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Graphical Presentation

Graphical representations like bar charts, pie charts, and histograms are useful ways to analyze and visualize numerical data. Bar charts show comparisons between discrete categories on each axis. Pie charts show proportions through slices of a circle proportional to the values. Histograms use bars to represent the frequency distribution of a variable with class intervals on the x-axis and frequencies on the y-axis. Each type of graph has appropriate uses and limitations, but all provide a visual that can reveal patterns and relationships in the data.

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Harsh Thakur
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60 views6 pages

Graphical Presentation

Graphical representations like bar charts, pie charts, and histograms are useful ways to analyze and visualize numerical data. Bar charts show comparisons between discrete categories on each axis. Pie charts show proportions through slices of a circle proportional to the values. Histograms use bars to represent the frequency distribution of a variable with class intervals on the x-axis and frequencies on the y-axis. Each type of graph has appropriate uses and limitations, but all provide a visual that can reveal patterns and relationships in the data.

Uploaded by

Harsh Thakur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphical Representation of Data: Appropriate Usages of Bar Chart, Pie

Charts, Histogram:
Graphic representation is another way of analyzing numerical data. A graph is a sort of chart
through which statistical data are represented in the form of lines or curves drawn across the
coordinated points plotted on its surface.

Graphs enable us in studying the cause and effect relationship between two variables. Graphs
help to measure the extent of change in one variable when another variable changes by a certain
amount.

Graphs also enable us in studying both time series and frequency distribution as they give clear
account and precise picture of problem. Graphs are also easy to understand and eye catching.

General Principles of Graphic Representation

There are some algebraic principles which apply to all types of graphic representation of data. In
a graph there are two lines called coordinate axes. One is vertical known as Y axis and the other
is horizontal called X axis. These two lines are perpendicular to each other. Where these two
lines intersect each other is called ‘0’ or the Origin. On the X axis the distances right to the origin
have positive value (see fig. 7.1) and distances left to the origin have negative value. On the Y
axis distances above the origin have a positive value and below the origin have a negative value.

BAR CHART
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars
with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a line graph.

A bar graph shows comparisons among discrete categories. One axis of the chart shows the
specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a measured value. Some bar
graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one, showing the values of more than one
measured variable.
A vertical bar graph is shown below:

Number of students went to different states for study:

The rectangular bars are separated by some distance in order to distinguish them from one
another. The bar graph shows comparison among the given categories.

Mostly, horizontal axis of the graph represents specific categories and vertical axis shows the
discrete numerical values.

PIE CHART
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to
illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its
central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its
resemblance to a pie which has been sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented.
The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair’s Statistical Breviary of
1801.

Pie charts are very widely used in the business world and the mass media. However, they have
been criticized, and many experts recommend avoiding them, pointing out that research has
shown it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across
different pie charts. Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other plots such as the bar chart,
box plot or dot plots.
Fig. – Pie chart of populations of English native speakers

HISTOGRAM
Histogram is a non-cumulative frequency graph, it is drawn on a natural scale in which the
representative frequencies of the different class of values are represented through vertical
rectangles drawn closed to each other. Measure of central tendency, mode can be easily
determined with the help of this graph.

How to draw a Histogram?

Step—1

Represent the class intervals of the variables along the X axis and their frequencies along the Y-
axis on natural scale.

Step—2

Start X axis with the lower limit of the lowest class interval. When the lower limit happens to be
a distant score from the origin give a break in the X-axis n to indicate that the vertical axis has
been moved in for convenience.

Step—3

Now draw rectangular bars in parallel to Y axis above each of the class intervals with class units
as base: The areas of rectangles must be proportional to the frequencies of the corresponding
classes.
Solution

In this graph we shall take class intervals in the X axis and frequencies in the Y axis. Before
plotting the graph we have to convert the class into their exact limits.
Advantages of histogram

1. It is easy to draw and simple to understand.


2. It helps us to understand the distribution easily and quickly.
3. It is more precise than the polygene.

Limitations of histogram

1. It is not possible to plot more than one distribution on same axes as histogram.
2. Comparison of more than one frequency distribution on the same axes is not possible.
3. It is not possible to make it smooth.

Uses of histogram

1. Represents the data in graphic form.


2. Provides the knowledge of how the scores in the group are distributed. Whether the scores are
piled up at the lower or higher end of the distribution or are evenly and regularly distributed
throughout the scale.
3. Frequency Polygon. The frequency polygon is a frequency graph which is drawn by joining the
coordinating points of the mid-values of the class intervals and their corresponding frequencies.

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