Control Statements

Control Statements
• Control Statement in Python perform different computations or actions
depending on whether a specific Boolean constraint evaluates to true
or false. Conditional or Control statements are handled by IF
statements in Python.
 Control Statements
•Python supports the following conditional statements:

•if statements
•if else statements
•elif statements
•nested if…elif…else statements
 1. Simple If statement
• In order to write useful programs, we almost always need the ability to check conditions and change
the behavior of the program accordingly. Conditional statements give us this ability. The simplest
form is the if statement:

if x > 0 :
print('x is positive’)

• The boolean expression after the if statement is called the condition. We end the if statement with a
colon character (:) and the line(s) after the if statement are indented.
1. Simple If statement
 1. Simple If statement
• If the logical condition is true, then the indented statement gets executed. If
the logical condition is false, the indented statement is skipped.

• The statement consists of a header line that ends with the colon character
(:) followed by an indented block. Statements like this are called compound
statements because they stretch across more than one line.

• There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear in the body,
but there must be at least one. Occasionally, it is useful to have a body
with no statements (usually as a place holder for code you haven’t written
yet). In that case, you can use the pass statement, which does nothing.
WAP to check whether a number is positive
x=8
if(x>0):
print("Number entered is positive",x)

Output:
Number entered is positive 8
 WAP to check whether a number is positive
x=-10
if(x>0):
print("Number is Positive")
print("I will always execute")

Number is Positive
I will always execute
 WAP to check whether a Letter is Vowel
vowels = ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U','a','e','i','o','u']
letter = input("Enter a vowel: ")
if letter in vowels:
print("Vowel")

Output:
Enter a vowel: e
Vowel
 WAP to check the item in restaurant
stock=['pizza','hotdog','barbeque','hamburger']
order = input("Please enter your order: ")
if order in stock:
print("Thank you. Your order will be served in 5 minutes.")

Please enter your order: hamburger

Thank you. Your order will be served in 5 minutes.
 Multiple Statements in if.
We can use multiple statements under if statements but the
indentation need to be checked in the case, the indentation should be
same for all the statements after the if statement that makes one
body.

Let us take an example of C++ code and Python Code on next page to
make it more clearer.
 Multiple Statements in if.
Program to use multiple lines in an if statement

x=int(input("Enter any value"))

if(x>0):
print("It is a positive value")
print("The value you have given is", x)
print("I am always here")
 Multiple Statements in if.
C++ CODE
If you want to create a body of if statement and
that too with multiple statements you need to
PYTHON CODE
take all of those statements in a curly braces. See
the following example: Now the same program can be coded in python is
shown below:
void main()
{ x=10
int x=10; if(x>0):
if(x>0) if(x>5):
{ print("Num is positive and greater than 5")
if (x>5)
{
cout<<"Num is positive and greater than 5";
}
}
}
 2. If-else statement
•An if…else statement block first evaluates the ‘if expression’.
If the test condition is True, Python executes the statements
in the body of the ‘if statement’.

•Otherwise, if the condition is False, Python executes the

statements in the else block.
 2. If-else statement
General Syntax is

if test expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
 2. If-else statement
WAP to check whether a number is positive or negative.

x=int(input("Enter a number to check whether it is +ve or -ve "))

if(x>0):
print("Number is positive " , x)
else:
print("Number is negative" ,x )

Output:
Enter a number to check whether it is +ve or -ve -90
Number is negative -90
 2. If-else statement
WAP to check whether a number is Even or Odd.

x=int(input("Enter a number to check whether it is Even or odd "))

if(x%2==0):
print("Number is Even number " , x)
else:
print("Number is Odd one" ,x )

Output:
Enter a number to check whether it is Even or odd 66
Number is Even number 66
 2. If-else statement
WAP to find greatest between 2 numbers

a = 200
b = 33
if (b > a):
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")
 2. If-else statement
• To illustrate, here’s a program which uses the ‘if..else’ structure:

• This program checks if a food order is on stock and prints appropriate

string

stock=['pizza','hotdog','barbeque','hamburger']
order = input("Please enter your order: ")
if order in stock:
print("Thank you. Your order will be served in 5 minutes.")
else
print(“Item is not present in our stock")
 3. if…elif…else statements
• An elif (else if) statement can be used when there is a need to
check or evaluate multiple expressions.

• An if…elif…else structure first checks if the ‘if statement’ is

True. If true, then Python executes the statements in the if
block.

• If False, it tests the condition in the elif block. If the elif

statement is evaluated as True, Python executes the
statements in the elif block.

• Otherwise, control passes to the else block. An if block can

have as many elif blocks as needed but it can only have one
 3. if…elif…else statements
•An if…elif…else statement has the following syntax:

if expression:
if block
elif expression:
elif block
else:
else block
 3. if…elif…else statements
•To illustrate, here is a simple program with an
if…elif..else structure:

if (x < y):
print('x is less than y')
elif (x > y):
print('x is greater than y')
else:
print('x and y are equal’)

elif is an abbreviation of “else if.” Again, exactly one branch will be

executed.
 3. if…elif…else statements
• There is no limit on the number of elif statements. If there is an
else clause, it has to be at the end.

• '''In this program, we check if the number is positive or negative or zero and display an appropriate
message'''

num = 3.4
if (num > 0):
print("Positive number")
elif (num == 0):
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative number")
 3. if…elif…else statements
• #WAP to check whether an angle is acute, obtuse, right angled or above 180.

ang=int(input("Enter a angle please "))

if(ang<90 and ang>0):
print("Your angle is acute " , ang)
elif(ang==90):
print("It is a right angle" ,ang )
elif(ang>90 and ang<180):
print("It is an obtuse angle", ang)
elif(ang==180):
print("It is a straight line")
else:
print("Invalid Angle please input between 0 to 180")
LOOPS
Loops
• A loop is a used for iterating over a set of statements repeatedly. In
Python we have 2 types of loops for and while.

• In Programming you need to repeat some statements. If u have taken

some statement and you want to write it number of times when way is
just to copy paste the same thing multiple times.
 Loops
Suppose you want to write your name 5 times then you will write like

print(“Yourname”)

print(“Yourname”)

print(“Yourname”)

print(“Yourname”)

print(“Yourname”)

So if you want to write the same thing 1000 times of times then it is not easy to copy paste again and again so for solving this
we have got loops. So we are having 2 types of loops in python.

1) while loop
2) for loop
 While loop

while as you know will repeat something but you need to give a condition for
how many times the loop executes. So in case of while we will initialize a value
and put a condition with a while loop then some increment or decrement should
be taken in a loop .

Syntax of while Loop in Python

while test_expression:
Body of while
 While loop

In the while loop, test expression is checked first. The body of the
loop is entered only if the test_expression evaluates to True. After one
iteration, the test expression is checked again. This process continues
until the test_expression evaluates to False.

In Python, the body of the while loop is determined through indentation

While loop
 # WAP to print 1 to 10

i=1
while(i<=10):
print(i)
i=i+1
Now if you want the same output in a single line. Then put end= to the last of the print line shown below:
 # WAP to print 1 to 10

i=1
while(i<=10):
print(i , end=" ")
i=i+1
 # WAP to print 10 to 1

i=10
while(i>=1):
print(i , end=" ")
i=i-1
 # Program to add natural numbers up to n
# sum = 1+2+3+...+n
n = int(input("Enter n: "))

sum = 0

i=1

while i <= n: Output:

sum = sum + i Enter n: 4
i = i+1 # update counter The sum is 10
# print the sum

print("The sum is", sum)

 # WAP to reverse an entered number

num=int(input("Enter a number you want to reverse"))

rev=0;

while(num>0):
Enter a number you want to reverse
temp=num%10 213

rev=(rev*10)+temp
312
num=num//10

print(rev)
 # WAP to check whether a number is Palindrome or not.
num=int(input("Enter a number you want to reverse"))

rev=0

n=num

while(num>0):

temp=num%10

rev=(rev*10)+temp
Enter a number you want to reverse
213
num=num//10

if(n==rev):
Not Palindrome
print("Number is Palindrome ")

else:

print("Number is not Palindrome")

LOOPS
 For Loop
•Like other programming languages, for loops in Python are a
little different in the sense that they work more like an iterator
and less like a for keyword.

