data, in the form of fields (often known as attributes
or properties), and code, in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
struct Complex
{
int RP;
int Ip;
};
class Complex
{
public :
int RealPart;
int IPart;
public:
void getData(void)
{
cout<<”Enter Value for Real Part and Imaginary Part :”;
cin>> RealPart>>IPart;
}
void display(void)
{
cout<<”Complex Number Format is “<< endl;
cout<<RealPart << “+I”<<IPart;
}
}
In this type of language, we create a partitioned memory area for data and its
associated functions.
Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like
inheritance, hiding, polymorphism etc in programming.
Object Oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that includes
or relies on the concept of classes and objects. It is used to structure a
software program into simple, reusable pieces of code blueprints (usually called
classes) which are used to create individual instances of objects.
OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS:
Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc. Object-
Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:
o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation
Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in Object-Oriented design:
o Coupling
o Cohesion
o Association
o Aggregation
o Composition
OBJECT
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair,
pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.
An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and
takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the
details of each other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message
accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.
Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well
as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.
CLASS
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A class can also be defined as a BLUEPRINT from which you can create an individual
object.
Class doesn't consume any space.
INHERITANCE
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
POLYMORPHISM
If one task is performed in different ways,
sum()
sum(5,10)
sum(Array)
it is known as polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently, to
draw something, for example, a shape, triangle, rectangle, etc. In Java, we use method
overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism. Another example can be to speak
something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.
ABSTRACTION
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.
In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.
ENCAPSULATION
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For
example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.
class Parent
{
protected
private:
int RealPart;
int IPart;
public:
void getData(void);
void display(void);
}
class Child : public Parent
{
}
A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because
all the data members are private here.
COUPLING
Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It
arises when classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of another
class, there is strong coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers to display
the visibility level of a class, method, and field. You can use interfaces for the weaker coupling
because there is no concrete implementation.
COHESION
Cohesion refers to the level of a component that performs a single well-defined task. A
single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly cohesive method will
split the task into separate parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive package because it
has I/O-related classes and interfaces. However, the java.util package is a weakly cohesive
package because it has unrelated classes and interfaces.
ASSOCIATION
The association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can
be associated with one object or many objects. There can be four types of association between
the objects:
o One to One
o One to Many
o Many to One, and
o Many to Many
Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country can have
one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many ministers (one to many).
Also, many MP's can have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers can have
many departments (many to many). Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.
AGGREGATION
Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship
where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak
relationship between objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like, inheritance
represents the is-a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.
COMPOSITION
The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents the
relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There is a strong
relationship between the containing object and the dependent object. It is the state where
containing objects do not have an independent existence. If you delete the parent object, all
the child objects will be deleted automatically.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language
1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a procedure-oriented
programming language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size increases.
2) OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming language, global
data can be accessed from anywhere.
Figure: Data Representation in Procedure-Oriented Programming
Figure: Data Representation in Object-Oriented Programming
3) OOPs provide the ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide
the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.
What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based
programming language?
Object-based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except Inheritance.
JavaScript and VBScript are examples of object-based programming languages.
