EXPERIMENT 5

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the damping ratio (𝜁), actual damping co-efficient (𝐶) and critical damping co-efficient
(𝐶c) for free damped vibrations of spring-dashpot system.

APPARATUS
Universal Vibration System

THEORY:

In the absence of any form of friction the system will continue to oscillate with no decrease in amplitude.
However, if there is some form of friction then the amplitude will decrease as a functionof time. This
frictional force provides damping to the system. The damping can be of three major types’ i.e. viscous
damping, coulomb damping & hysteresis damping.

Viscous damping is caused by such energy losses as occur in liquid lubrication between moving
parts or in a fluid forced through a small opening by a piston, as in automobile shock absorbers. The
viscous-damping force is directly proportional to the relative velocity between the two ends of the
damping device.
Coulomb damping is a type of constant mechanical damping in which energy is absorbed via sliding
friction. The friction generated by the relative motion of the two surfaces that press against each other
is a source of energy dissipation.

Hysteresis damping is caused by the friction between the internal planes that slip or slide as the material
deforms is called hysteresis damping.
 The type of damping used in our system is viscous damping. When a viscous damper is added to the
model this outputs a force that is proportional to the velocity of the mass. The damping is called viscous
because it models the effects of a fluid within an object. The proportionality constant c is called the
damping coefficient and has units of Force over velocity (N s/m).

𝐹d = −𝑐𝑣 = −𝑐𝑥̇

PROCEDURE

1) Set the distance ‘a’ from fix end of beam to spring pivot point equals to 600mm.
2) Engage the spring having k = 1.5 N/mm.
3) Insert the stylus into the holder at the free end of the beam.
4) Wrap graph paper onto the recorder.
5) Engage the viscous damper with the beam.
6) Set the position of needle valve to five turns clockwise.
7) Switch on the apparatus.
8) Switch on the recorder from the control unit.
9) Now apply force by hand on the free end of the beam in downward direction and release it.
10) The oscillations are started. Now wait for the beam to return to its initial position.
11) Switch off both the recorder and the apparatus.
12) Take out the graph paper from the recorder carefully.
13) Measure the peak amplitude of 1st and 2nd cycle.
14) Now calculate the 𝜁, C & 𝐶C using the formulae given below.
15) Put the readings in the table.
16) Repeat the experiment for different positions of needle valve.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Find damping ratio using this formula:

𝛿
𝜁=
√4𝜋2 + 𝛿2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝛿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

1 𝑥1
𝛿= 𝛿= ln ( )
𝑛 𝑥1 + 𝑛
Now find 𝐶C using this relation:

𝐶C = 2𝑚𝜔n
 Where ; 3𝑘𝑎2
𝜔𝑛 = √
𝑚𝐿2

Now; 𝐶 = 𝜁𝐶C

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

C
Needle Valve Position 𝑪𝑪
Sr. No. (No. of Clockwise Turns) (Ns/m) 𝜻
(Ns/m)

1 5

2 10

3 15

PRECAUTIONS

1) Engage the damper in proper manner so that its screw does not hinder the motion of the
beam.
2) Measure the amplitude from the graph very carefully.
3) Don’t touch the beam during vibrations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 EXPERIMENT 6

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the amplitude and magnification factor of forced un-damped vibrations due to rotating
unbalance and draw corresponding resonance curve.

APPARATUS:
Universal Vibration System

THEORY:

In order to define the resonance of the system we need to find the natural frequency of the system in
free vibration state. By that, we may know theoretically value of the natural frequency. Next, theexciter
will be used to give desired forced to the system. As we know exciter is capable to generate different type
of forcing signal e.g. sine, swept sine, rectangular, triangular etc.

The effect of damping is to limit the maximum response amplitude and to reduce the sharpness of
resonance, which can be defined as occurring when the drive frequency Ω equals the natural frequency
of the system, ω.

Based on our learning of the resonance, this phenomenon only occurs if the frequency of the excitation
coincides with the frequency of the system. As the reaction of the phenomenon happen ina short time,
we may need to define a suitable frequency interval to record the amplitudes that will occur.