•In Python, there is not C like syntax for(i=0; i<n; i++) but you
use for in n.

•n might be a list, string, tuple, set, array, data frame.

For Loop
 range( ) function in python
•In simple terms, range() allows user to generate a series of
numbers within a given range.
•Depending on how many arguments user is passing to the
function, user can decide where that series of numbers will
begin and end as well as how big the difference will be
between one number and the next.range() takes mainly three
arguments.
 range( ) function in python
• start: integer starting from which the sequence of integers is to be returned
• stop: integer before which the sequence of integers is to be returned.
• The range of integers end at stop – 1.
• step: integer value which determines the increment between each integer in the
sequence
 range( ) function in python

•There are three ways you can call range() :

•range(stop) takes one argument.

•range(start, stop) takes two arguments.
•range(start, stop, step) takes three arguments.
 # printing first 10 whole number

1. range(stop) takes only one argument

for i in range(10):

print(i, end =" ")

Output:
0123456789
 # printing first 20 whole number

for i in range(20):

print(i, end =" ")

Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
 # printing first 20 whole number

for i in range(20):

print(i, end =" ")

Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
2. range(start , stop) takes two argument

When user call range() with two arguments, user get to decide not only where the series of
numbers stops but also where it starts, so user don’t have to start at 0 all the time. User
can use range() to generate a series of numbers from X to Y using a range(X, Y). For
Example -arguments
 Program 1

# printing a natural number upto 20

for i in range(1, 21):

print(i, end =" ")

Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
 Program 2

for i in range(5, 20):

print(i, end =" ")

Output:

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
 range(start, stop, step)
•When user call range() with three arguments, user can choose not only

where the series of numbers will start and stop but also how big the

difference will be between one number and the next. If user don’t

provide a step, then range() will automatically behave as if the step is

1.
 range(start, stop, step)
# using range to print number divisible by 3

for i in range(0, 30, 3):

print(i, end = " ")

print()

Output :
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
 Incrementing with range using positive step :

• If user want to increment, then user need step to be a positive number. For
example:

# incremented by 4 # incremented by 3
# incremented by 2
for i in range(2, 25, 2): for i in range(0, 30, 4): for i in range(15, 25, 3):
print(i, end =" ") print(i, end =" ") print(i, end =" ")

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 15 18 21 24
 Decrementing with range using negative step :

• If user want to increment, then user need step to be a positive number. For
example:

# incremented by -2
# incremented by -4
for i in range(25, 2, -2): # incremented by -3
for i in range(30, 1, -4):
print(i, end =" ") for i in range(25, -6, -3):
print(i, end =" ")
print() print(i, end =" ")
print()

25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 2 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 1 -2 -5
 Using float Numbers in Python range() :

• Python range() function doesn’t support the float numbers. i.e. user
cannot use floating-point or non-integer number in any of its
argument. User can use only integer numbers.

for i in range(3.3):
print(i)

TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer

 Program to print the sum of first 5 natural numbers

sum = 0

for val in range(1, 6):

sum = sum + val
print(sum)

Output:
15
 Program to Print all Numbers in a Range Divisible by a Given
Number

lower=int(input("Enter lower range limit:"))

upper=int(input("Enter upper range limit:"))
n=int(input("Enter the number to be divided by:"))
for i in range(lower,upper+1):
if(i%n==0):
print(i)
 Program to Print all Numbers in a Range Divisible by a Given
Number

Case 1:
Enter lower range limit:1
Enter upper range limit:50 Case 2:
Enter the number to be divided by:5 Enter lower range limit:50
5 Enter upper range limit:100
10 Enter the number to be divided
15
by:7
20
56
25
30 63
35 70
40 77
45 84
50 91
98
 Assignment

1. Calculate the sum and average of n integer numbers

2. WAP to check whether a number is Armstrong or not.

While loop
 Nested while loop
• Python programming language allows the use of a while loop inside
another while loop, it is known as nested while loop in Python
programming language
 Declaration
The syntax of the nested- while loop in Python as follows:

Syntax
while expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)
 How works nested while loop
• In the nested-while loop in Python, Two type of while statements are available:
• Outer while loop
• Inner while loop
• Initially, Outer loop test expression is evaluated only once.
• When its return true, the flow of control jumps to the inner while loop. the
inner while loop executes to completion. However, when the test
expression is false, the flow of control comes out of inner while loop and
executes again from the outer while loop only once. This flow of
control persists until test expression of the outer loop is false.
• Thereafter, if test expression of the outer loop is false, the flow of
control skips the execution and goes to rest.
 Program 1
i=1
while (i<=3) :
print(i,"Outer loop is executed only once")
j=1
while (j<=3):
print(j,"Inner loop is executed until to completion")
j+=1
i+=1;
 Program 1
Output:
(1, 'Outer loop is executed only once')
(1, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(2, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(3, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(2, 'Outer loop is executed only once')
(1, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(2, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(3, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(3, 'Outer loop is executed only once')
(1, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(2, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
(3, 'Inner loop is executed until to completion')
 Display multiplication table using nested
while in Python language
i=2
while i<=2:
j=1
while j<=10:
print(i*j)
j+=1
print ()
 Display multiplication table using nested
while in Python language
Output:
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
 Display multiplication table using nested
while in Python language
i=2
while i<=2:
j=1
while j<=10:
print (i,"*",j,'=',i*j)
j+=1
print ("\n")
 Display multiplication table using nested
while in Python language
2*1=2
2*2=4
2*3=6
2*4=8
2 * 5 = 10
2 * 6 = 12
2 * 7 = 14
2 * 8 = 16
2 * 9 = 18
2 * 10 = 20
 If in while loop
If can be used in while

i=1
while(i<=10):
if(i==5):
print("This has to be printed")
print(i)
i+=1
 If in while loop
1
2
3
4
This has to be printed
5
6
7
8
9
10
 While loop with else
• while loops can also have an optional else block.

• The else part is executed if the condition in the while loop evaluates to False.

• The while loop can be terminated with a break statement. In such cases, the
else part is ignored. Hence, a while loop's else part runs if no break occurs and
the condition is false.
 While loop with else
counter = 0
while counter < 3:
print("Inside loop")
counter = counter + 1
else:
print("Inside else")
 While loop with else
Output:

Inside loop
Inside loop
Inside loop
Inside else
 While loop with else
counter = 5

while counter < 3:

print("Inside loop")
counter = counter + 1
else:
print("Inside else")
 While loop with else
Output:

Inside else
 While loop with else
n=5
while n > 0:
n=n-1
if n == 2:
break
print(n)
else:
print("Loop is finished")
 While loop with else
Output:

4
3
 While loop with else
n=5
while n > 0:
n=n-1
if n == 2:
continue
print(n)
else:
print("Loop is finished")
 While loop with else
4
3
1
0
Loop is finished
 One-Line while Loops
n=5
while n > 0: n -= 1; print(n)

Output:
4
3
2
1
0
 WAP to print factorial of a number

n=int(input("Enter a number"))
fact=1
while(n>0):
fact=fact*n;
n-=1;
print(fact)
 #Python program to generate
Fibonacci series until 'n' value
n = int(input("Enter the value of 'n': "))
a=0
b=1
sum = 0
count = 1
print("Fibonacci Series: ", end = " ")
while(count <= n):
print(sum, end = " ")
count += 1
a=b
b = sum
sum = a + b
 #Python program to generate
Fibonacci series until 'n' value
Output:
Enter the value of 'n': 5

Fibonacci Series: 0 1 1 2 3
 Assignment
1. Count occurrence of a digit 5 in a given integer number
input by the user

2. WAP to print numbers upto N which are not divisible by

3,6,9 e.g 1,2,4,5,7….
Loop control statements
 break, continue and pass in Python
• Using loops in Python automates and repeats the tasks in an efficient
manner. But sometimes, there may arise a condition where you want
to exit the loop completely, skip an iteration or ignore that condition.
These can be done by loop control statements.

• Python supports the following control statements.

• Break statement
• Continue statement
• Pass statement
 Break statement

• The break statement is used to terminate the loop or statement in

which it is present. After that, the control will pass to the statements
that are present after the break statement, if available. If the break
statement is present in the nested loop, then it terminates only those
loops which contains break statement.

• General syntax

break
 Break statement

• The break statement is used to terminate the loop or statement in

which it is present. After that, the control will pass to the statements
that are present after the break statement, if available. If the break
statement is present in the nested loop, then it terminates only those
loops which contains break statement.

• General syntax

break
Break statement
 Break
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)

print("The end")
 Break
s
t
r
The end

In this program, we iterate through the "string" sequence. We check if the

letter is i, upon which we break from the loop. Hence, we see in our
output that all the letters up till i gets printed. After that, the loop
terminates.
 Python continue statement
Continue is also a loop control statement just like the break statement.
continue statement is opposite to that of break statement, instead of
terminating the loop, it forces to execute the next iteration of the loop.

As the name suggests the continue statement forces the loop to continue
or execute the next iteration. When the continue statement is executed in
the loop, the code inside the loop following the continue statement will
be skipped and the next iteration of the loop will begin.
General Syntax is:
continue
Python continue statement
 Program to show the use of continue
statement inside loops

for val in "string":

if val == "i":
continue
print(val)

print("The end")
 Program to show the use of continue
statement inside loops
s
t
r
n
g
The end

This program is same as the above example except the break statement has been
replaced with continue.

We continue with the loop, if the string is i, not executing the rest of the block.
Hence, we see in our output that all the letters except i gets printed.
 # WAP to print number not divisible by 3
and 5
num=50
i=1
while(i<num):
i+=1
if(i%3 == 0 or i%5 ==0):
continue
print(i,end=" ")
 # WAP to print number not divisible by 3
and 5
Output:

2 4 7 8 11 13 14 16 17 19 22 23 26 28 29 31 32 34 37 38 41 43 44
46 47 49
 The pass Statement:
• The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required
syntactically but you do not want to execute it right now. In future you
might want to use it.

• The pass statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes.

 The pass Statement:
General Syntax:

if(condition):

pass

else:

Statements

In above syntax if the condition of if is true then we don’t want to do anything so pass
has been written.
 The pass Statement:
for letter in 'Python':

if letter == 'h':

pass

print ('This is pass block')

print ('Current Letter :', letter)

print("Good bye!")
 The pass Statement:
Output:

Current Letter : P

Current Letter : y

Current Letter : t

This is pass block

Current Letter : h

Current Letter : o

Current Letter : n

Good bye!
 The pass Statement:
# Program to print only odd number of values

for i in range(1,51):

if(i%2==0):

pass

else:

print(i,end=" ")
 The pass Statement:
Output:

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
 The pass Statement:
The preceding code does not execute any statement or code if the value
of letter is 'h'. The pass statement is helpful when you have created a
code block but it is no longer required.

You can then remove the statements inside the block but let the block
remain with a pass statement so that it doesn't interfere with other parts
of the code.