Free-Body Diagram:
 Fs

Fd

𝑦 = 𝑎𝜃 𝐹s = 𝑘𝑦

𝑦̇ = 𝑏𝜃̇ 𝐹d = −𝑐𝑦̇

𝑀o = 𝐼0𝜃̈ ; 𝐼0𝜃̈ = (−𝑐𝑏𝜃̇ ) − (𝑘𝑎𝜃)

𝐼0𝜃̈ = −𝑐𝑏2𝜃̇ − 𝑘𝑎2𝜃

𝐼0𝜃̈ + 𝑐𝑏2𝜃̇ + 𝑘𝑎2𝜃 = 0

𝑐𝑏 2 𝑘𝑎2
𝜃̈ + + =0
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜

From the general equation: 𝑦̈ + 2ζ𝜔n𝑦̇ + 𝜔2𝑦 = 0

𝒄𝒃𝟐 𝒌𝒂𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 , 𝜻 = ; 𝝎𝒏 = √
𝟐𝒍𝟎 𝝎𝒏 𝒍𝒐

PROCEDURE:

1) Tabulate a table that consist value of the desire frequency and responding values of amplitude.
Plot a suitable frequency interval in order to keep a good record keeping afterward.
2) Set up mechanical drum recorder on the Spring-Dashpot system for plotting the graph.
3) Switch on the control unit; adjust the desire frequency on the ten-turn potentiometer.
4) Mount the rotating unbalance exciter.
5) Switch on rotating unbalance exciter with the frequency adjustable on the ten-turn
potentiometer as the mechanical drum recorder record the graph plotted.
6) After the graph plotted, switch of the control unit and analyses the data on the graph to find
the amplitude.
7) Repeat above steps with different forcing frequencies as mentioned in the table below
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

At: a=600 k=3N/mm

Frequency (f) in Hz

Forcing Frequency (𝝎) in rpm 420 450 480 510 540 570

Frequency Ratio (r)

Peak Amplitude (X) in mm

Magnification Factor (M)

𝜔 3𝑎𝑘 2 1
𝑟= ; 𝜔𝑛 = √ 2
3𝑀𝐿 + 𝑚𝐿2
; 𝑀= 𝜔
𝜔𝑛 1 1−(𝜔 )2
𝑛

m= mass of beam = 1.64kg L= length of the beam = 670m

k = stiffness of the spring in N/m a = distance between beam’s fixed end and spring pivot pointM = mass of the
unbalance exciter = 0.4kg
L1 = distance between beam’s fixed end & exciter location = 350mm

1 rad/s= 60/2*Pi rpm

COMMENTS:

1.
2.
3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

 EXPERIMENT 7

OBJECTIVE:
To experimentally determine the range of frequency ratio for region of vibration amplification and
vibration isolation for forced vibrations using base excitation in Universal Vibration System.

APPARATUS:
Universal Vibration System

THEORY:

The vibrational amplitude of a system depends upon the ratio

between its natural frequency and the frequency with which itgets
excitation. Up to certain range of frequency ratio the system
exhibits vibration amplification and afterwards its vibrations start
getting isolated. This occurs near the frequency ratio of r=1.
Higher driving frequency makes the response out of the phase and
no amplification can be observed.

This graph shows the phenomena described above.

 PROCEDURE:

1) Tabulate a table that consist value of the desire frequency and responding values
of amplitude. Plot a suitable frequency interval in order to keep a good record
keeping afterward.
2) Set up mechanical drum recorder on the Spring-Dashpot system for plotting the graph.
3) Dismount the rotating unbalance exciter.
4) Switch on the control unit; adjust the desire frequency on the ten-turn potentiometer.
5) Mount the rotating unbalance exciter.
6) Switch on rotating unbalance exciter with the frequency adjustable on the ten-
turnpotentiometer as the mechanical drum recorder record the graph plotted.
7) After the graph plotted, switch of the control unit and analyses the data on the
graph to findthe amplitude.
8) Repeat above steps with different forcing frequencies as mentioned in the table below.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Forcing Frequency (𝝎)

in rpm

Frequency Ratio (r) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Peak Amplitude (X) in

mm

Magnification Factor (M)

𝜔 3𝑎𝑘 2 1
𝑟= ; 𝜔𝑛 = √ 2
3𝑀𝐿 + 𝑚𝐿2
; 𝑀= 𝜔
𝜔𝑛 1 1−(𝜔 )2
𝑛

m= mass of beam = 1.64kg L= length of the beam = 670mm

k = stiffness of the spring in N/m a = distance between beam’s fixed end and spring pivot
point
1 rad/s = 60 rpm
2π
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION